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BACKGROUND: Video-capsule endoscopy (VCE) is an efficient tool that has proven to be highly useful in approaching several gastrointestinal diseases. VCE was implemented in Colombia in 2003, however current characterization of patients undergoing VCE in Colombia is limited, and mainly comes from two investigations conducted before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic period. AIM: To describe the characteristics of patients undergoing VCEs and establish the main indications, findings, technical limitations, and other outstanding features. METHODS: A descriptive study was carried out using data from reports of VCE (PillCam SB3 system) use in a Gastroenterology Unit in Bogotá, Colombia between September 2019 and January 2023. Demographic and clinical variables such as indication for the VCE, gastric and small bowel transit times (GTT, SBTT), endoscopic preparation quality, and limitations were described [n (%), median (IQR)]. RESULTS: A total of 133 VCE reports were analyzed. Most were in men with a median age of 70 years. The majority had good preparation (96.2%), and there were technical limitations in 15.8% of cases. The main indications were unexplained anemia (91%) or occult bleeding (23.3%). The median GTT and SBTT were 14 and 30 minutes, respectively. The frequencies of bleeding stigma (3.79%) and active bleeding (9.09%) were low, and the most frequent abnormal findings were red spots (28.3%), erosions (17.6%), and vascular ectasias (12.5%). CONCLUSION: VCE showed high-level safety. The main indication was unexplained anemia. Active bleeding was the most frequent finding. Combined with artificial intelligence, VCE can improve diagnostic precision and targeted therapeutic interventions.

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Historically, males have frequently been portrayed as the manipulative and deceptive gender, while females are often seen as adopting a coy and passive role. In this context, it is proposed that males use a terminal investment strategy, misleading females about their true poor condition, while females passively opt to mate with these deceptive males. However, we hypothesize that females in suboptimal condition may also engage in a terminal investment strategy by mimicking or enhancing their attractiveness to match that of females in better conditions. We studied this hypothesis in Tenebrio molitor, by subjecting females to three varying doses of lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli (LPS; 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg ml-1), or three doses of the pro-oxidant Paraquat (PQ; 20, 40 or 80 mM), and subsequently assessing their survival and attractiveness to males. The LPS treatments and 20 mM of PQ had no significant effect on the survival or attractiveness of the females. However, females treated with 40 or 80 mM PQ survived fewer days compared to the control group. Those injected with 40 mM were more attractive than their control counterparts, while those treated with 80 mM were less attractive. Since the identical doses of LPS, which induce terminal investment in males, had no effect on females, we suggest sexual dimorphism in terminal investment. Furthermore, similar to males, if the stressor reaches a sufficiently high level, the signal becomes honest. These findings highlight how the quantity of stressors influences support for the terminal investment strategy in both males and females. Notably, this study challenges prevailing notions regarding gender roles in sexual selection, indicating that females, not just males, conceal their poor condition to attract mating partners.

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This database consists of the Peruvian media diet in a post-pandemic context. Specifically, it examines how Peruvians define and utilise media to create environments for information, learning, and entertainment. Since the pandemic, the relationship that users have developed with the media has intensified and changed, fostering new uses and interactions. However, our data demonstrates that the Peruvian public maintains a critical role towards mass media (broadcasting model) [1], which motivates them to seek out media and platforms that cater to their interests and expectations. In this regard, we compare three axes of analysis (information, education, and entertainment), taking socio demographic variables, to produce a baseline that is useful for specific research projects. Through a quantitative approach we explored the expectations, decisions, forms of interaction, and satisfactions that users obtain in their relationship with the media, offering new theoretical insights based on emerging data, such as the level of planning in content consumption or the role that traditional media play in different age and socioeconomic groups.

