RESUMO
The Amazon has a wide variety of oilseeds that generate a huge amount of co-products with potential for use in animal nutrition. The objective was to use alternative resources (oilseed cakes) in the feeding of lambs to assign a sustainable destination to this biomass, and evaluate its influence on the quality and fatty acid (FA) profile of the meat. Twenty-four lambs, male, castrated, crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês, weighing 30 ± 1.3 kg of initial body weight, were distributed in a completely randomized design in 4 treatments (diets) with six replications (animals). The control diet (Control) contained corn and soybean meal as main ingredients, which were partially replaced in the other diets by cupuassu cake diet (Cup), palm kernel cake diet (Palm) and tucuma cake diet (Tuc). The inclusion of Amazon cakes influences the lipid (P = 0.02) and protein (P < 0.01) composition of meat (longissimus lumborum); reduces cooking losses (P < 0.01); influences the colors (L, a, b), chroma, and Hue Angle (P < 0.01); promotes changes in total FA composition and FA profile (P < 0.05); reduces hypocholesterolemic FA (h) (P = 0.01), but does not influence hypercholesterolemic (H) and indices h:H, AI and TI (P > 0.05). The inclusion of oilseed cakes influences the chemical composition, physical parameters, composition and fatty acid profile of the meat, but does not influence the indicators of atherogenicity, thrombogenicity and cholesterolemia.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Ácidos Graxos , Animais , Masculino , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Carne/análise , Ovinos , Carneiro DomésticoRESUMO
Genetic group, age at entry into confinement and at slaughter, are characteristics that have an important influence on lamb performance and carcass. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics and non-carcass components from different genetic groups (Santa Inês and ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês) sheep, submitted to different feedlot entry and exit strategies. Were used 72 lambs males and castrated; 36 Santa Inês (SI) and 36 crossbred (Dorper x Santa Inês-DSI), with 6 months of average initial age. The groups were established in a completely randomized experimental design, in a 2x3x4 factorial arrangement, from the combination of genetic groups (GG), body weight at the beginning of confinement (WBC) and length of stay in confinement (LSC). The body weight classes at the beginning of confinement were: light (25 kg), intermediate (28 kg) and heavy (31 kg), for Santa Inês and crossbreeds, respectively. Slaughters were carried out every 28 days of confinement, in four LSC: 0, 28, 56 and 84 days. The GG did not influence performance, carcass and non-carcass component traits of lambs (p > 0.05). There was an effect of the WBC on the weights: final (FW), metabolic (MW), body at slaughter (BWS), empty body (EBW), hot carcass (HCY) and cold (CCW), loin, shoulder, leg musculature; loin eye area (LEA) and loin fat (p < 0.05). There was also an effect on LSC, for FW, average daily weight gain (ADG), MW, weight and yield of body components, weight of cuts and tissue ratio components of cuts (p < 0.05). In non-carcass components, effect on full and empty weight of: omasum, rumen-reticulum, small intestine; empty large intestine, liver and kidneys, paws and skin, and perirenal, pelvic and inguinal fat (p < 0.05). Interaction double effect on the tissue muscle/fat:bone ratio (MF:B) and for the full omasal component (p < 0.05). And triple interaction effect for ADG, full omasum and perirenal fat (p < 0.05). Weight at the beginning of confinement and confinement time are the characteristics that most influence performance, quantitative characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components. Regardless of the genetic group and age class, the animals reach the same weight after 84 days of confinement. Thus, the confinement of heavier lambs (31 kg) can be a profitable alternative, as they presented the highest weights for the most commercially valued cuts (shank and loin). The confinement strategy must adapt to market situations.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Carne Vermelha , Masculino , Ovinos/genética , Animais , Composição Corporal/genética , Aumento de Peso/genética , Hibridização Genética , FenótipoRESUMO
Introduction: The increase in availability and nutritional composition of oilseed co-products has made it essential to study the use of this biomass. Methods: The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of including oilseed cakes on intake and digestibility, performance, carcass characteristics and meat sensory in feedlot lambs. Twenty-four crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês lambs, with initial body weight of 30 ± 1.3 kg, male, castrated, aged 4-5 months, were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (diets) and six replications (animals), confined in individual stalls for 70 days. Results: The inclusion of tucuma cake (Tuc) reduced dry matter intake (p < 0.01) and diets with cupuassu cake (Cup) and palm kernel cake (Palm) reduced dry matter digestibility (p < 0.05). The Tuc diet also provided the lowest final body weight (p = 0.02); lower average daily gain (p = 0.03); lower feed efficiency (p = 0.03) and lower carcass weight (p < 0.01). However, diets did not influence carcass yield (%), fat thickness (mm) and loin eye area (cm2; p > 0.05). Meat from lambs on the control diet was rated as less fibrous and more tender (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of tucuma cake does not influence digestibility, but reduces intake, performance and influences carcass characteristics and meat texture. Diets with cupuassu cake or palmiste cake reduced digestibility, however, intake, performance and carcass characteristics were similar to the control diet.
