RESUMO

The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of the monoterpene linalool against clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum. Initially, a sensitivity assay for commercial antifungals with solid disks in diffusion medium was performed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of linalool and ketoconazole (positive control) were determined by microdilution in RPMI 1640 medium (CLSI M38-A2). We then evaluated the action of linalool and ketoconazole at different concentrations (1/2MIC, MIC and 2×MIC) on mycelial growth (radial mycelial growth), conidia production and conidia germination using a hemacytometer. The effects on cell membrane (release of intracellular material) were also investigated. Finally, changes in fungal morphology as induced by the test drugs were analyzed. Based on the sensitivity tests, the fungal strains showed resistance to 5-fluorocytosine and fluconazole. The linalool MIC values ranged from 256µg/mL to 512µg/mL, whereas ketoconazole showed values of 4µg/mL to 8µg/mL. For the LM 305 strain, the test drugs showed the following MIC values: linalool 256µg/mL and ketoconazole 8µg/mL. The mycelial growth of T. rubrum LM 305 was inhibited by linalool (2×MIC) and ketoconazole (1/2MIC, MIC, 2×MIC), in 7 days of treatment (P<0.05). The test-drugs also inhibited conidial germination and conidiogenesis (P<0.05). Linalool also caused leakage of intracellular material (P<0.05). Finally, we verified the effectiveness of linalool and ketoconazole to induce micro-morphological changes, forming abnormal, wide, short and crooked hyphae. Based on these results, we conclude that linalool presents as an antifungal agent with anti-Trichophyton rubrum potential, an important dermatophytosis agent.

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RESUMO

Assess the state of public green areas, their importance and influence on environmental quality and living in urban centers is an arduous task considering the conceptual and scientific regarding quantification and data analysis methods divergence. In this study, we aimed to determine two indicators of public green areas relative to the percentage of public green areas (PPGA) and the public green areas index (PGAI) in the urban area of São Carlos, SP. The study area was organized into administrative regions (ARs), using satellite images, topographical maps of 1:10,000 Geographic and Cartographic Institute (1990) and data provided by the Municipality of São Carlos. The results show that public green areas comprise 6.55% of the municipality, with a public green areas index (PGAI) of 18.85 m2/inhabitant, indicating good urban environmental quality when compared to rates of 15 m2/capita for public green areas for recreation, suggested by the Brazilian Society of Urban Forestry. The differences between the administrative regions are concern with situations from 4.16 to 36.30 m2/inhabitant. In this context, it is recommend specific public policies and popular participation in the process of continuous improvement for increasing public green areas in the less favored regions. The Genebrino method applied to indicators of public green areas (GPGA amount of public green areas divided by population density), showed a commendable goal above 40% for urban environmental quality.(AU)

Diagnosticar a situação das áreas verdes públicas, sua importância e influência na qualidade ambiental e de vida nos centros urbanos é uma tarefa árdua, considerando a divergência conceitual e de métodos científicos no que tange a quantificação e a análise dos dados. Neste estudo, objetivou-se determinar dois indicadores de áreas verdes públicas, referentes ao percentual de áreas verdes públicas (PAVP) e ao índice de áreas verdes públicas (IAVP) no perímetro urbano do Município de São Carlos, SP. A área de estudo foi organizada em regiões administrativas (RAs), utilizando imagens de satélite, cartas topográficas 1:10.000 do Instituto Geográfico e Cartográfico (1990) e dados fornecidos pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos. Os resultados demonstram que as áreas verdes públicas compreendem 6,55% do território do município, com um índice de áreas verdes públicas (IAVP) de 18,85 m2/habitante, indicando uma boa qualidade ambiental urbana quando comparado aos índices de 15 m2/habitante para áreas verdes públicas destinadas à recreação, sugerido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana. As diferenças entre as regiões administrativas são preocupantes, com situações de 4,16 a 36,30 m2/habitantes. Neste contexto, recomendam-se políticas públicas específicas e a participação popular no processo de melhoria contínua para o incremento das áreas verdes públicas nas regiões menos favorecidas. O método genebrino, aplicado aos indicadores de áreas verdes públicas (IAVP somatório das áreas verdes públicas dividido pela densidade populacional), apontou uma meta recomendável acima de 40% para a qualidade ambiental urbana.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Assess the state of public green areas, their importance and influence on environmental quality and living in urban centers is an arduous task considering the conceptual and scientific regarding quantification and data analysis methods divergence. In this study, we aimed to determine two indicators of public green areas relative to the percentage of public green areas (PPGA) and the public green areas index (PGAI) in the urban area of São Carlos, SP. The study area was organized into administrative regions (ARs), using satellite images, topographical maps of 1:10,000 Geographic and Cartographic Institute (1990) and data provided by the Municipality of São Carlos. The results show that public green areas comprise 6.55% of the municipality, with a public green areas index (PGAI) of 18.85 m2/inhabitant, indicating good urban environmental quality when compared to rates of 15 m2/capita for public green areas for recreation, suggested by the Brazilian Society of Urban Forestry. The differences between the administrative regions are concern with situations from 4.16 to 36.30 m2/inhabitant. In this context, it is recommend specific public policies and popular participation in the process of continuous improvement for increasing public green areas in the less favored regions. The Genebrino method applied to indicators of public green areas (GPGA – amount of public green areas divided by population density), showed a commendable goal above 40% for urban environmental quality.