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Fundamento: los materiales docentes propician mejorar el proceso educacional porque, entre otras ventajas, facilitan la propuesta de reflexiones críticas que ponderan la calidad de un estudio direccionado a concienciar la labor educativa. Objetivo: elaborar materiales docentes sobre el tema Medicamentos que actúan sobre el sistema cardiovascular y hemolinfopoyético que permitan perfeccionar el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura Farmacología Clínica en la carrera de Medicina. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara en el período comprendido enero-julio 2022. La investigación se organizó en tres etapas. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción; empíricos: revisión documental y criterios de especialistas para la valoración del producto diseñado. Resultados: los temas relacionados con la terapéutica de enfermedades cardiovasculares en la asignatura Farmacología Clínica han tenido una baja promoción en sus resultados, lo cual evidenció la necesidad de la elaboración de materiales docentes en función de la preparación de los estudiantes. Conclusiones: se elaboraron materiales docentes sobre la terapéutica de enfermedades cardiovasculares que permitan perfeccionar la enseñanza de la asignatura Farmacología Clínica en la carrera de Medicina los especialistas al orientar a los estudiantes en su actividad de aprendizaje independiente.

Background: teaching aids help improve the educational process because, among other advantages, they facilitate the proposal of critical reflections that evaluate the quality of a study aimed at raising awareness of educational work. Objective: to develop teaching aids on the topic Medications that act on the cardiovascular and hemolymphopoietic system that allow perfecting the teaching-learning process of the subject Clinical Pharmacology in the Medicine degree. Methods: Development research was carried out at the Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences in the period from January to July 2022. The research was organized in three stages. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction; Empirical ones: documentary review and specialist criteria for evaluating the designed product. Results: the topics related to the therapy of cardiovascular diseases in the subject Clinical Pharmacology have had a low promotion in their results, which evidenced the need to develop teaching aids based on the preparation of the students. Conclusions: teaching aids on the therapy of cardiovascular diseases were developed that allow specialists to improve the teaching of the subject Clinical Pharmacology in the Medicine program by guiding students in their independent learning activity.

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Breast cancer is the leading malignancy in women worldwide, both in terms of incidence and mortality. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the type with the worst clinical outcomes and with fewer therapeutic options than other types of breast cancer. GK-1 is a peptide that in the experimental model of the metastatic 4T1 breast cancer has demonstrated anti-tumor and anti-metastatic properties. Herein, GK-1 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) weekly administrated not only decreases tumor growth and the number of lung macro-metastases but also lung and lymph nodes micro-metastases. Histological analysis reveals that GK-1 reduced 57% of the intra-tumor vascular areas, diminished the leukemoid reaction's progression, and the spleens' weight and length. A significant reduction in VEGF-C, SDF-1, angiopoietin-2, and endothelin-1 angiogenic factors was induced. Moreover, GK-1 prevents T cell exhaustion in the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) decreasing PD-1 expression. It also increased IFN-γ and granzyme-B expression and the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ TILs cells against tumor cells. All these features were found to be associated with a better antitumor response and prognosis. Altogether, these results reinforce the potential of GK-1 to improve the clinical outcome of triple-negative breast cancer immunotherapy. Translation research is ongoing towards its evaluation in humans.

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The containment of COVID-19 implied challenges for governments and health authorities to motivate citizens to adopt several prevention behaviours (i.e., wearing a face mask and washing hands frequently). This paper aims to identify the factors that encourage people to adopt these behaviours. Our analysis was conducted over data collected by ASCOfAPSI and the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona about attitudes and beliefs related to the pandemic from 919 people from Colombia. The data was collected using an online snowball sampling between May and June 2020. We found that each prevention behaviour is motivated by a different set of factors. Specifically, based on the theory of planned behaviour, our results suggest that the intention to adopt a preventive behaviour is pre- dicted by a group of variables about subjective norms and attitudes as independent variables and another one linked to perceived control as mediator variables. This suggests that the motivation for prevention behaviours from authorities should be particular to each behaviour and consider the associated particular pattern of motivations and the sociodemographic characteristics and possibilities of action.

La contención del COVID-19 implica desafíos para los gobiernos y las autoridades de salud pública, a fin de motivar a los ciudadanos a que adopten las conductas de prevención (i.e., usar tapabocas, lavarse las manos frecuentemente). El propósito de este artículo es identificar los factores que motivan a las personas a adoptar tales conductas. Nuestro análisis se realizó con datos recolectados por ASCOfAPSI y la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona sobre actitudes y creencias acerca de la pandemia de 919 personas de Colombia. Con este análisis encontramos que cada clase de conducta de prevención está motivada por un conjunto de factores diferentes. Específicamente, asumiendo la teoría de la acción planeada, nuestros resultados dan soporte a la tesis de que la intención de adoptar un tipo de conducta de prevención está predicha por un conjunto de variables sobre normas subjetivas y actitudes como variables in- dependientes y un conjunto de variables vinculadas al control comportamental percibido como variables mediadoras. Esto sugiere que la motivación hacia las conductas de prevención por parte de las autoridades debería ser particular a cada tipo de conducta de prevención, y debería considerar el patrón de motivación particular asociado, así como particularidades sociodemográficas y diferentes posibilidades de acción.

