RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have linked low heart rate variability (HRV) with COVID-19, indicating that this parameter can be a marker of the onset of the disease and its severity and a predictor of mortality in infected people. Given the large number of wearable devices that capture physiological signals of the human body easily and noninvasively, several studies have used this equipment to measure the HRV of individuals and related these measures to COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the utility of HRV measurements obtained from wearable devices as predictive indicators of COVID-19, as well as the onset and worsening of symptoms in affected individuals. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted searching the following databases up to the end of January 2023: Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore. Studies had to include (1) measures of HRV in patients with COVID-19 and (2) measurements involving the use of wearable devices. We also conducted a meta-analysis of these measures to reduce possible biases and increase the statistical power of the primary research. RESULTS: The main finding was the association between low HRV and the onset and worsening of COVID-19 symptoms. In some cases, it was possible to predict the onset of COVID-19 before a positive clinical test. The meta-analysis of studies reported that a reduction in HRV parameters is associated with COVID-19. Individuals with COVID-19 presented a reduction in the SD of the normal-to-normal interbeat intervals and root mean square of the successive differences compared with healthy individuals. The decrease in the SD of the normal-to-normal interbeat intervals was 3.25 ms (95% CI -5.34 to -1.16 ms), and the decrease in the root mean square of the successive differences was 1.24 ms (95% CI -3.71 to 1.23 ms). CONCLUSIONS: Wearable devices that measure changes in HRV, such as smartwatches, rings, and bracelets, provide information that allows for the identification of COVID-19 during the presymptomatic period as well as its worsening through an indirect and noninvasive self-diagnosis.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Dispositivos Eletrônicos Vestíveis , Humanos , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , COVID-19/diagnósticoRESUMO
RESUMO Este artigo apresenta um modelo de rede neural para controlar a dosagem de cloro na água tratada, a fim de obter melhores resultados na estabilidade do cloro residual livre, quando comparados ao controle Proporcional-Integral-Derivativo (PID) empregado atualmente e na consequente redução do consumo de cloro no processo de tratamento de água. Entre os diferentes desinfetantes, o cloro é amplamente utilizado em estações de tratamento de água de grande porte no mundo. No Brasil, especialmente nas grandes cidades, esse produto químico é também empregado como um agente desinfetante. Nesse contexto, um modelo que utiliza redes neurais artificiais foi implementado e simulado no software Matlab, levando-se em conta as características operacionais de uma estação de tratamento localizada na região metropolitana de São Paulo.
ABSTRACT This paper presents an approach using a neural network model to control chlorine dosage in treated water, so as to obtain better results in the stability of the free residual chlorine, when compared to the control currently used, based on the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) model and the consequent reduction in chlorine consumption in the water treatment process. Among the different disinfectants, chlorine is widely used in large water treatment plants in the world. In Brazil, especially in large cities, this chemical product is also used as a disinfectant agent. In this context, a neural model was implemented and simulated in MatLab software, taking into account the operational characteristics of a treatment plant, located in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region.
RESUMO
Introdução: Alguns dos fatores determinantes na resposta fotobiológica da terapia laser em baixa intensidade são o estado fisiológico do tecido e as características ópticas do feixe, como a polarização de seu campo elétrico. Objetivos: Investigaram-se o grau e a preservação da polarização linear em amostras de pele de rato sadia e lesionada. Métodos: Criolesões foram realizadas no dorso de ratos e tratadas por quatro dias com 1J/cm2. O campo elétrico do laser foi alinhado a 0º e a 90º em relação à coluna vertebral dos animais. Resultados: A polarização foi mantida nas camadas superficiais da pele, sendo mais preservada na pele queimada. Durante o processo cicatricial, a lesão cujo campo elétrico foi alinhado a 0º em relação à coluna vertebral mostrou um grau de polarização semelhante àquele da pele sadia. Conclusões: O processo de reparação da pele foi influenciado pela polarização linear do feixe laser de He-Ne.
Introduction: The physiological conditions of tissue and optical characteristics of beam, like electric polarization, are some of the determining factors in the photobiological response of low intensity laser therapy. Objectives: The degree and preservation of linear polarization in samples of healthy and injured rat skin were investigated. Methods: Cryolesions were created in the lower back of rats and treated for four days with 1J/cm2. The laser electric was aligned in 0º and 90º to the backbone of the animals. Results: The polarization was maintained in the superficial layers of the skin, being better preserved in burned skin. During the wound healing, the lesion whose electric was aligned parallel to the spine showed a degree of bias similar to that of healthy skin. Conclusions: The repair process of skin was influenced by linear polarization of He-Ne laser beam.