Resumo Diagnosticar a situação das áreas verdes públicas, sua importância e influência na qualidade ambiental e de vida nos centros urbanos é uma tarefa árdua, considerando a divergência conceitual e de métodos científicos no que tange a quantificação e a análise dos dados. Neste estudo, objetivou-se determinar dois indicadores de áreas verdes públicas, referentes ao percentual de áreas verdes públicas (PAVP) e ao índice de áreas verdes públicas (IAVP) no perímetro urbano do Município de São Carlos, SP. A área de estudo foi organizada em regiões administrativas (RAs), utilizando imagens de satélite, cartas topográficas 1:10.000 do Instituto Geográfico e Cartográfico (1990) e dados fornecidos pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos. Os resultados demonstram que as áreas verdes públicas compreendem 6,55% do território do município, com um índice de áreas verdes públicas (IAVP) de 18,85 m2/habitante, indicando uma boa qualidade ambiental urbana quando comparado aos índices de 15 m2/habitante para áreas verdes públicas destinadas à recreação, sugerido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana. As diferenças entre as regiões administrativas são preocupantes, com situações de 4,16 a 36,30 m2/habitantes. Neste contexto, recomendam-se políticas públicas específicas e a participação popular no processo de melhoria contínua para o incremento das áreas verdes públicas nas regiões menos favorecidas. O método genebrino, aplicado aos indicadores de áreas verdes públicas (IAVP – somatório das áreas verdes públicas dividido pela densidade populacional), apontou uma meta recomendável acima de 40% para a qualidade ambiental urbana.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Assess the state of public green areas, their importance and influence on environmental quality and living in urban centers is an arduous task considering the conceptual and scientific regarding quantification and data analysis methods divergence. In this study, we aimed to determine two indicators of public green areas relative to the percentage of public green areas (PPGA) and the public green areas index (PGAI) in the urban area of São Carlos, SP. The study area was organized into administrative regions (ARs), using satellite images, topographical maps of 1:10,000 Geographic and Cartographic Institute (1990) and data provided by the Municipality of São Carlos. The results show that public green areas comprise 6.55% of the municipality, with a public green areas index (PGAI) of 18.85 m2/inhabitant, indicating good urban environmental quality when compared to rates of 15 m2/capita for public green areas for recreation, suggested by the Brazilian Society of Urban Forestry. The differences between the administrative regions are concern with situations from 4.16 to 36.30 m2/inhabitant. In this context, it is recommend specific public policies and popular participation in the process of continuous improvement for increasing public green areas in the less favored regions. The Genebrino method applied to indicators of public green areas (GPGA - amount of public green areas divided by population density), showed a commendable goal above 40% for urban environmental quality.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Assess the state of public green areas, their importance and influence on environmental quality and living in urban centers is an arduous task considering the conceptual and scientific regarding quantification and data analysis methods divergence. In this study, we aimed to determine two indicators of public green areas relative to the percentage of public green areas (PPGA) and the public green areas index (PGAI) in the urban area of São Carlos, SP. The study area was organized into administrative regions (ARs), using satellite images, topographical maps of 1:10,000 Geographic and Cartographic Institute (1990) and data provided by the Municipality of São Carlos. The results show that public green areas comprise 6.55% of the municipality, with a public green areas index (PGAI) of 18.85 m2/inhabitant, indicating good urban environmental quality when compared to rates of 15 m2/capita for public green areas for recreation, suggested by the Brazilian Society of Urban Forestry. The differences between the administrative regions are concern with situations from 4.16 to 36.30 m2/inhabitant. In this context, it is recommend specific public policies and popular participation in the process of continuous improvement for increasing public green areas in the less favored regions. The Genebrino method applied to indicators of public green areas (GPGA amount of public green areas divided by population density), showed a commendable goal above 40% for urban environmental quality.