A contenção do COVID-19 implica desafios para governos e autoridades de saúde pública para motivar os cidadãos a adotar comportamentos preventivos (i.e., usar máscaras faciais, lavar as mãos com frequência). O objetivo deste artigo é identificar os fatores que motivam as pessoas a adotar tais comportamentos. Nossa análise foi realizada em dados coletados pela ASCOfAPSI e pela Universidade Autônoma de Barcelona sobre atitudes e crenças sobre a pandemia de 919 pessoas da Colômbia. Com esta análise, descobrimos que cada classe de comportamento de prevenção é motivada por um conjunto diferente de fatores. Especificamente, assumindo a teoria da ação planejada, nossos resultados suportam a tese de que a intenção de adotar um tipo de comportamento de prevenção é predita por um conjunto de variáveis sobre normas sub- jetivas e atitudes como variáveis independentes e um conjunto de variáveis ligadas ao controle comportamental percebido como variáveis mediadoras. Isto sugere que a motivação para comportamentos de prevenção por parte das autoridades deve ser particular a cada tipo de comportamento de prevenção e deve considerar o padrão particular de motivação a ele associado, bem como particularidades sociodemográficas e diferentes possibilidades de ação.

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The introduction of hippos into the wild in Colombia has been marked by their rapid population growth and widespread dispersal on the landscape, high financial costs of management, and conflicting social perspectives on their management and fate. Here we use population projection models to investigate the effectiveness and cost of management options under consideration for controlling introduced hippos. We estimate there are 91 hippos in the middle Magdalena River basin, Colombia, and the hippo population is growing at an estimated rate of 9.6% per year. At this rate, there will be 230 hippos by 2032 and over 1,000 by 2050. Applying the population control methods currently under consideration will cost at least 1-2 million USD to sufficiently decrease hippo population growth to achieve long-term removal, and depending on the management strategy selected, there may still be hippos on the landscape for 50-100 years. Delaying management actions for a single decade will increase minimum costs by a factor of 2.5, and some methods may become infeasible. Our approach illustrates the trade-offs inherent between cost and effort in managing introduced species, as well as the importance of acting quickly, especially when dealing with species with rapid population growth rates and potential for significant ecological and social impacts.

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Los eventos científicos virtuales constituyen un canal de transferencia de tecnologías que permite la difusión y la socialización de las producciones de la ciencia a la comunidad científica. En la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara durante el periodo enero-junio se realizó la I Feria Estudiantil de Innovación y Aplicación Científica: EUREKA 2022, surgida a partir de la idea de los autores con el objetivo de mostrar los resultados en materia de innovación y aplicación científica de los estudiantes de todo el país. Más allá de ese objetivo el evento contó con varias actividades colaterales que se desarrollaron de forma presencial y también de manera virtual. Es objetivo de los autores a través de este artículo socializar con estudiantes y profesores la relevancia del evento EUREKA 2022 como actividad científica estudiantil.

Virtual scientific events constitute a technology transfer channel that allows the dissemination and socialization of scientific productions to the scientific community. At the University of Medical Sciences of Villa Clara, from January to June, the I Student Fair of Innovation and Scientific Application was held EUREKA 2022, arising from the idea of the authors with the aim of showing the results in terms of innovation. and scientific application of students across the country. Beyond this objective, the event had several collateral activities that were carried out in person and also virtually. The objective of the authors through this article is to socialize with students and professors the relevance of the EUREKA 2022 event as a student scientific activity.

