RESUMO
While eye tracking is a technique commonly used in the experimental study of higher-level perceptual processes such as visual search, working memory, reading, and scene exploration, its use for the quantification of basic visual functions (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, motion detection) is less explored. The use of eye movement features as dependent variables in a psychophysical investigation can serve multiple roles. They can be central in studies with neurological patients or infants that cannot comply with verbal instructions, understand task demands, and/or emit manual responses. The technique may also serve a complementary role, determining the conditions under which a manual or verbal response is given, such as stimulus position in the visual field, or it can afford the analysis of new dependent variables, such as the time interval between oculomotor and manual responses. Our objective is to review the literature that applied the eye tracking technique to psychophysical problems. The two questions our review raises are: can eye movements (reflex or voluntary) be an objective index of stimulus detection in psychophysical tasks? If so, under what conditions, and how does it compare with traditional paradigms requiring manual responses? Our (non-systematic) methodological review selected studies that used video-oculography as the technique of choice and had a basic visual function as their primary object of investigation. Studies satisfying those criteria were then categorized into four broad classes reflecting their main research interest: (1) stimulus detection and threshold estimation, (2) the effects of stimulus properties on fixational eye movements, (3) the effects of eye movements on perception, and (4) visual field assessment. The reviewed studies support the idea that eye tracking is a valuable technique for the study of basic perceptual processes. We discuss methodological characteristics within each of the proposed classification area, with the objective of informing future task design.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to describe the frequency and reasons for hospitalizations for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (HACSC) in Rondônia, Brazil, between 2012 and 2016, and to analyze their relationship with the evolution of the coverage of the family health strategy (FHS) in the same period. METHODS: this was a descriptive study of secondary data from the Brazilian National Health System's Hospital Information System. RESULTS: during the period of the study 133,958 HACSC were authorized, corresponding to a rate of 75 hospitalizations/1,000 inhab.; there was a parallel annual increase in FHS coverage and a slightly decreasing trend of authorized HACSC, although this was not statistically significant; in 2012, HACSC frequency was 20.7% in relation to all hospitalizations that occurred in the state, while in 2016 this indicator declined to 16.7%. CONCLUSION: HACSC frequency in Rondônia was high between 2012 and 2016; although there was an increase in FHS coverage in the same period, this increase was not accompanied by a significant change in the frequency of HACSC registered in the state.
Assuntos
Assistência Ambulatorial/estatística & dados numéricos , Sistemas de Informação Hospitalar , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Saúde da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivo: descrever a frequência e os motivos das internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária à saúde (ICSAP) ocorridas em Rondônia, Brasil, entre 2012 e 2016, e analisar sua relação com a evolução da cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados secundários do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde. Resultados: no período do estudo, foram autorizadas 133.958 ICSAP, correspondendo a uma taxa de 75 internações/1.000 hab.; registrou-se incremento anual paralelo da cobertura da ESF e tendência levemente decrescente das ICSAP autorizadas, embora não estatisticamente significante; em 2012, a frequência de ICSAP foi de 20,7% entre todas as hospitalizações ocorridas no estado, enquanto em 2016, esse indicador declinou para 16,7%. Conclusão: foi alta a frequência de ICSAP em Rondônia entre 2012 e 2016; embora tenha havido incremento na cobertura de ESF no mesmo período, esse aumento não foi acompanhado de mudança significativa na frequência de ICSAP registrada no estado.
Objetivo: describir la frecuencia y los motivos de las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades sensibles a cuidados de atención primaria en salud (HESCAP) en Rondônia, Brasil, entre 2012 y 2016. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, con datos del Sistema de Informaciones Hospitalarias del Sistema Único de Salud. Resultados: en el período del estudio se autorizaron 133.958 HESCAP, correspondiendo a una tasa de 75 internaciones/1.000 hab.; se registró un incremento anual de la cobertura de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) y tendencia decreciente de las HESCAP, aunque no estadísticamente significativa; en 2012, la frecuencia de HESCAP fue del 20,7% entre todas las hospitalizaciones ocurridas en el estado, mientras que en 2016 ese indicador declinó al 16,7%. Conclusión: fue alta la frecuencia de HESCAP en Rondônia entre 2012 y 2016; aunque hubo un incremento en la cobertura de ESF en el mismo período, ese aumento no fue acompañado por un cambio significativo en la frecuencia de HESCAP registrada en el estado.
Objective: to describe the frequency and reasons for hospitalizations for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (HACSC) in Rondônia, Brazil, between 2012 and 2016, and to analyze their relationship with the evolution of the coverage of the family health strategy (FHS) in the same period. Methods: this was a descriptive study of secondary data from the Brazilian National Health System's Hospital Information System. Results: during the period of the study 133,958 HACSC were authorized, corresponding to a rate of 75 hospitalizations/1,000 inhab.; there was a parallel annual increase in FHS coverage and a slightly decreasing trend of authorized HACSC, although this was not statistically significant; in 2012, HACSC frequency was 20.7% in relation to all hospitalizations that occurred in the state, while in 2016 this indicator declined to 16.7%. Conclusion: HACSC frequency in Rondônia was high between 2012 and 2016; although there was an increase in FHS coverage in the same period, this increase was not accompanied by a significant change in the frequency of HACSC registered in the state.