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The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on people and healthcare services. The disruption to chronic illnesses, such as epilepsy, may relate to several factors ranging from direct infection to secondary effects from healthcare reorganization and social distancing measures. OBJECTIVES: As part of the COVID-19 and Epilepsy (COV-E) global study, we ascertained the effects of COVID-19 on people with epilepsy in Brazil, based on their perspectives and those of their caregivers. We also evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on the care delivered to people with epilepsy by healthcare workers. METHODS: We designed separate online surveys for people with epilepsy and their caregivers. A further survey for healthcare workers contained additional assessments of changes to working patterns, productivity, and concerns for those with epilepsy under their care. The Brazilian arm of COV-E initially collected data from May to November 2020 during the country's first wave. We also examined national data to identify the Brazilian states with the highest COVID-19 incidence and related mortality. Lastly, we applied this geographic grouping to our data to explore whether local disease burden played a direct role in difficulties faced by people with epilepsy. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-one people returned the survey, 20% were individuals with epilepsy (n = 48); 22% were caregivers (n = 53), and 58% were healthcare workers (n = 140). Just under half (43%) of people with epilepsy reported health changes during the pandemic, including worsening seizure control, with specific issues related to stress and impaired mental health. Of respondents prescribed antiseizure medication, 11% reported difficulty taking medication on time due to problems acquiring prescriptions and delayed or canceled medical appointments. Only a small proportion of respondents reported discussing significant epilepsy-related risks in the previous 12 months. Analysis of national COVID-19 data showed a higher disease burden in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro compared to Brazil as a whole. There were, however, no geographic differences observed in survey responses despite variability in the incidence of COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that Brazilians with epilepsy have been adversely affected by COVID-19 by factors beyond infection or mortality. Mental health issues and the importance of optimal communication are critical during these difficult times. Healthcare services need to find nuanced approaches and learn from shared international experiences to provide optimal care for people with epilepsy as the direct burden of COVID-19 improves in some countries. In contrast, others face resurgent waves of the pandemic.

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Prevention of secondary damage is an important goal in the treatment of severe neurological conditions, such as major head trauma or stroke. However, there is currently a lack of non-invasive methods for monitoring cerebral physiology. Diffuse optical methods have been proposed as an inexpensive, non-invasive bedside monitor capable of providing neurophysiology information in neurocritical patients. However, the reliability of the technique to provide accurate longitudinal measurement during the clinical evolution of a patient remains largely unaddressed. Here, we report on the translation of a hybrid diffuse optical system combining frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (FD-DOS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) for real-time monitoring of cerebral physiology in a neuro intensive care unit (neuro-ICU). More specifically, we present a case study of a patient admitted with a high-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, who was monitored throughout hospitalization. We show that the neurophysiological parameters measured by diffuse optics at the bedside are consistent with the clinical evolution of the patient at all the different stages following its brain lesion. These data provide support for clinical translation of DOS/DCS as a useful biomarker of neurophysiology in the neuro-ICU, particularly in locations where other clinical resources are limited.

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Introduction: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome usually present with changes in upper airway morphology and/or body fat distribution, which may occur throughout life and increase the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with age. Objective: To correlate cephalometric and anthropometric measures with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity in different age groups. Methods: A retrospective study of cephalometric and anthropometric measures of 102 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was analyzed. Patients were divided into three age groups (≥20 and <40 years, ≥40 and <60 years, and ≥60 years). Pearson's correlation was performed for these measures with the apnea-hypopnea index in the full sample, and subsequently by age group. Results: The cephalometric measures MP-H (distance between the mandibular plane and the hyoid bone) and PNS-P (distance between the posterior nasal spine and the tip of the soft palate) and the neck and waist circumferences showed a statistically significant correlation with apnea-hypopnea index in both the full sample and in the ≥40 and <60 years age group. These variables did not show any significant correlation with the other two age groups (<40 and ≥60 years). Conclusion: Cephalometric measurements MP-H and PNS-P and cervical and waist circumfer- ences correlated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity in patients in the ≥40 and <60 age group. .