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Resumen Introducción: Datos de varios países del mundo sugieren que los niños con COVID-19 podrían presentar síntomas diferentes y menos graves que los adultos. Sin embargo, los patrones epidemiológicos y clínicos en este grupo poblacional son poco claros. Métodos: El presente es un estudio observacional, con una caracterización inicial transversal-analítica, y con un componente longitudinal o de seguimiento a un grupo de menores con sospecha y/o diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19, que presentaron desenlaces como mejoría, traslado a un nivel superior de atención o defunción por sintomatología respiratoria. Los niños recibieron atención médica en el Hospital General Regional con Medicina Familiar N.° 1 (HGR C/MF N.° 1), y se les realizó prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR). Resultados: Se estudiaron 98 niños como casos sospechosos para COVID-19, a quienes se les realizó RT-PCR. Del total, 24 resultaron positivos y 74 fueron negativos. La mediana de edad de los participantes fue 64,4 meses (0 a 203 meses), 55 menores eran de sexo masculino, 59 niños tuvieron manejo ambulatorio, y de estos, 14 presentaron resultado positivo. Entre los que requirieron manejo hospitalario (39), 10 niños dieron positivo para SARS-CoV-2, 84,7% alcanzaron mejoría y fueron dados de alta, 4 fueron trasladados a hospitales de nivel superior de atención. De los 98 niños en estudio, 11 fallecieron, 7 con resultado negativo y 4 con resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: Los principales síntomas de la población pediátrica en este estudio fueron fiebre, tos y malestar general. De los niños que fallecieron, 4 presentaron resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2, no obstante, estos presentaban otras comorbilidades.

Abstract Introduction: Data from several countries around the world suggest that children with COVID-19 may present different and less severe symptoms than adults. However, the epidemiological and clinical patterns in this population group have been unclear. Methods: This is an observational study, with an initial cross-analytical characterization, and with a longitudinal or follow-up component in a group of minors with suspected and or confirmed case of COVID-19, which have outcomes such as improvement, transfer to a higher level of care or death due to respiratory symptoms. The children received medical attention at the Regional General Hospital with Family Medicine No 1 (HGR C / MF No 1), and underwent a Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction test (RT-PCR). Results: 98 children were studied as suspected cases for COVID-19, who underwent RT-PCR. Of the total 24 were positive and 74 were negatives. The median age was 64.4 months (0 to 203 months), 55 minors were male, 59 children had outpatient management, and of these, 14 had a positive result. Among those who required hospital management (39), 10 children were positive for SARS-CoV-2, 84.7% achieved improvement and were discharged, and four were transferred to a higher level of care hospital. Of the 98 children in the study, 11 died, seven had a negative result and four a positive result for SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: The main symptoms of the pediatric population in this study were fever, cough and general discomfort. Four of those who died had a positive result for SARS-CoV-2, however, they had other comorbidities.

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RESUMEN Tras la declaración de la Organización Mundial de la Salud sobre la pandemia por la COVID-19, se han realizado múltiples homenajes a los sanitarios y otras personas que han laborado en las zonas rojas en el mundo. En la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, como iniciativa de un grupo de estudiantes, se decidió realizar la serie documental "Rostros de valientes". A través de un lenguaje pedagógico los entrevistados refieren lo indispensable de cumplir estrictamente las medidas de protección orientadas para lograr el control de la enfermedad. Este proyecto ha servido para transmitir a los estudiantes, en un testimonio contado por sus propios protagonistas, y desde un punto de vista más humano y personal, el sacrificio que conlleva el ejercicio de las profesiones de la salud en situaciones extremas, tanto en Cuba como en el resto del planeta.

ABSTRACT After the declaration of the World Health Organization on the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple tributes have been paid to health workers and other people who have worked in the red zones around the world. At Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences, as an initiative of a group of students, it was decided to make the documentary series "brave faces." Through pedagogical language, the interviewees refer to the essential of strictly complying with the protection measures aimed at achieving control of the disease. This project has served to transmit to the students, in a testimony told by their own protagonists, and from a more human and personal point of view, the sacrifice that the exercise of the health professions entails in extreme situations, both in Cuba and in the rest of the planet.