Resumo Diagnosticar a situação das áreas verdes públicas, sua importância e influência na qualidade ambiental e de vida nos centros urbanos é uma tarefa árdua, considerando a divergência conceitual e de métodos científicos no que tange a quantificação e a análise dos dados. Neste estudo, objetivou-se determinar dois indicadores de áreas verdes públicas, referentes ao percentual de áreas verdes públicas (PAVP) e ao índice de áreas verdes públicas (IAVP) no perímetro urbano do Município de São Carlos, SP. A área de estudo foi organizada em regiões administrativas (RAs), utilizando imagens de satélite, cartas topográficas 1:10.000 do Instituto Geográfico e Cartográfico (1990) e dados fornecidos pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos. Os resultados demonstram que as áreas verdes públicas compreendem 6,55% do território do município, com um índice de áreas verdes públicas (IAVP) de 18,85 m2/habitante, indicando uma boa qualidade ambiental urbana quando comparado aos índices de 15 m2/habitante para áreas verdes públicas destinadas à recreação, sugerido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana. As diferenças entre as regiões administrativas são preocupantes, com situações de 4,16 a 36,30 m2/habitantes. Neste contexto, recomendam-se políticas públicas específicas e a participação popular no processo de melhoria contínua para o incremento das áreas verdes públicas nas regiões menos favorecidas. O método genebrino, aplicado aos indicadores de áreas verdes públicas (IAVP somatório das áreas verdes públicas dividido pela densidade populacional), apontou uma meta recomendável acima de 40% para a qualidade ambiental urbana.

RESUMO

Estuaries present an environmental gradient that ranges from almost fresh water conditions to almost marine conditions. Salinity and flooding are the main abiotic drivers for plants. Therefore, plant zonation in estuaries is closely related to the tidal cycles. It is expected that the competitive abilities of plants would be inversely related to the tolerance toward environmental stress (tradeoff). Thus, in estuaries, plant zonation tends to be controlled by the environment near the sandbar and by competition away from it. This zonation pattern has been proposed for regular non-tropical estuaries. For tropical estuaries, the relative importance of rain is higher, and it is not clear to what extent this model can be extrapolated. We measured the tidal influence along the environmental gradient of a tropical irregular estuary and quantified the relative importance of the environment and the co-occurrence degree. Contrary to the narrow occurrence zone that would be expected for regular estuaries, plants presented large occurrence zones. However, the relative importance of the environment and competition followed the same patterns proposed for regular estuaries. The environmental conditions allow plants to occur in larger zones, but these zones arise from smaller and infrequent patches distributed across a larger area, and most species populations are concentrated in relatively narrow zones. Thus, we concluded that the zonation pattern in the Massaguaçu River estuary agrees with the tradeoff model.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Vegetation coverage can be inappropriately used, especially in the absence of proper planning, and can result in a reduction of the occupied area. Demographic and economic alterations are factors that contribute to the degradation of vegetation coverage in landscape units. In addition, because vegetation is essential for protection of recharge areas in aquifers, the fragmentation of habitats in hydrographic basins causes changes in climate temperature, soil erosion, eutrophication, and siltation of watercourses. This study analyzed the vegetation coverage from the municipality of São Carlos, State of São Paulo (SP) to assess the environmental quality of water resources in the hydrographic basins and sub-basins, in the Guarani Aquifer System. The vegetation coverage was analyzed in three scales: municipality, Hydric Resource Management Units (UGRHIs), and hydrographic sub-basins based on map overlapping from the LAPA/UFSCar Digital Cartographic Collection and visual interpretation of LANDSAT 5, TM sensor, Path 220, row 075 on satellite images. The municipality of São Carlos has vegetation coverage of 31,776.4 hectares, in which 57% is classified as preserved vegetation typology, and 58% is over the Guarani aquifer recharge area. The vegetation coverage with savannas, riparian forests, and mesophyll forests represented 28% of the total studied area and is located over 28.3% of the Guarani aquifer recharge area extension. The Permanent preservation areas (PPAs) represent 21.6% of the total vegetation coverage with 51% of it being vegetated. The municipality has a total of 686 springs (Topographic maps of IBGE, escale 1:50,000) distributed on an average of 60 springs per km2; 40% of these are protected by vegetation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Vegetation coverage can be inappropriately used, especially in the absence of proper planning, and can result in a reduction of the occupied area. Demographic and economic alterations are factors that contribute to the degradation of vegetation coverage in landscape units. In addition, because vegetation is essential for protection of recharge areas in aquifers, the fragmentation of habitats in hydrographic basins causes changes in climate temperature, soil erosion, eutrophication, and siltation of watercourses. This study analyzed the vegetation coverage from the municipality of São Carlos, State of São Paulo (SP) to assess the environmental quality of water resources in the hydrographic basins and sub-basins, in the Guarani Aquifer System. The vegetation coverage was analyzed in three scales: municipality, Hydric Resource Management Units (UGRHIs), and hydrographic sub-basins based on map overlapping from the LAPA/UFSCar Digital Cartographic Collection and visual interpretation of LANDSAT 5, TM sensor, Path 220, row 075 on satellite images. The municipality of São Carlos has vegetation coverage of 31,776.4 hectares, in which 57% is classified as preserved vegetation typology, and 58% is over the Guarani aquifer recharge area. The vegetation coverage with savannas, riparian forests, and mesophyll forests represented 28% of the total studied area and is located over 28.3% of the Guarani aquifer recharge area extension. The Permanent preservation areas (PPAs) represent 21.6% of the total vegetation coverage with 51% of it being vegetated. The municipality has a total of 686 springs (Topographic maps of IBGE, escale 1:50,000) distributed on an average of 60 springs per km2; 40% of these are protected by vegetation.(AU)