Introdução: Pacientes com a síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) geralmente apresentam alterações na morfologia das vias aéreas superiores e/ou na distribuição da gordura corporal, que podem ocorrer durante a vida e aumentar a gravidade da SAOS com a idade. Objetivo: Correlacionar medidas cefalométricas e antropométricas com a gravidade da SAOS em diferentes faixas etárias. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de medidas cefalométricas e antropométricas de 102 pacientes portadores de SAOS. Os pacientes foram divididos em três faixas etárias (≥20 e <40 anos, ≥40 e <60 anos, e ≥60 anos). Foi realizada correlação de Pearson destas medidas com o índice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH) na amostra completa e depois por faixa etária. Resultados: As medidas cefalométricas MP-H (distância entre o plano mandibular e o osso hioide) e PNS-P (distância entre a espinha nasal posterior e a ponta do palato mole) e as circunferências cervical e abdominal apresentaram correlação estatisticamente significante com o IAH tanto na amostra total quanto na faixa de <40 e ≥ 60 anos. Estas variáveis não mostraram correlação significante com as outras duas faixas etárias (≤ 40 e ≥ 60 anos). Conclusão: As medidas cefalométricas MP-H e PNS-P e as circunferências cervical e abdominal apresentaram correlação com a gravidade da SAOS em pacientes na faixa etária de ≥40 e <60 anos. .

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INTRODUCTION: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome usually present with changes in upper airway morphology and/or body fat distribution, which may occur throughout life and increase the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with age. OBJECTIVE: To correlate cephalometric and anthropometric measures with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity in different age groups. METHODS: A retrospective study of cephalometric and anthropometric measures of 102 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was analyzed. Patients were divided into three age groups (≥20 and <40 years, ≥40 and <60 years, and ≥60 years). Pearson's correlation was performed for these measures with the apnea-hypopnea index in the full sample, and subsequently by age group. RESULTS: The cephalometric measures MP-H (distance between the mandibular plane and the hyoid bone) and PNS-P (distance between the posterior nasal spine and the tip of the soft palate) and the neck and waist circumferences showed a statistically significant correlation with apnea-hypopnea index in both the full sample and in the ≥40 and <60 years age group. These variables did not show any significant correlation with the other two age groups (<40 and ≥60 years). CONCLUSION: Cephalometric measurements MP-H and PNS-P and cervical and waist circumferences correlated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity in patients in the ≥40 and <60 age group.

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Patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) often have associated changes in craniofacial morphology and distribution of body fat, either alone or in combination. AIM: To correlate cephalometric and anthropometric measures with OSAHS severity by using the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). METHOD: A retrospective cephalometry study of 93 patients with OSAHS was conducted from July 2010 to July 2012. The following measurements were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), the angles formed by the cranial base and the maxilla (SNA) and the mandible (SNB), the difference between SNA and SNB (ANB), the distance from the mandibular plane to the hyoid bone (MP-H), the space between the base of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall (PAS), and the distance between the posterior nasal spine and the tip of the uvula (PNS-P). Means, standard deviations, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: AHI correlated significantly with BMI (r = 0.207, p = 0.047), NC (r = 0.365, p = 0.000), WC (r = 0.337, p = 0.001), PNS-P (r = 0.282, p = 0.006), and MP-H (r = 0.235, p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: Anthropometric measurements (BMI, NC, and WC) and cephalometric measurements (MP-H and PNS-P) can be used as predictors of OSAHS severity...

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Cerebrovascular lesions are frequently observed in patients with sickle-cell disease (SCD) and these structural lesions are preceded by insidious perfusion deficits. Our aim was to investigate the presence of brain perfusion deficits in neurologically asymptomatic SCD patients, especially affecting microvessels. For this study, 42 SCD patients [33 sickle-cell anemia (HbSS), 6 sickle hemoglobin C disease (HbSC), and 3 sickle ß-thalassemia disease (HbSß)] with mean hematocrit of 25.1 (±4.85; 15.6-38.5) underwent brain perfusion single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) using the tracer (99m)Tc-ECD. Images from SCD patients were compared to images of a healthy control group (29 females and 20 males, mean age 31 ± 8; range 25-49 years). Images underwent voxel-wise comparison of regional tracer uptake using paired t-test to estimate the probability of each voxel to have an increased or decreased tracer uptake. When compared to controls, SCD patients exhibited significantly reduced tracer uptake in basal ganglia and thalami, the anterior frontal region and the watershed region of the temporo-parietal-occipital transition (p < 0.05). Our study showed that neurologically asymptomatic adult SCD patients exhibit a pattern of reduced (99m)Tc-ECD tracer uptake demonstrated by SPECT. Early diagnosis of this cerebral vasculopathy has prognostic implications and can be determinant in considering therapeutic alternatives to avoid increasing brain lesion load and progressive disability.

