RESUMO
Milk is a liquid food that possesses an important quantity of highly bioavailable macronutrients. In addition, it is readily accessible, as well as relatively inexpensive. Given that the knowledge of physicians about nutrition and food composition is deficient, in general, many of the dietary interventions recommended in diverse clinical settings lack a scientific basis. The aim of the present review was to produce a technical opinion that serves as a frame of reference to best sustain recommendations for consuming milk and dairy products as daily nutrition in the adult and older adult. The effects of milk and dairy products during the pediatric stage are not addressed in the present work. The Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología and the Asociación Mexicana de Gerontología y Geriatría jointly discussed and analyzed topics dealing with the legal designation of milk, the classification and nutritional profile of cow's milk, its nutritional characteristics, its consumption in the adult, intolerance to cow's milk, and associations of milk consumption with digestive tract alterations and other conditions. Finally, certain aspects of milk consumption in the older adult and its relation to overall health are briefly discussed.
Assuntos
Laticínios , Leite , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Bovinos , Consenso , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Saúde , Humanos , México , Hipersensibilidade a Leite , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) are the 2 most common autoimmune childhood diseases that share their HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 genetic origin. There has currently been an increase in both diseases worldwide. In children from the low-population State of Sonora (15 inhabitants/km(2)) in north-western Mexico, there is no information on their genetic risk or the distribution of the related alleles in the general population. AIMS: To compare the HLA-DQ allele frequency in a representative sample of newborns from Sonora with that of T1D and CD patients to determine the risk gradient, and to identify the presence of celiac autoimmunity in the T1D group. METHODS: The study included 397 Sonoran newborns, with 44 cases of T1D, and 25 CD cases. The CD and T1D cases were clinically diagnosed by specialists at the Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora, and the autoantibodies were determined by ELISA. Whole blood was collected, gDNA was extracted, and HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 were typed by PCR-SSP. The risk gradient was calculated by comparing the allele frequencies of the cases with those of the newborns. RESULTS: The Sonoran HLA-DQ risk heterodimer proportion was 16.1% for HLA-DQ2 and 13.6% for HLA-DQ8, with an HLA-DQ2:HLA-DQ8 ratio of 1.2:1. The DQ8/DQ2 genotype represented a 1:14 risk for T1D, whereas the DQ8/DQB1*0201 combination showed a 1:6 risk for CD. The prevalence of CD autoimmunity in T1D children was 7%. CONCLUSION: The Sonoran population has a distinctive HLA-DQ allele distribution due to its ancestry. The HLA-DQ8 combinations with DQ2 or one of its alleles conferred the highest risk for both diseases, and T1D and CD frequently appear together.
Assuntos
Doença Celíaca/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Frequência do Gene , Antígenos HLA-DQ/genética , Cadeias beta de HLA-DQ/genética , Adolescente , Doença Celíaca/complicações , Doença Celíaca/diagnóstico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Feminino , Marcadores Genéticos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México , Medição de Risco , Saúde da População RuralAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adolescente , Estudantes de Medicina , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Peru , Colômbia , Equador , MéxicoRESUMO
Mediante el inventario de evaluación sussmilch (IES), previamente validado y confiabilizado, se estableció una diferencia significativa entre la teoría y la realidad de la calidad de la información publicada (1967-1999). Esto señala que esos resultados no pueden generalizarse ni dentro ni fuera de las muestras de estudiantes, también de medicina. En contraste, con base en el principio de que resultados negativos también son resultados, en este ejercicio de demostró empíricamente que los resultados obtenidos representan bien a las muestras de estudiantes que fueron admitidos a cinco facultades de medicina hispanoamericana (FMH). Se desarrolló el indice de alcoholismo de pregrado (IAPG) integrado por cuatro (ó cinco) reactivos con respuestas dicotómicas, capaces de discernir, con error conocido, entre estudiantes de medicina no-alcohólicos (NOH), sospechosos (SOH) y alcohólicos (OH). El perfil psicométrico del IAPG exhibió una equivalente entre las Facultades de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNC), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia(UPCH), universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cuzco (UNSAAC) y Universidad de Cuenca(UC).