Alterações demográficas e econômicas são fatores que contribuem para a degradação da cobertura vegetal em unidades de paisagem. Além disso, a vegetação é essencial para a proteção de áreas de recarga de aquíferos. A fragmentação do habitat provoca mudanças climáticas locais, a erosão dos solos, a eutrofização e assoreamento dos cursos de água. Assim, o conhecimento sobre a hidrologia , flora e fauna de corpos d'água são essenciais para as estratégias conservacionistas. Este estudo analisou a cobertura vegetal do município de São Carlos, Estado de São Paulo (SP) para avaliar a qualidade ambiental dos recursos hídricos nas bacias hidrográficas e sub-bacias hidrográficas do Sistema Aquífero Guarani. A cobertura vegetal foi analisada em três escalas - municipal, Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHIs) e sub-bacias hidrográficas - com base no mapa de sobreposição da Coleção Cartográfica Digital LAPA/UFSCar e na interpretação visual de imagens LANDSAT 5 TM sensor, caminho 220, linha 075 no satélite imagens. O município de São Carlos tem cobertura de vegetação em 31.776,4 hectares, dos quais 57% são classificados como tipologia de vegetação preservada e 58% está sobre a área de afloramento do Aquífero Guarani. A cobertura vegetal, constituída por cerrados, florestas ciliares e florestas mesófilas representou 28% do total da área estudada e cobre 28,3% da extensão da área de recarga do Aquífero Guarani. As áreas de preservação permanentes (APPs) representam 21,6% da cobertura total de vegetação, com 51% de área vegetada. O município tem um total de 686 nascentes (Cartas topográficas do IBGE, escala 1:50.000) distribuídas em uma média de 60 molas por km2, 40% deles estão protegidos por vegetação.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Estuaries present an environmental gradient that ranges from almost fresh water conditions to almost marine conditions. Salinity and flooding are the main abiotic drivers for plants. Therefore, plant zonation in estuaries is closely related to the tidal cycles. It is expected that the competitive abilities of plants would be inversely related to the tolerance toward environmental stress (tradeoff). Thus, in estuaries, plant zonation tends to be controlled by the environment near the sandbar and by competition away from it. This zonation pattern has been proposed for regular non-tropical estuaries. For tropical estuaries, the relative importance of rain is higher, and it is not clear to what extent this model can be extrapolated. We measured the tidal influence along the environmental gradient of a tropical irregular estuary and quantified the relative importance of the environment and the co-occurrence degree. Contrary to the narrow occurrence zone that would be expected for regular estuaries, plants presented large occurrence zones. However, the relative importance of the environment and competition followed the same patterns proposed for regular estuaries. The environmental conditions allow plants to occur in larger zones, but these zones arise from smaller and infrequent patches distributed across a larger area, and most species populations are concentrated in relatively narrow zones. Thus, we concluded that the zonation pattern in the Massaguaçu River estuary agrees with the tradeoff model.(AU)