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INTRODUCTION: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) often have associated changes in craniofacial morphology and distribution of body fat, either alone or in combination. AIM: To correlate cephalometric and anthropometric measures with OSAHS severity by using the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). METHOD: A retrospective cephalometry study of 93 patients with OSAHS was conducted from July 2010 to July 2012. The following measurements were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), the angles formed by the cranial base and the maxilla (SNA) and the mandible (SNB), the difference between SNA and SNB (ANB), the distance from the mandibular plane to the hyoid bone (MP-H), the space between the base of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall (PAS), and the distance between the posterior nasal spine and the tip of the uvula (PNS-P). Means, standard deviations, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: AHI correlated significantly with BMI (r = 0.207, p = 0.047), NC (r = 0.365, p = 0.000), WC (r = 0.337, p = 0.001), PNS-P (r = 0.282, p = 0.006), and MP-H (r = 0.235, p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: Anthropometric measurements (BMI, NC, and WC) and cephalometric measurements (MP-H and PNS-P) can be used as predictors of OSAHS severity.

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of depression/anxiety and to establish the social, epilepsy and psychiatric characteristics in individuals with epilepsy. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was employed to evaluate 153 subjects with epilepsy who were identified in a previous community-based survey. First, a structured interview was conducted, followed by a psychiatric evaluation. Subjects with depression were compared to those without, and subjects with anxiety were compared to those without. RESULTS: The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 39.4 and 24.4%, respectively. Both were associated with low schooling (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.6 to 9.0 and OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 6.5 for depression and anxiety, respectively), lifetime suicidal thoughts (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.9 to 10.3 and OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.7 to 7.7) and lifetime suicide attempts (OR 9.3, 95% CI 2.6 to 32.8 and OR 6.9, 95% CI 1.8 to 26.4). CONCLUSION: The high rates of depression and anxiety reinforced the need for recognition and treatment of mental disorders in epilepsy.

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Studies have suggested that the thalamus is a key structure in the pathophysiology of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. The objective of the present investigation was to examine the thalami of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy using a combination of multiple structural neuroimaging modalities. The association between these techniques may reveal the mechanisms underlying juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and help to identify the neuroanatomical structures involved. Twenty-one patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (13 women, mean age=30±9 years) and a control group of 20 healthy individuals (10 women, mean age=31±8 years) underwent MRI in a 2-T scanner. The volumetric three-dimensional sequence was used for structural investigation. Evaluation of the thalamus comprised voxel-based morphometry, automatic volumetry, and shape analysis. Comparisons were performed between patient and control groups. Voxel-based morphometry analysis identified areas of atrophy located in the anterior portion of the thalamus. Post hoc analysis of automatic volumetry did not reveal significant differences between the groups. Shape analysis disclosed differences between patients and controls in the anterior and inferior portions of the right thalamus and in the anterior portion of the left thalamus. The present investigation confirms that thalami of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy are structurally abnormal with impairments located mainly in the anterior and inferior sections.

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Patients with deficit schizophrenia have worse cognition and poorer social functioning compared to the nondeficit ones. Insight is another domain in which these two groups might differ, but data on insight impairment in deficit versus nondeficit schizophrenia are still scarce. We compared 29 patients with deficit schizophrenia to 44 nondeficit patients and found a tendency to poorer insight in the deficit group. However such tendency disappeared when analysis was controlled for cognition, a domain in which both groups differed significantly. This finding reinforces the pressing need for simultaneous assessment of the several dimensions or domains of schizophrenic psychopathology.

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A Epi-Brasil realiza várias atividades para fortalecer o movimento nacional de epilepsia. Uma delas é o Encontro Nacional de Associações e Grupos de Pacientes com Epilepsia, mostrado neste artigo. O evento foi realizado nos dias 18 e 19 de março de 2011 na cidade de Ipatinga, MG, contando com a participação de mais de 250 pessoas e 10 entidades. Como acontece todos os anos, o evento teve dois momentos principais: 1. Palestrantes debateram temas atuais sobre a epilepsia e 2. As associações puderam expor suas atividades, conquistas e dificuldades, reforçando a reflexão e a troca de experiências. Além disso, a Assembléia Geral da Epi-Brasil teve as seguintes resoluções: 1) tema escolhido para o próximo ano: "Queremos Políticas Públicas para a Epilepsia". 2) O X Encontro Nacional das Associações e Grupos de Pacientes em Epilepsia: realizado nos dias 16 e 17 de março de 2012, em Goiânia, sob a organização da ASPEG. 3) Fortalecer sempre o trabalho e a participação das associações na Federação, através inclusive da melhor troca de informações entre as mesmas. 4) Continuar com a cadeira no Conselho Nacional de Saúde e no Fórum Nacional de Patologias Crônicas. 5) Permanecer na luta para aprovar, com o Ministério da Saúde, a Minuta que institui um programa de epilepsia na atenção básica. Com isso, o evento foi encerrado na certeza de que estamos no caminho certo.