RESUMO
The objective was to evaluate the effects of palm kernel cake (PKC) supplementation on voluntary feed intake, in situ rumen degradability and performance in the wettest (WS-January to June) and less rainy seasons (LR-July to December) in the eastern Amazon. A total of 52 crossbred buffaloes that were neither lactating nor gestating were used, with 24 for the LR, aged 34 ± 04 months and an initial average weight of 503 ± 48 kg, and 24 for the WS aged 40 ± 04 months with an average weight of 605 ± 56 kg. The four treatments (levels of PKC in relation to body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 0% (PKC0), 0.25% (PKC0.2), 0.5% (PKC0.5) and 1% (PKC1) with six repetitions. The animals were housed in Marandu grass paddocks, intermittently, with access to water and mineral mixture ad libitum. Degradability was evaluated by the in situ bag technique in four other crossbred buffaloes with rumen cannulae, in a 4 × 4 Latin square (four periods and four treatments). The inclusion of PKC increased supplement consumption and production of ether extracts and reduced the intake of forage and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The dry matter degradability of Marandu grass was not affected; however, the fermentation kinetics in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) differed between the treatments. The co-product dry matter colonization time was greater in PKC1 and the highest effective degradability rates were from PKC0, but the productive performance of the animals was not influenced. Supplementation of buffaloes with PKC is recommended for up to 1% of body weight.
RESUMO
Objetivou-se discorrer sobre bactérias resistentes a antibióticos veiculadas em ambientes aquáticos, considerando os mecanismos, formas de aquisição e os efeitos à produção animal. A utilização de antibióticos para fins profiláticos, terapêuticos e agropecuários cresceu em larga escala nos últimos anos, levando à perda de eficiência no combate a patógenos. A crise atual dos antibióticos é decorrente de uma falha geral em compreender de forma abrangente a evolução, as fontes, a disseminação e os mecanismos moleculares da resistência, pois os reservatórios ambientais potenciais e suas diversidades genéticas de resistência associadas geralmente não são considerados no desenvolvimento de drogas. Assim, a pressão de seleção aplicada pelos antibióticos em diversos ambientes tem promovido a evolução e disseminação de genes de resistência bacteriana em escala mundial, nos mais variados tipos de ambientes. Resíduos antibióticos persistem no solo e em ambientes aquáticos, este último, atuando como importante reservatório de bactérias, facilitando a troca de material genético entre bactérias ambientais e patogênicas e permitindo a disseminação de genes e modificações no resistoma ambiental. Desta forma, existe uma preocupação tanto para a medicina humana quanto a veterinária devido a diversidade de doenças causadas em humanos e animais domésticos por bactérias multirresistentes. Entender as origens, diversidade e mecanismos de resistência com potencial para impactar animais de produção é de grande importância para identificar os riscos associados a interação entre bactérias de diferentes ecossistemas e o impacto destas à produção animal, seja pelo comprometimento da saúde dos animais e/ou pela contaminação dos produtos produzidos por estes e consequentes danos à saúde humana.