Estuários apresentam um gradiente ambiental que varia de condições próximas a de água doce a condições quase marinhas. A salinidade e o alagamento são os principais fatores abióticos para as plantas. Por isso, a zonação vegetal em estuários está proximamente relacionada aos ciclos da maré. É esperado que as habilidades competitivas das plantas sejam inversamente relacionadas à tolerância ao estresse ambiental (tradeoff). Assim, em estuários, a zonação vegetal tende a ser controlada pelo ambiente, próximo à barra, e pela competição, longe da mesma. Esse padrão de zonação tem sido proposto para estuários regulares não tropicais. Para estuários tropicais, a importância relativa da chuva é maior, e não é claro até que ponto esse modelo pode ser extrapolado. Nós medimos a influência da maré ao longo do gradiente ambiental de um estuário tropical irregular e quantificamos a importância relativa do ambiente e o grau de correlação. Contrariamente à ocorrência estreita que seria esperada para estuários regulares, as plantas apresentaram amplas zonas de ocorrência. No entanto, a importância relativa do ambiente e da competição seguiram os mesmos padrões propostos para estuários regulares. As condições ambientais permitem às plantas ocorrerem em zonas mais amplas, mas estas zonas resultam de pontos ocasionais, e as populações da maioria das espécies estão concentradas em zonas relativamente estreitas. Desse modo, concluímos que o padrão de zonação no estuário do Rio Massaguaçu está de acordo com o modelo tradeoff.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Tephrosia cinerea L. (Pers.) is a tropical species that exhibits antileishmanial activity in Leishmania amazonensis promastigote cultures and is commonly used to treat infections, inflammations, ulcers, nervous conditions, and diarrhea. However, no studies have investigated its effects on genetic material. Therefore, we evaluated the genotoxic potential, antigenotoxic potential, and cytotoxic effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of T. cinerea leaves. In an in vitro genotoxicity study, human peripheral blood leukocytes were treated for 3, 24 (comet assay), or 48 h (cell death assay) with 22, 44, or 88 µg/mL plant extract. In the in vivo assay, Swiss mice were treated with 500, 1000, or 2000 mg extract/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection and were evaluated 24 h later. Antigenotoxicity was investigated in pre- and post-treatment assays in which the animals received the plant extract (2000 mg/kg) 24 h before or after receiving cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg), respectively. The extract had no genotoxic effects in the in vitro or in vivo assays. However, the extract reduced apoptotic cell death and induced necrotic cell death at concentrations that presented leishmanicidal activity in vitro. The extract also had an antigenotoxic effect, reducing the levels of genomic damage that were caused by cyclophosphamide in Swiss mice by more than 80%.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Brazilian cerrado presents strong climate seasonality. During the dry season, plants may be exposed to stressful situations, such as a soil surface water deficit, that stimulate their chemical defenses. However, the seasonality effect on the production of allelopathic compounds of cerrado plant species is poorly understood. In this study, the phytotoxic activities of common native cerrado plants were evaluated during rainy and dry seasons. Crude leaves extracts (10% concentration: weight/volume, with dry leaves and distilled water) from eleven species were tested on lettuce and sesame germination. The negative effects on germination percentages, rates and informational entropies of the target species were higher when submitted to plant extracts from the dry season, where the germination rate was the most sensible parameter. The higher sensibility of lettuce and the germination rate parameter showed this difference. Only two exceptions had higher effects for rainy season extracts; one species showed higher negative effects on germination informational entropy of lettuce and another species on the germination rate of sesame. Thus, increases in the allelopathic activity were seen in the majority of the studied cerrado plant species during the dry season. These distinct responses to stressful situations in a complex environment such as the Brazilian cerrado may support the establishment and survival of some species.(AU)