Epi-Brazil performed some activities as a part of national movement of epilepsy in our country. The IX National Meeting of Associations and Support Group of People with Epilepsy was held in March 18-19th, 2011, in Ipatinga, MG, with the participation of over 250 people and 10 entities. The event was performed in two principal moments: 1. A board of specialists on epilepsy discussed important themes about epilepsy and 2. The epilepsy' associations presented their activities, difficulties and successes. The major resolutions of the General Assembly were: 1) "We want public policy for Epilepsy" was chosen as the central theme of the 2011 campaign; 2) X National Meeting of Associations and Support Group of People with Epilepsy will take place in March 16-17th of 2012, in Goiania-GO. 3) Reinforcement of involvement of associations in the Epi-Brazil, especially through better exchange of information. 4) Continuity in the Conselho Nacional da Saúde and Fórum Nacional de Patologias Crônicas. 5) Staying in the discussion with the Ministry of Health to pass a Law that establishes a National Program for Epilepsy in primary care.

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Como parte do movimento nacional da epilepsia no Brasil, realizado pela Epi-Brasil, o VIII Encontro Nacional de Associações e Grupos de Pacientes com Epilepsia foi realizado nos dias 19 e 20 de março de 2010 na cidade de Campinas-SP. O evento foi iniciado com uma exposição clara sobre o que é epilepsia. Após esta exposição, foi aberto um tempo livre para os participantes compartilharem suas experiências e tirarem suas dúvidas sobre a epilepsia. No dia seguinte, as associações puderam apresentar suas conquistas e suas dificuldades no último ano de trabalho. Para finalizar, foi realizada a Assembléia Geral, que teve como resoluções: 1. Eleição da nova diretoria. 2. Tema anual escolhido para 2010: "Epilepsia sim, preconceito não". 3. Fortalecer o combate ao preconceito na epilepsia, começando pelo uso de termos mais adequados: os termos "epiléptico" e "portador" não devem ser utilizados. 4. As entidades devem, nos eventos públicos, fazer com que o Ministério Público e a Defensoria Pública fiquem cientes das ações nacionais para a epilepsia. 5. Será realizado um evento sobre epilepsia em Rondônia, em setembro de 2010, com apoio da Epi-Brasil. 6. Fortalecer cada vez mais o trabalho e a participação das associações na Federação. 5. Permanecer com a cadeira no Conselho Nacional de Saúde e no Fórum Nacional de Patologias Crônicas. 6. Aprovar, junto ao Ministério da Saúde, a Minuta que institui programa de epilepsia na atenção básica. 7. O IX Encontro Nacional das Associações e Grupos de Pacientes em Epilepsia será realizado nos dias 18 e 19 de março de 2011, na cidade de Ipatinga, MG.