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In 2016, Venezuela faced a large diphtheria outbreak that extended until 2019. Nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal samples were prospectively collected from 51 suspected cases and retrospective data from 348 clinical records was retrieved from 14 hospitals between November 2017 and November 2018. Confirmed pathogenic Corynebactrium isolates were biotyped. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) was performed followed by next-generation-based core genome-MLST and minimum spanning trees were generated. Subjects between 10 and 19 years of age were mostly affected (n = 95; 27.3%). Case fatality rates (CFR) were higher in males (19.4%), as compared to females (15.8%). The highest CFR (31.1%) was observed among those under 5, followed by the 40 to 49 age-group (25.0%). Nine samples corresponded to C. diphtheriae and 1 to C. ulcerans. Two Sequencing Types (ST), ST174 and ST697 (the latter not previously described) were identified among the eight C. diphtheriae isolates from Carabobo state. Cg-MLST revealed only one cluster also from Carabobo. The Whole Genome Sequencing analysis revealed that the outbreak seemed to be caused by different strains with C. diphtheriae and C. ulcerans coexisting. The reemergence and length of this outbreak suggest vaccination coverage problems and an inadequate control strategy.

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BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. OBJECTIVE: Report the results of the first years (2017-2019) of the Mexican FH registry. METHODS: There are 60 investigators, representing 28 federal states, participating in the registry. The variables included are in accordance with the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) FH recommendations. RESULTS: To date, 709 patients have been registered, only 336 patients with complete data fields are presented. The mean age is 50 (36-62) years and the average time since diagnosis is 4 (IQR: 2-16) years. Genetic testing is recorded in 26.9%. Tendon xanthomas are present in 43.2%. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is 11.3% and that of premature CAD is 9.8%. Index cases, male gender, hypertension and smoking were associated with premature CAD. The median lipoprotein (a) level is 30.5 (IQR 10.8-80.7) mg/dl. Statins and co-administration with ezetimibe were recorded in 88.1% and 35.7% respectively. A combined treatment target (50% reduction in LDL-C and an LDL-C <100 mg/dl) was achieved by 13.7%. Associated factors were index case (OR 3.6, 95%CI 1.69-8.73, P = .002), combination therapy (OR 2.4, 95%CI 1.23-4.90, P = .011), type 2 diabetes (OR 2.8, 95%CI 1.03-7.59, P = .036) and age (OR 1.023, 95%CI 1.01-1.05, P = .033). CONCLUSION: The results confirm late diagnosis, a lower than expected prevalence and risk of ASCVD, a higher than expected prevalence of type 2 diabetes and undertreatment, with relatively few patients reaching goals. Recommendations include, the use of combination lipid lowering therapy, control of comorbid conditions and more frequent genetic testing in the future.

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BACKGROUND: The bidirectional selection of high and low anxiety-like behavior is a valuable tool for understanding the neurocircuits that are responsible for anxiety disorders. Our group developed two breeding lines of rats, known as Carioca High- and Low-conditioned Freezing (CHF and CLF), based on defensive freezing in the contextual fear conditioning paradigm. A random selected line was employed as a control (CTL) comparison group for both CHF and CLF lines of animals. The present study performed Fos immunochemistry to investigate changes in neural activity in different brain structures among CHF and CLF rats when they were exposed to contextual cues that were previously associated with footshock. RESULTS: The study indicated that CHF rats expressed high Fos expression in the locus coeruleus, periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and lateral portion of the septal area and low Fos expression in the medial portion of the septal area, dentate gyrus, and prelimbic cortex (PL) compared to CTL animals. CLF rats exhibited a decrease in Fos expression in the PVN, PL, and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and increase in the cingulate and perirhinal cortices compared to CTL animals. CONCLUSIONS: Both CHF and CLF rats displayed Fos expression changes key regions of the anxiety brain circuitry. The two bidirectional lines exhibit different pattern of neural activation and inhibition with opposing influences on the PVN, the main structure involved in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal neuroendocrine responses observed in anxiety disorders.