The present review aimed to discuss antibiotic-resistant bacteria transmitted in aquatic environments, regarding the mechanisms, forms of acquisition, and the effects on animal production. The use of antibiotics for prophylactic, therapeutic, and agricultural purposes has grown on a large scale in recent years, leading to a loss of efficiency in combating pathogens. The current antibiotic crisis arises from a general failure to comprehensively understand the evolution, sources, dissemination, and molecular mechanisms of resistance, as potential environmental reservoirs and their associated resistance genetic diversity are generally not considered in drug development. Thus, the selection pressure applied by antibiotics in different environments has promoted the evolution and dissemination of bacterial resistance genes on a worldwide scale, in the most varied types of environments. Antibiotic residues persist in soil and aquatic environments, the latter acting as an important reservoir of bacteria, facilitating the exchange of genetic material between environmental and pathogenic bacteria and allowing the dissemination of genes and modifications in the environmental resistome. Thus, there is a concern for both human and veterinary medicine due to the diversity of diseases caused in humans and domestic animals by multiresistant bacteria. Understanding the origins, diversity, and resistance mechanisms with the potential to impact farm animals is of great importance to identify the risks associated with the interaction between bacteria from different ecosystems and their impact on animal production, either by compromising the health of animals and/or by the contamination of products produced by them and consequent damage to human health.
Assuntos
Animais , Ambiente Aquático , Transferência Genética Horizontal , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/fisiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodosRESUMO
O emprego de drogas antibióticas em larga escala tanto para fins profiláticos quanto para terapêuticos e agropecuários tem aumentado com o passar dos anos, passando a ser considerado um problema, devido à perda de eficiência desses medicamentos no combate a bactérias patogênicas. Assim, a pressão de seleção aplicada pelos antibióticos, que são utilizados em ambientes clínicos e agrícolas, tem promovido a evolução e disseminação de genes que conferem resistência a bactérias em escala mundial, independentemente de suas origens e nos mais variados tipos de sistemas ambientes. Antibióticos de origem urbana e agrícola persistem no solo e nos ambientes aquáticos, este último atuando como um importante reservatório de bactérias, facilitando a troca de material genético entre bactérias ambientais e patogênicas, e permitindo a disseminação de genes de resistência. Causando, assim, preocupação tanto para a medicina humana quanto para a veterinária, tendo em vista a diversidade de doenças causadas em humanos e animais domésticos por bactérias multirresistentes. Nesse contexto, o conhecimento dos mecanismos responsáveis pela transferência e aquisição de resistência com potencial para atingir animais de produção são de grande importância para o entendimento dos riscos associados à disseminação da resistência entre bactérias de diferentes ecossistemas à produção animal, possibilitando o conhecimento e desenvolvimento de estratégias para combater e minimizar seus efeitos.
The use of antibiotic drugs on a large scale for prophylactic, therapeutic and agricultural purposes has increased over the years, becoming a problem due to the loss of efficiency of these drugs in combating pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, the selection pressure applied by antibiotics that are used mainly in clinical and agricultural environments has promoted the evolution and dissemination of genes that confer resistance to bacteria worldwide, regardless of their origins and in the most varied types of environmental systems. Antibiotics of urban and agricultural origin persist in the soil and in aquatic environments, the latter, acting as an important reservoir of bacteria, facilitating the exchange of genetic material between the environment and pathogenic bacteria, and then, allowing the spread of resistance genes. Thus, causing concern for both human and veterinary health, due to the diversity diseases caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. In this context, knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the transfer and acquisition of resistance with the potential to reach farm animals is of great importance for understanding the risks associated with the spread of resistance among bacteria from different ecosystems to animal production, enabling the knowledge and development of strategies to combat and minimize its effects.