As a part of national movement of epilepsy in our country, the VIII National Meeting of Associations and Support Group of People with Epilepsy was held on March 19-20th, 2010, in Campinas, SP. In the first part, a board of specialists on epilepsy answered the questions from the audience. In the second part, the epilepsy' associations presented their activities. The major resolutions of the meeting were: 1. Election of a new board of directors of Epi-Brasil; 2. "Epilepsy yes, prejudice no" was chosen as the central theme of the 2010 campaign; 3. Usage of adequate terms to refer to the patients (to not use the term "epileptic"). 4. in public events, it's recommended to invite the Ministry of Public Defense to join the national actions for epilepsy. 5. An event on epilepsy will be held in Rondônia, in September 2010, with support from Epi-Brasil. 6. Reinforcement of the EPI-Brasil associations; 5. Continuity in the Conselho Nacional da Saúde; 6. Establishment of the actions to approve Minuta of Ministry of Health; 7. The IX National Meeting of Associations and Support Group of People with Epilepsy will take place in Ipatinga-MG, during the period of March 18-19h of 2011.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the focal discharges sometimes observed in the electroencephalogram of patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies and subtle structural magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. The main hypothesis to be assessed is that focal discharges may arise from areas of structural abnormality which can be detected by quantitative neuroimaging. Focal discharges were used for quantitative electroencephalogram source detection. Neuroimaging investigations consisted of voxel-based morphometry and region of interest volumetry. For voxel-based morphometry, volumetric MRI were acquired and processed. The images of each patient were individually compared with a control group. Statistical analysis was used to detect differences in gray matter volumes. Region of interest-based morphometry was automatically performed and used essentially to confirm voxel-based morphometry findings. The localization of the focal discharges on the electroencephalogram was compared to the neuroimaging results. Twenty-two patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies were evaluated. Gray matter abnormalities were detected by voxel-based morphometry analysis in 77% of the patients. There was a good concordance between EEG source detection and voxel-based morphometry. On average, the nearest voxels detected by these methods were 19 mm (mm) apart and the most statistically significant voxels were 34 mm apart. This study suggests that in some cases subtle gray matter abnormalities are associated with focal epileptiform discharges observed in the electroencephalograms of patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies.

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PURPOSE: To compare relative N-acetylaspartate (NAA) measurements in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with good response to the first trial of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (an important prognostic factor) to TLE patients who failed the first AED monotherapy and required further AED trials with monotherapy or polytherapy. METHODS: We studied 25 consecutive TLE patients who responded to first AED (responders) and 21 who did not (failure-group), as well as 27 controls. Patients were seen regularly in our Epilepsy Service and underwent electroencephalography (EEG) investigation, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy. Voxels were tailored to the medial temporal region on each side and involved the anterior hippocampus. RESULTS: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated significant variation of NAA/creatine (NAA/Cr) values in both hippocampi, ipsilateral and contralateral to the EEG focus (p < 0.001 and p = 0.021) across the groups. Pairwise post hoc comparisons showed reduced NAA/Cr in both hippocampi of failure-group compared to controls (p < 0.001) and compared to responders (p < 0.05), but not between the controls and responders. Individual analyses showed NAA/Cr ratios lower than 2 SDs (standard deviations) below the mean of controls in 9 of 21 patients (42.8%) in the failure-group (6 with unilateral and 3 with bilateral reduction) but in none of the responders. DISCUSSION: These results indicate that patients with TLE who respond well to the first AED have significantly less evidence of neuronal and axonal damage/dysfunction compared to those who are refractory to the first AED trial.

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PURPOSE: To provide information about psychiatric comorbidity and suicidal behavior in people with epilepsy compared to those without epilepsy from a community sample in Brazil. METHODS: An attempt was made to evaluate all 174 subjects with epilepsy (cases) identified in a previous survey. For every case identified, an individual without epilepsy (control) matched by sex and age was selected in the same neighborhood. A structured interview with validated psychiatric scales was performed. One hundred and fifty-three cases and 154 controls were enrolled in the study. RESULTS: People with epilepsy had anxiety more frequently [39.4% vs. 23.8%, odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.5; p = 0.006], depression (24.4% vs. 14.7%, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.01-3.5; p = 0.04), and anger (55.6% vs. 39.7%, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.1; p = 0.008). They also reported more suicidal thoughts [36.7% vs. 23.8%, OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.1; p = 0.02), plans (18.2% vs. 3.3%, OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-4.0; p = 0.04), and attempts (12.1% vs. 5.3%, OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-3.2, p = 0.04) during life than controls. CONCLUSIONS: These findings call attention to psychiatric comorbidity and suicidal behavior associated with epilepsy. Suicide risk assessment, mental evaluation, and treatment may improve quality of life in epilepsy and ultimately prevent suicide.