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Introducción: El quilopericardio es la presencia de líquido quiloso en el espacio pericárdico. Las causas más frecuentes de esta rara entidad son secundarias a cirugía y otras técnicas invasivas sobre el tórax, seguidas de las idiopáticas, aunque también se han asociado a anomalías congénitas del sistema linfático, linfangiomas y otros tumores mediastínicos, tuberculosis, etc. Su aparecimiento es más común en los adultos, pero últimamente se han descrito casos por igual entre la población pediátrica y los adultos. Casos Clínicos: Se reporta la presencia de dos pacientes de 8 y 11 meses de edad que se presentan con importante cantidad de líquido a nivel del pericardio con compromiso de cámaras de cardiacas derechas en quienes la pericardiocentesis realizada revela quilo sin una asociación patológica franca. Distintos manejos con un solo fin, alcanzar los tratamientos idóneos para cada caso. Resultados: Se lograron identificar de nuestro registro quirúrgico en el periodo descrito dos pacientes. El primero correspondía a un varón, de 11 meses de vida, sin antecedentes de importancia, con evidencia de derrame pericárdico quiloso de aparecimiento espontáneo que no cedió a las medidas conservadoras instauradas y posteriormente fue a cirugía para ligadura del conducto torácico y pericardiectomía parcial. El segundo es un paciente valorado recientemente en el área de Pediatría, varón, de 8 meses, con Síndrome de Down que acude a emergencia de nuestro hospital por presencia de disnea, malestar general e intolerancia alimentaria. La radiografía de tórax realizada reveló la presencia de cardiomegalia y al realizar un ecocardiograma transtorácico complementario se encuentra derrame pericárdico severo con signos de taponamiento cardiaco. Se realizó pericardiocentesis diagnóstica y evacuatoria con un catéter central pediátrico obteniéndose líquido seroso y drenando 35 cc, pero tres días luego de la punción se aprecia la salida de líquido quiloso por el catéter mantenido en el espacio pericárdico. Se condiciona manejo conservador por un lapso de 7 días. El resto de la revisión bibliográfica logra identificar 18 pacientes pediátricos con presencia de derrame pericárdico quiloso de origen espontáneo con diferentes manejos ofertados. Discusión y Conclusiones: El quilopericardio es una patología de raro aparecimiento, las principales etiologías definen a pacientes que han sido llevados a cirugía a nivel cardiaco o torácico. La descripción más categórica está dada para la edad adulta pero en la edad pediátrica (menores de 18 años) no se ha descrito un manejo consensuado aún por la variabilidad de su diagnóstico, sin embargo sigue incierto el manejo tras su aparecimiento en los que debutan con quilopericardio primario o de origen espontáneo, pero a pesar de ello la implementación de medidas conservadoras como la nutrición enteral con ácidos de grasos de cada media y uso de nutrición parenteral entre 7 a 15 días; y tras el fracaso de estas medidas, la cirugía con ligadura del conducto torácico por toracotomía derecha más confección de ventana pleuropericárdica o pericardiectomía parcial constituyen las opciones de manejo más acertado que hasta el día de hoy se conocen con buenos resultados a corto y mediano plazo

Introduction: Chylopericardium is the presence of chylous fluid in the pericardial space. The most frequent causes of this rare entity are secondary to surgery and other invasive techniques on the thorax, followed by idiopathic ones, although they have also been associated with congenital anomalies of the lymphatic system, lymphangiomas and other mediastinal tumors, tuberculosis, etc. Its appearance is more common in adults, but lately cases have been described equally between the pediatric population and adults. Cases Reports: The presence of two patients of 8 and 11 months of age who present with significant amount of fluid at the level of the pericardium with involvement of right cardiac chambers in whom the pericardiocentesis performed reveals chyle without a frank pathological association is reported. Different managements with a single purpose, to achieve the ideal treatments for each case. Results: Two patients were identified from our surgical registry in the period described. The first corresponded to a male, of 11 months of age, without significant antecedents, with evidence of chylous pericardial effusion of spontaneous appearance that did not yield to the established conservative measures and later went to surgery for ligation of the thoracic duct and partial pericardiectomy. The second is a patient recently evaluated in the area of pediatrics, male, of 8 months, with Down Syndrome who comes to emergency of our hospital due to the presence of dyspnea, general malaise and food intolerance. The chest X-ray revealed the presence of cardiomegaly and a complementary transthoracic echocardiogram revealed severe pericardial effusion with signs of cardiac tamponade. Diagnostic and evacuation pericardiocentesis was performed with a pediatric central catheter, obtaining serous fluid and draining 35 cc, but three days after the puncture, the exit of chylous fluid through the catheter maintained in the pericardial space was observed. Conservative management is conditioned for a period of 7 days. The rest of the literature review identifies 18 pediatric patients with the presence of a spontaneously occurring pericardial effusion with different treatments offered. Discussion and Conclusions: Chylopericardium is a pathology of rare appearance, the main etiologies define patients who have been taken to cardiac or thoracic surgery. The most categorical description is given for adulthood but in the pediatric age (under 18 years) has not been described a consensus management yet for the variability of its diagnosis, however management remains uncertain after its appearance in those who debuted with primary chylopericardium or spontaneous origin, but despite this the implementation of conservative measures such as enteral nutrition with fatty acids of each media and use of parenteral nutrition between 7 to 15 days; and after the failure of these measures, surgery with thoracic duct ligation by right thoracotomy plus pleuropericardial window confection or partial pericardiectomy are the most successful management options that are known to date with good results in the short and medium term