Assuntos
Animais , Microbiologia da Água , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/fisiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Indústria Agropecuária , Poluição da Água/análiseRESUMO
This study aimed to assess the tissue composition and allometric growth of carcasses of Santa Inês and crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês lambs confined for different periods at three body weight classes. Sixty-four lambs from Santa Inês (SI) and crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês (DSI) were slaughtered. The carcasses were refrigerated at 4 °C for 24 h, and half of the right side carcass was divided into five primary cuts, which were then dissected into bone, muscle, and fat. The corrected cold carcass weight (CCWc) was calculated based on the sum of the cuts. There was no effect of the interactions evaluated (P > 0.05) among the factors tested. CCWc, muscle (kg), fat (kg), bone (%), M:F, M:B, F:B, and M+F:B were influenced by the lambs' genetic group (P < 0.05). An effect of body weight at the beginning of confinement was found only for CCWc, muscle (kg), fat (kg), bone (kg), bone (%), and M:F. The crossbreeding of Santa Inês with breeds Dorper promotes improvements in the qualitative characteristics of the carcass. To obtain better relationships of the quantitative characteristics of the carcass, of sheep introduced in confinements with larger weights, the slaughter weight must be adjusted to that initial weight.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Ovinos/genética , Ovinos/fisiologia , Animais , Hibridização Genética , MasculinoRESUMO
The inclusion effect of 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60, and 100% dry matter (DM) of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) cake (BNC) aiming at replacing corn silage was assessed on fermentation kinetics and effective degradability (ED) by means of in vitro gas production at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. A randomized block design was used with six treatments, three blocks, and two replications per block. Frances model was fit to the data. An in vivo experiment, conducted in fistulated ovine, assessed the effects of BNC inclusion levels of 0, 15, 30, and 45% DM replacing corn silage on ruminal parameters. Ruminal fluid samples were collected postprandial at 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 h for determining the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH, and NNH3 . A completely randomized design with repeated measures in time was used, with four treatments and three replications. Results of acetate, propionate, butyrate, acetate to propionate ratio, pH, and NH3 were submitted to analysis of variance and regression (linear and quadratic) considering treatment, time and interaction of both. In addition, the F test with a 5% (P < 0.05) significance level was applied to the data. Fermentation kinetics pattern and ED presented a linear decreasing (P < 0.05), which means a decrease in total gas production at each coproduct inclusion level. No interaction effect between treatment and time was observed for total SCFA (P > 0.40), acetic acid (P > 0.41), propionic acid (P > 0.85), butyric acid (P > 0.62) and pH (P > 0.57). BNC replacements of 0, 15, 30 and 45% did not change (P > 0.05) total SCFA concentration, as well as acetic acid concentration in ovine. When including 45% DM of BNC, concentrations (mMol/100 mL) of propionic (P < 0.001) and butyric (P < 0.022) acids was reduced in the ruminal fluid. The highest concentrations at measurement times were observed 4 hours after feeding...(AU)
Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão da torta da amêndoa de castanha-do-pará (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) (TAC) nas proporções 0 (controle), 15, 30, 45, 60 e 100% da matéria seca (MS) em substituição à silagem de milho (SM), sobre a cinética de fermentação e a degradabilidade efetiva (DE), através da produção de gases in vitro, nos tempos 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizado, com seis tratamentos, três blocos e duas repetições por bloco. O modelo de France foi ajustado aos dados. Ensaio in vivo, conduzido em ovinos fistulados, avaliou-se a influência da TAC nos níveis 0, 15, 30 e 45% (MS), em substituição à silagem de milho, sobre os parâmetros ruminais desses animais. As coletas de líquido ruminal para determinação da concentração dos Ácidos Graxos de Cadeia Curta (AGCC), pH e N-NH3 foram realizadas às 08h00, 10h00, 12h00, 14h00, 16h00 e 18h00, pós-prandial. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo quatro tratamentos e três repetições. Os resultados das variáveis: acetato, propionato, butirato, relação acetato:propionato, pH e NH3 foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão (linear e quadrática) considerando-se tratamento, tempo e a interação de ambos. Aplicou-se teste F, com nível de significância de 5% (P < 0,05). O padrão de cinética de fermentação e DE foi linear decrescente (P < 0,05), diminuiu a produção de gás total à cada nível de inclusão do coproduto. Não houve efeito da interação tratamento vs tempo para as variáveis AGCC total (P>0,40), ácido acético (P > 0,41), propiônico (P > 0,85), butírico (P > 0,62) e pH (P > 0,57)...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ruminantes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ruminantes/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , BertholletiaRESUMO
The inclusion effect of 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60, and 100% dry matter (DM) of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) cake (BNC) aiming at replacing corn silage was assessed on fermentation kinetics and effective degradability (ED) by means of in vitro gas production at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. A randomized block design was used with six treatments, three blocks, and two replications per block. Frances model was fit to the data. An in vivo experiment, conducted in fistulated ovine, assessed the effects of BNC inclusion levels of 0, 15, 30, and 45% DM replacing corn silage on ruminal parameters. Ruminal fluid samples were collected postprandial at 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 h for determining the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH, and NNH3 . A completely randomized design with repeated measures in time was used, with four treatments and three replications. Results of acetate, propionate, butyrate, acetate to propionate ratio, pH, and NH3 were submitted to analysis of variance and regression (linear and quadratic) considering treatment, time and interaction of both. In addition, the F test with a 5% (P 0.40), acetic acid (P > 0.41), propionic acid (P > 0.85), butyric acid (P > 0.62) and pH (P > 0.57). BNC replacements of 0, 15, 30 and 45% did not change (P > 0.05) total SCFA concentration, as well as acetic acid concentration in ovine. When including 45% DM of BNC, concentrations (mMol/100 mL) of propionic (P < 0.001) and butyric (P < 0.022) acids was reduced in the ruminal fluid. The highest concentrations at measurement times were observed 4 hours after feeding...
Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão da torta da amêndoa de castanha-do-pará (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) (TAC) nas proporções 0 (controle), 15, 30, 45, 60 e 100% da matéria seca (MS) em substituição à silagem de milho (SM), sobre a cinética de fermentação e a degradabilidade efetiva (DE), através da produção de gases in vitro, nos tempos 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizado, com seis tratamentos, três blocos e duas repetições por bloco. O modelo de France foi ajustado aos dados. Ensaio in vivo, conduzido em ovinos fistulados, avaliou-se a influência da TAC nos níveis 0, 15, 30 e 45% (MS), em substituição à silagem de milho, sobre os parâmetros ruminais desses animais. As coletas de líquido ruminal para determinação da concentração dos Ácidos Graxos de Cadeia Curta (AGCC), pH e N-NH3 foram realizadas às 08h00, 10h00, 12h00, 14h00, 16h00 e 18h00, pós-prandial. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo quatro tratamentos e três repetições. Os resultados das variáveis: acetato, propionato, butirato, relação acetato:propionato, pH e NH3 foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão (linear e quadrática) considerando-se tratamento, tempo e a interação de ambos. Aplicou-se teste F, com nível de significância de 5% (P 0,40), ácido acético (P > 0,41), propiônico (P > 0,85), butírico (P > 0,62) e pH (P > 0,57)...
Assuntos
Animais , Bertholletia , Ração Animal/análise , Ruminantes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ruminantes/metabolismoRESUMO
We report here the draft genome sequence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis PA05, isolated from an ovine host in Pará State, Brazil. C. pseudotuberculosis is an etiological agent of diseases with veterinary and medical importance. The genome contains 2,435,137 bp, a G+C content of 52.2%, 2,295 coding sequences, five pseudogenes, 53 tRNAs, and six rRNAs.
RESUMO
We report here the draft genome sequence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis PA06, isolated from a subauricular abscess in an ovine host. C. pseudotuberculosis is a worldwide pathogen of small and large ruminants. The genome comprises 2,320,074 bp, with a G+C content of 52.2%, 2,195 coding sequences, 48 tRNAs, and three rRNAs.
RESUMO
In this work, we present the draft genome sequence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis strain PA07 biovar ovis, isolated from a caseous secretion from a sheep udder in Pará, Brazil. The genome contains 2,320,235 bp, 52.2% G+C content, 2,191 coding sequences (CDSs), five pseudogenes, 48 tRNAs, and three rRNAs.