O cerrado brasileiro apresenta forte sazonalidade climática. Durante a estação seca as plantas podem estar expostas a situações estressantes, tais como um déficit de umidade nas camadas superficiais do solo, que estimulam suas defesas químicas. No entanto, o efeito da sazonalidade na produção de compostos alelopáticos de espécies vegetais de cerrado é pouco conhecido. Neste estudo, as atividades fitotóxicas de plantas nativas comuns de cerrado foram avaliadas durante as estações chuvosa e seca. Extratos brutos de folhas (concentração 10%: peso/volume, com folhas secas e água destilada) de onze espécies foram testados sobre a germinação de alface e gergelim. Os efeitos negativos sobre as porcentagens de germinação, velocidades e entropias informacionais das espécies-alvo foram maiores quando submetidas a extratos vegetais da estação seca. A maior sensibilidade da alface e do parâmetro velocidade de germinação mostraram essa diferença. Apenas duas exceções tiveram maiores efeitos para extratos da estação chuvosa; uma espécie mostrou maiores efeitos negativos sobre a entropia informacional de germinação de alface e outra espécie sobre a velocidade de germinação de gergelim. Assim, aumentos na atividade alelopática foram vistos na maioria das espécies vegetais do cerrado estudadas durante a estação seca. Estas respostas distintas a situações estressantes em um ambiente complexo como o cerrado brasileiro podem auxiliar no estabelecimento e na sobrevivência de algumas espécies.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Brazilian cerrado presents strong climate seasonality. During the dry season, plants may be exposed to stressful situations, such as a soil surface water deficit, that stimulate their chemical defenses. However, the seasonality effect on the production of allelopathic compounds of cerrado plant species is poorly understood. In this study, the phytotoxic activities of common native cerrado plants were evaluated during rainy and dry seasons. Crude leaves extracts (10% concentration: weight/volume, with dry leaves and distilled water) from eleven species were tested on lettuce and sesame germination. The negative effects on germination percentages, rates and informational entropies of the target species were higher when submitted to plant extracts from the dry season, where the germination rate was the most sensible parameter. The higher sensibility of lettuce and the germination rate parameter showed this difference. Only two exceptions had higher effects for rainy season extracts; one species showed higher negative effects on germination informational entropy of lettuce and another species on the germination rate of sesame. Thus, increases in the allelopathic activity were seen in the majority of the studied cerrado plant species during the dry season. These distinct responses to stressful situations in a complex environment such as the Brazilian cerrado may support the establishment and survival of some species.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Julocroton triqueter extracts have antileishmanial activity; however, the effect on genetic stability has not been studied. We evaluated genotoxic and cell death induction potential (in vitro and in vivo) of J. triqueter var. triqueter hydroalcoholic extracts, as well as their antigenotoxic potential in vivo. The in vitro genotoxic studies were performed using human leukocytes at four different concentrations. For the in vivo tests, Swiss mice were treated with 125, 250 or 500 mg/kg of extract injected intraperitoneally. Antigenotoxic effects of the extract were measured before and after cyclophosphamide treatment. An absence of genotoxic effects was observed both in vitro and in vivo. In the antigenotoxic studies, no significant difference was observed between the treatments and the positive control, indicating that the extracts did not protect against damage caused by cyclophosphamide. Hydroalcoholic extracts of J. triqueter did not provoke DNA damage at concentrations and doses normally used for antileishmanial treatment; however, they reduced apoptotic cell death and induced necrotic cell death.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Fusarium graminearum on seed germination in 30 genotypes of wheat seeds. First, the pathogen incidence was determined by deep freezing blotter test, followed by evaluation of seeds germination. Analyses were made to check for correlation between pathogen seed incidence and seed germination, seeds with symptoms of the pathogen and seeds killed by F. graminearum(SDF). The correlation was nonsignificant between seeds with symptoms of the pathogen and incidence of F. graminearum in the seeds, as was also the case for seed germination and incidence of the pathogen in the seeds. On the other hand, the correlation analysis between seeds killed by the pathogen and incidence of the pathogen, and between seed germination and SDF, were significant, with r = 0.65 and r = 0.56, respectively. These results showed that F. graminearum affectedthewheat seed germination.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do fungo Fusarium graminearum na germinação de sementes de 30 genótipos de trigo. Inicialmente foi determinada a incidência do patógeno presente nas sementes empregando-se o método do papel de filtro modificado com congelamento e em seguida procedeu-se o teste de germinação. Foram feitas análises de correlação entre a germinação das sementes e a incidência de F. graminearume da porcentagem de sementes avaliadas visualmente com sintomas e percentagem de sementes mortas pelo fungo. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a porcentagem de sementes avaliadas visualmente com sintomas e a incidência de F. graminearum, bem como entre a incidência de F. graminearum e a germinação das sementes. Por outro lado, houve correlações significativas: positiva entre a quantidade de sementes mortas pelo fungo (SMF) e a sua incidência nas sementes (r = 0,65) e negativa entre a germinação e a SMF (r = 0,56), mostrando que o fungo afetou a germinação das sementes.