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Jejunal diverticular disease is a very uncommon pathology often asymptomatic. Associated complications appear in less than 30% of patients and they can present as diverticulitis, refractary inflammation, obstruction, hemorrhage, perforation or intraabdominal abscess formation. Clinical manifestations are usually unspecific and high suspicion index is required to reach the diagnosis. Treatment of complications includes volume replacement, transfusions, antibiotic therapy, percutaneous drainage or surgical intervention. We present a retrospective observational study of the cases treated in our hospital between 2007 and 2016.

La enfermedad diverticular yeyunal es una condición clínica muy poco frecuente y habitualmente asintomática. Las complicaciones asociadas aparecen en menos del 30% de los pacientes y pueden manifestarse como inflamación de los divertículos, obstrucción intestinal, hemorragia digestiva, malabsorción intestinal, formación de abscesos intraabdominales y perforación. La clínica de los pacientes es muchas veces inespecífica, requiriendo un alto grado de sospecha para llegar al diagnóstico. El tratamiento de las complicaciones de la enfermedad diverticular es variado, incluyendo reposición de volumen o transfusiones, antibioticoterapia, drenaje percutáneo o intervención quirúrgica. Presentamos un estudio observacional retrospectivo de los casos tratados en nuestro hospital entre 2007 y 2016.

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RESUMEN En la investigación sobre movimiento, la experimentación animal ha proporcionado fundamentación científica para la investigación clínica, mejorando procedimientos diagnósticos y de rehabilitación. Lesiones cerebrales en roedores pueden ser usadas para modelar síntomas locomotores, sensoriales y/o cognitivos. Con el propósito de determinar la funcionalidad locomotriz y sensorial en roedores, se han propuesto varios métodos de evaluación y pronóstico clínico para identificar y evaluar adaptaciones estructurales y mecanismos de neuro-recuperación. Esto ha permitido que métodos de intervención terapéutica, como el ejercicio físico, sean utilizados para restaurar funciones sensitivo-motoras y cognitivas en roedores y humanos. La extrapolación (translación) de los resultados de investigaciones en ciencias básicas a áreas clínicas, supone la continua cooperación y retroalimentación entre investigadores y profesionales de la salud, favoreciendo la formulación de intervenciones terapéuticas más eficaces basadas en resultados obtenidos de la experimentación animal. El objetivo de esta revisión es exponer las principales deficiencias motoras y los métodos empleados para determinar la dificultad motriz en la marcha en roedores con lesión cerebrovascular, para lo cual se realizó una revisión de literatura, sobre términos definidos (MeSH), en las bases de datos PsychINFO, Medline y Web of Science, entre enero de 2000 y enero de 2017. Se excluyeron artículos de carácter cualitativo o narrativo, sin revisión por pares, disertaciones, tesis o trabajos de grado y resúmenes de conferencias. Se revisan algunas manifestaciones clínicas, su efecto en la locomotricidad en roedores, algunas metodologías usadas para generar lesiones y para estudiar la función motriz, los principales métodos de medición y algunos aspectos translacionales.