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INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is very prevalent in our society, but unfortunately lack of knowledge is still very common, contributing to psycho-social difficulties to people with epilepsy. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the epilepsy' perception and attitudes by professionals of emergency medical service in Campinas, Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was carried out with professionals of SAMU-192, who participated on the VII Stroke Workshop of Campinas in November 2007. RESULTS: One hundred-forty nine (149) professionals answered the questionnaire (49 percent women, average age of 37 years, range from 21 to 59 year). Ninety (60 percent) were professionals allied to medicine (nurses, health auxiliary, dentists), six (4 percent) were physicians and 53 (36 percent) were other professions (secretary, driver). In overall, a great majority of the subjects had an appropriate knowledge regarding epilepsy. But, some beliefs are still present. In relation to epilepsy' perception, some wrong ideas appeared, as epilepsy is a contagious disease, people with epilepsy can not practice physical exercise or to work. Also, the doubts regarding pregnancy and treatment of epilepsy were observed. Regarding attitudes during an epileptic seizure, some inadequate attitudes appeared: to put something in patient's mouth, to restrict the patients' movements or give something strong to smell (alcohol or vinegar) in order to stop the seizure. CONCLUSION: In this context, it is necessary a continuous education programs to the allied health professionals to improve the perception and attitudes, bringing epilepsy out of the shadows.

INTRODUÇÃO: Epilepsia é uma condição muito comum em nossa sociedade, mas infelizmente ainda convive com lacunas no conhecimento, contribuindo para dificuldades no ajustamento psicossocial da pessoa com epilepsia. OBJETIVO: avaliar a percepção e as atitudes dos profissionais de saúde do SAMU-192 sobre a epilepsia. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: este estudo foi realizado com profissionais que trabalham no SAMU-192 durante o VII Workshop AVC - Campinas realizado em novembro de 2007, no qual os participantes responderam a um questionário estruturado sobre epilepsia. RESULTADOS: Cento e quarenta e nove (149) pessoas responderam ao questionário (49,6 por cento do sexo feminino e idade média de 37 anos - IC=21-59 anos). Quanto às especialidades temos 90 (60,4 por cento) de profissionais de saúde em geral (enfermeiros, técnicos de enfermagem, dentistas), seis (4,0 por cento) de médicos e 53 (35,6 por cento) de outras profissões técnicas (auxiliares de secretaria, motoristas). No geral, a maioria das pessoas tem um conhecimento adequado sobre epilepsia. Porém, algumas crenças ainda estão presentes. No que se refere à percepção, idéias erradas apareceram, como epilepsia é uma doença contagiosa, pessoas com epilepsia não podem praticar esportes ou trabalhar. Além disso, dúvidas referentes à gestação e ao tratamento da epilepsia também foram observadas. Com relação às atitudes durante uma crise epiléptica, apareceram: colocar algum objeto na boca do paciente, restringir movimentos do paciente ou dar álcool para a pessoa cheirar para poder interromper a crise. CONCLUSÃO: Neste contexto, são necessários programas de treinamento continuado para profissionais da área da saúde para melhorar a percepção e as atitudes perante esta condição, tirando assim a epilepsia das sombras.

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Como parte do movimento nacional da epilepsia em nosso país, o VII Encontro Nacional de Associações e Grupos de Pacientes com Epilepsia foi realizado nos dias 27 e 28 de março de 2009 na cidade de João Pessoa-PB. O evento iniciou-se com um curso de capacitação da ASPE sobre epilepsia para os profissionais de saúde. Nas palestras proferidas, os temas enfatizaram aspectos clínicos e psicossociais da epilepsia, promovendo uma rica participação do público presente. Para as entidades que trabalham na área foram discutidas as maneiras pelas quais podemos melhorar o atendimento médico e psicossocial às pessoas com epilepsia, enfatizando articulação da rede de atenção básica, capacitação das equipes de saúde, criação de um centro cirúrgico credenciado pelo SUS em João Pessoa para atender todo o Nordeste. Para finalizar o evento, foi realizada a Assembleia Geral da EPI-Brasil, com a intenção de discutir e fortalecer o movimento de epilepsia em nosso país para que continuemos a luta para tirar a epilepsia das sombras. As resoluções da Assembleia foram: 1. Troca dos cargos dos membros da diretoria da Epi-Brasil, como acordado em 2008. 2. Tema anual escolhido para 2009: "Políticas Públicas". 3. Fortalecer o combate ao preconceito na epilepsia, começando pelo uso de termos mais adequados para o paciente. Dessa maneira, os termos "epiléptico" e "portador" não devem ser utilizados e sim, termos adequados como pessoa com epilepsia ou paciente com epilepsia. 4. Fortalecer cada vez mais o trabalho e a participação das associações na Federação. 5. Permanecer com a cadeira no Conselho Nacional de Saúde e no Fórum Nacional de Patologias Crônicas. 6. Aprovar, junto ao Ministério da Saúde, a Minuta que institui programa de epilepsia na atenção básica. 7. VIII Encontro Nacional das Associações e Grupos de Pacientes em Epilepsia será realizado nos dias 19 e 20 de março de 2010, na cidade de Campinas.