RESUMO

Secondary succession in degraded areas is little studied, especially where long-term observation of evolutionary processes is concerned. The aim of this work was to follow the qualitative and quantitative changes in vegetation throughout the regeneration process after fire in a cerrado with forest physionomy. The area under study is a reserve on CPPSE-EMBRAPA's farm, São Carlos region of São Paulo State, Brazil. In 1981, an especially destructive fire eliminated the aerial part of the vegetation and litter. From that time, the vegetation in three permanent quadrats of 2 x 20 m was recorded for twenty years. The results demonstrated the rapid growth of herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees successively, with a great species richness and, after a certain time, a decline in density at a rate similar to the initial recovery. Both the soil seed bank and sprouting subterranean organs played important parts in the recovery of the vegetation. Three phases were observed in the plant succession: plant growth, followed by intraspecific competition with a reduction in the number of individuals and finally interspecific competition with the disappearance of some species from the quadrats. The different populations behaved similarly and the rise and fall in density of each species over time reflected their ecological role.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A sucessão secundária em áreas degradadas é pouco estudada, principalmente em relação ao acompanhamento dos processos evolutivos por longo período. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de verificar as mudanças qualitativas e quantitativas da vegetação durante o processo de regeneração após fogo em um cerrado com fisionomia de cerradão. A área estudada pertence a uma reserva institucional da CPPSE EMBRAPA, São Carlos, SP, Brasil. No ano de 1981 ocorreu um incêndio de proporções elevadas eliminando todo o folhedo e o dossel. O acompanhamento foi realizado em três parcelas fixas de 2 x 20 m ao longo de vinte anos. Os resultados demonstraram um rápido estabelecimento de indivíduos sucessivamente com plantas herbáceas, arbustivas, lianas e arbóreas, uma grande riqueza em espécies e, depois de determinado tempo, uma regressão em densidade na mesma ordem de estabelecimento. O banco de sementes do solo e o rebrotamento subterrâneo tiveram papel importante na recuperação da vegetação. No processo sucessional ocorreram três fases sucessivas: estabelecimento de plantas; competição intra-específica devido ao reajuste no número de indivíduos por espécies e competição interespecífica com a eliminação de algumas espécies das parcelas. As populações analisadas apresentaram padrões semelhantes de comportamento e a maior ou menor densidade ao longo do tempo refletiu o comportamento ecológico das espécies.

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

A map of the native vegetation remaining in São Carlos County was built based on aerial images, satellite images, and field observations, and a projection of the probable original vegetation was made by checking it against soil and relief surveys. The existing vegetation is very fragmented and impoverished, consisting predominantly of cerrados (savanna vegetation of various physiognomies), semideciduous and riparian forest, and regeneration areas. Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, found in patches inside the semideciduous forest beginning at a minimum altitude of 850 m, has practically disappeared. By evaluating areas on the map for different forms of vegetation, we obtained the following results for original coverage: 27 percent cerrado (sparsely arboreal and short-shrub savanna, and wet meadows); 16 percent cerradäo (arboreal savanna); 55 percent semideciduous and riparian forests; and 2 percent forest with A. angustifolia. There are now 2 percent cerrados; 2.5 percent cerradäo; 1 percent semideciduous forest and riparian forests; 1.5 percent regeneration areas; and 0 percent forest with A. angustifolia.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A map of the native vegetation remaining in São Carlos County was built based on aerial images, satellite images, and field observations, and a projection of the probable original vegetation was made by checking it against soil and relief surveys. The existing vegetation is very fragmented and improverished, consisting predominantly of cerrados (savanna vegetation of various physiognomies), semideciduous and riparian forest, and regeneration areas. Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, found in patches inside the semideciduous forest beginning at a minimum altitude of 850 m, has practically disappeared. By evaluating areas on the map for different forms of vegetation, we obtained the following results for original coverage: 27% cerrado (sparsely arboreal and short-shrub savanna, and wet meadows); 16% cerradão (arboreal savanna); 55% semideciduous and riparian forests; and 2% forest with A. angustifolia. There are now 2% cerrados; 2.5% cerradão; 1% semideciduous forest and riparian forests; 1.5% regeneration areas; and 0% forest with A. angustifolia.

Assuntos

Assuntos