Assuntos
Humanos , Estudantes de Medicina , Hispânico ou Latino , Alcoolismo , Perfil de Saúde , Peru , Colômbia , Equador , MéxicoRESUMO
The aim of the study reported here was to determine if bifurcated needles or multiple puncture cylinders would prove suitable for administration of measles vaccines. Children 9 to 11 months old in São Paulo, Brazil, were assigned to receive either Biken-Cam 70 (5,000 TCID50/0.5 ml) or Edmonston-Zagreb (7,000 TCID50/0.5 ml) measles vaccines intradermally with a bifurcated needle or a multiple puncture cylinder. These devices are usually used to administer smallpox or BCG vaccine. The volume of vaccine inoculated was approximately 0.003 ml. Measles IgG antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at the time of vaccination and 8 weeks later. The study participants were examined 14 days after inoculation for possible adverse reactions. Overall, the children's average age was 9.5 +/- 0.66 months at vaccination. None of the 45 recipients of Biken-Cam vaccine responded serologically. The 49 Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine recipients immunized with the multiple puncture cylinder had a somewhat higher serologic response rate (35%) and mean concentration of measles antibodies (323 mIU/ml) than those 51 who received the same vaccine administered with the bifurcated needle (26% and 291 mIU/ml, respectively). The rates of reported symptoms after vaccination did not differ significantly among the groups. Overall, the low serologic response rates following intradermal immunization with for devices tested in this study indicate that this route of administration is not suitable for routine administration of standard-titer vaccines.
Assuntos
Injeções Intradérmicas/instrumentação , Vacina contra Sarampo/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Humanos , Lactente , Injeções Intradérmicas/métodos , Vírus do Sarampo/imunologiaRESUMO
Immunization with high-titer measles vaccines has been associated with excess mortality in children 2-4 years after vaccination. In this study, immunologic parameters in 64 Peruvian children who had been immunized an average of 27 months earlier with high-titer vaccines were compared with parameters in 76 recipients of low-titer vaccines. Delayed-type hypersensitivity, lymphocyte phenotype distributions by flow cytometry, and lymphoproliferation after phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation were assessed. High-titer recipients had smaller indurations to tetanus, diphtheria, and Proteus (P < .05) antigens, decreased PHA stimulation (P = .04), and a lower percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes (P = .04) than low-titer recipients. After adjustment for sex, concurrent illnesses, and other variables in regression analyses, high-titer recipients had a lower percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes (P = .025) and decreased lymphocyte proliferation to PHA (P = .058). These results may provide a clue to the pathogenesis of delayed excess mortality after high-titer measles vaccination in some developing countries.
Assuntos
Vacina contra Sarampo/imunologia , Sarampo/prevenção & controle , Vacinação , Divisão Celular , Pré-Escolar , Países em Desenvolvimento , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Tardia/etiologia , Lactente , Contagem de Leucócitos , Ativação Linfocitária , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Sarampo/imunologia , Vacina contra Sarampo/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Sarampo/efeitos adversos , Peru/epidemiologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T , Vacinação/mortalidadeRESUMO
Malnourished children may also have siblings at increased risk of poor health. Early identification of siblings at risk could lead to timely intervention to prevent the development of malnutrition or other potentially life-threatening events. In a nationwide survey conducted in Peru in 1984, stunting in an older sibling (defined as height/age less than or equal to 3.00 SD of the NCHS/CDC reference median) was evaluated as an indicator for stunting in a target sibling (next youngest) sibling) (n = 3284). The prevalence of stunting was much higher in target siblings who had an older sibling with stunting compared to those whose older sibling was not stunted, with prevalence ratios of 8.5 in Lima, 4.7 in urban areas, and 2.5 in rural areas. Screening indices (sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value positive) also showed marked variation across regions. The variation in this indicator's performance across regions demonstrates the importance of evaluating screening tools within the populations where they will be applied. Regional variations in the performance of malnutrition indicators should be anticipated because malnutrition is the result of a complex, multifactorial process.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Antropometria , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/prevenção & controle , Pré-Escolar , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Lactente , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Peru , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Curva ROC , População Rural , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , População UrbanaRESUMO
The multiplication of arenaviruses Tacaribe, Pichinde and Junin was inhibited by 16 mM of glucosamine and by 10 mM of 2-deoxi-D-glucose.