As a part of national movement of epilepsy in our country, the VII National Meeting of Associations and Support Group of People with Epilepsy was held on March 27th-28th, 2009, in João Pessoa-PB. A training course on epilepsy, offered by ASPE, and lectures regarding medical and psychosocial aspects were ministered. For the epilepsy' associations, the themes emphasized networking on primary care, training courses for the healthy professionals and the creation of a surgical center for epilepsy in João Pessoa. To conclude the event, a Epi-Brasil meeting was held to reinforce the national movement. The major resolutions were: 1. change of board of directors of Epi-Brasil; 2. "Public Policy for epilepsy" was chosen as the central theme of the 2009 campaign; 3. Usage of adequate terms in reference to people or patients with epilepsy, the "epileptic" should not be used. 4. Reinforcement of the EPI-Brasil associations; 5. Continuity in the Conselho Nacional da Saúde; 6. Establishment of the actions to approve Minuta of Ministry of Health that sets a epilepsy program for primary care; 7. The VIII National Meeting of Associations and Support Group of People with Epilepsy will take place in Campinas-SP, during the period of March 19-20th of 2010.

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Experimental animal studies have shown that physical exercise, associated with planning and execution of complex movements, are related to changes in brain structure. In humans, changes in cortical tissue density in relation to physical activity are yet to be fully determined and quantified. We investigated differences on gray matter volume in judo players by using voxel-based morphometry. Comparison between a group of eight internationally competitive judo players and a group of 18 healthy controls showed a significantly higher gray matter tissue density in brain areas of judo players.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact upon attitude and perceived stigma of using different terms for referring to persons with epilepsy among teenagers. High school students received one of two versions of a brief questionnaire and of the Stigma Scale of Epilepsy (SSE). The versions differed only in the term used: "people with epilepsy" (PWE) in the group-1 (N = 109) and "epileptics" in group-2 (N = 105). Group-1 responded that 62% of PWE and group-2, that 93% of epileptics have more difficulty finding employment. Group-1 responded that 37% of PWE and group-2, that 70% of epileptics have more difficulties at school. Group-1 responded that 41% of PWE and group-2, that 87% of epileptics are rejected by the society. None of individuals in group-1 indicated that they were prejudiced toward PWE, whereas 3% of group-2 indicated that they were prejudiced toward epileptics. The SSE score (range from 0 to 100, higher the score, higher the degree of perceived stigma) was 49 [confidence interval (CI) = 46.9-52.0] for group-2 and 45 (CI = 42.4-48.2) for group-1 (p = 0.03). In conclusion, the words we use can influence our perceptions and have consequences in terms of social stigma associated with epilepsy. We should refrain from using the term "epileptic" to refer to a person with epilepsy, and consider the importance of our choice of words as part of the effort to bring epilepsy out of the shadows.

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RESUMO

Apesar da epilepsia ser a condição neurológica grave mais comum existente no mundo, crenças e comportamentos inadequados ainda persistem. Para mudar esta perspectiva, o Projeto Demonstrativo da Campanha Global "Epilepsia fora das sombras" permitiu o engajamento das associações de epilepsia em nosso país, fortalecendo o Movimento Nacional de Epilepsia. Uma das atividades deste movimento é a realização da Semana Nacional de Conscientização de Epilepsia, que acontece todos os anos na semana do dia 09 de setembro, com o objetivo de conscientizar a sociedade sobre a epilepsia. A ASPE realiza esta Semana desde 2003 e os resultados trazem importante fortalecimento ao movimento nacional para tirar a epilepsia das sombras e melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas com epilepsia e suas famílias.

Epilepsy is a common neurological condition; however, it is still very frequent to observe myths and inadequate behaviors regarding epilepsy in our society. The National Demonstration Project "Epilepsy out of the shadows" brought important changes in our society through a national movement of epilepsy carried out by lay associations. The National Week of Epilepsy, on the September 9th is one the major national movements with purpose to promote epilepsy awareness within our society about epilepsy. ASPE, a non-governmental organization, participates actively in the movement since its origin in 2003. We believe that the results contribute to reinforce the national movement to bring epilepsy out of the shadows, diminishing the associated stigma and improving the quality of life of people with epilepsy and their families.

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