Assuntos
Arenaviridae/fisiologia , Desoxiaçúcares/farmacologia , Desoxiglucose/farmacologia , Glucosamina/farmacologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Arenaviridae/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The multiplication of arenaviruses Tacaribe, Pichinde and Junin was inhibited by 16 mM of glucosamine and by 10 mM of 2-deoxi-D-glucose.
RESUMO
The multiplication of arenaviruses Tacaribe, Pichinde and Junin was inhibited by 16 mM of glucosamine and by 10 mM of 2-deoxi-D-glucose.
RESUMO
Supernatants from Vero cells persistently infected with Junin virus interfered with cytolitic and lethal activities of standard virus. Two Vero cell sublines, chronically infected with Junin virus named VRJ1 and VRJ3, were obtained after prolonged cultivation of cells which survived primary infection. VFJ1 was maintained over a period of 48 days, by biweekly serial transfers while VRJ3, similarly treated, was cultivated for 385 days. One of the characteristics of these cell lines was resistance against superinfection with homologous virus that ordinaily produced CPE and plaques in normal Vero cells; the cells were then considered chronically infected. Supernatants taken at different cell passage level were tested for its interference activity after centrifugation to eliminate floating cells and debris. The degree of CPE intensity caused by inoculation of Vero cells with 10(4), 10(5) or 10(6) TCID 50 of standard virus was markdely deppressed (Figure 1) by coinfection with supernatant from passage 3 of VRJ3 (VRJ1p1), VRJ1p1 supernatant also had interference activity as shown by coinfection with standard virus and expressed by plaque forming inhibition(Table 1). The plaque production of standard virus was inhibited by coinfection with VRJ1p1 supernatant which did not originate plaques when inoculated alone. The interference capacity of VRJ1p6 supernatant was reduced (Table 1) coincidentally with the formation of 55 PFU/ml. Interference activity was neutralized by Junin specific antiserum and inhibited by chloroform treatment. When Vero cells infected with VRJ1p6 supernatant were challenged with standard virus 72 hs later, an inhibition of 98% was achieved (Table 2) in contrast with value of 35% showed in Table 1.
Assuntos
Infecções por Arbovirus , Células Cultivadas , Interferência Viral , Animais , Arenavirus do Novo Mundo , Linhagem Celular , Haplorrinos , Técnicas In Vitro , Rim , Dose Letal Mediana , Camundongos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Supernatants from Vero cells persistently infected with Junin virus interfered with cytolitic and lethal activities of standard virus. Two Vero cell sublines, chronically infected with Junin virus named VRJ1 and VRJ3, were obtained after prolonged cultivation of cells which survived primary infection. VFJ1 was maintained over a period of 48 days, by biweekly serial transfers while VRJ3, similarly treated, was cultivated for 385 days. One of the characteristics of these cell lines was resistance against superinfection with homologous virus that ordinaily produced CPE and plaques in normal Vero cells; the cells were then considered chronically infected. Supernatants taken at different cell passage level were tested for its interference activity after centrifugation to eliminate floating cells and debris. The degree of CPE intensity caused by inoculation of Vero cells with 10(4), 10(5) or 10(6) TCID 50 of standard virus was markdely deppressed (Figure 1) by coinfection with supernatant from passage 3 of VRJ3 (VRJ1p1), VRJ1p1 supernatant also had interference activity as shown by coinfection with standard virus and expressed by plaque forming inhibition(Table 1). The plaque production of standard virus was inhibited by coinfection with VRJ1p1 supernatant which did not originate plaques when inoculated alone. The interference capacity of VRJ1p6 supernatant was reduced (Table 1) coincidentally with the formation of 55 PFU/ml. Interference activity was neutralized by Junin specific antiserum and inhibited by chloroform treatment. When Vero cells infected with VRJ1p6 supernatant were challenged with standard virus 72 hs later, an inhibition of 98
was achieved (Table 2) in contrast with value of 35
showed in Table 1.