ABSTRACT Animal experimentation is crucial for the advance in the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and their application on both clinical diagnosis and neuro-rehabilitation. Particularly, rodent brain lesion is commonly used in the modeling of locomotor, somatosensory and cognitive symptoms. The automated rodent gait analysis has been proposed as a tool for studying locomotor and sensory abilities and its use includes the identification of functional alterations, structural adaptations as well as neuro-rehabilitation mechanisms. From that standpoint, the effectiveness of many therapeutic interventions (i.e. physical exercises) has been documented in rodents and humans. The translation from experimental data to clinical conditions requires the continuous collaboration and feedback between researchers and health clinicians looking for the selection of the best rehabilitation protocols obtained from animal research. Here we will show some locomotor alterations, the traditional methods used to assess motor dysfunction and gait abnormalities in rodent models with stroke. The aim of this review is to show some motor deficiencies and some methods used to establish gait disturbances in rodents with cerebrovascular lesion. The review included the search of defined terms (MeSH) in PychINFO, Medline and Web of Science, between January 2000 and January 2017. Qualitative and narrative reports, dissertations, end course works and conference resumes were discarded. The review focuses on some clinical signs, their effects on rodent locomotor activity, some methodologies used to create lesion and to study motor function, some assessment methods and some translational aspects.

RESUMO No estudo do movimento, a experimentação animal tem proporcionado sólida fundamentação científica para a pesquisa clínica, permitindo melhorar procedimentos diagnósticos e de reabilitação. Lesões cerebrais em roedores são utilizadas para modelar sintomas locomotores, sensoriais e cognitivos. Para determinar a funcionalidade locomotora e sensorial em roedores, têm sido desenvolvidas várias metodologias para avaliar o prognóstico clínico e identificar adaptações estruturais e mecanismos da recuperação. Todos esses achados têm favorecido que alguns métodos de intervenção terapêutica sejam utilizados para restaurar funções sensitivo-motoras e cognitivas em roedores e pacientes. A extrapolação (translação) de resultados de pesquisas em ciências básicas para as áreas clínicas, supõe a contínua cooperação e retroalimentação entre pesquisadores e profissionais da saúde, desenhando intervenções terapêuticas mais eficazes, baseadas em resultados obtidos na experimentação animal. Nesta revisão se expõem metodologias utilizadas para criar e avaliar alterações motoras, em modelos animais com acidente cerebral vascular. O objetivo é apresentar deficiências motoras e métodos utilizados para determinar a dificuldade na marcha em roedores com lesão cerebrovascular. Para isso foi feita uma revisão da literatura, usando termos definidos (MeSH), nas bases de dados PsychINFO, Medline e Web of Science, entre janeiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2017. Foram excluídos artigos qualitativos, narrativas, sem revisão por pares, dissertações, teses ou trabalhos de grado e resumos de palestras. Se revisam manifestações clínicas, seus efeitos na locomoção de roedores, algumas metodologias usadas para gerar lesões e para estudar a função motora, os principais métodos de medição e alguns aspectos translacionais.

RESUMO

Fundamento: el cáncer de pulmón es la causa más frecuente de mortalidad en el mundo. Es uno de los cánceres con peor pronóstico, suele diagnosticarse en estadios avanzados. La detección precoz, en la fase de nódulo pulmonar, permitiría una intervención terapéutica más temprana, al mejorar el pronóstico y la supervivencia. Los diagnósticos más importantes son: la radiografía de tórax, tomografía computarizada, punción aspirativa con aguja fina, existe una gran cantidad de diagnósticos diferenciales que incluyen lesiones benignas y malignas. Objetivo: describir los aspectos clínicos, radiológicos, histopatológico y diagnósticos diferenciales del nódulo pulmonar solitario de localización subpleural. Caso clínico: se describe un caso clínico con un nódulo pulmonar solitario y diagnóstico presuntivo inicial de carcinoma pulmonar; tras ser estudiado y realizarle lobectomía pulmonar; el diagnóstico como causa inflamatoria fue una neumonía. Conclusiones: el mayor por ciento de los nódulos pulmonares solitarios son neoplasias secundarias a afecciones con las que se puede establecer el diagnóstico diferencial. La causa más frecuente son los granulomas secundarios a afecciones inflamatorias infecciosas, al seguir en orden de frecuencia el cáncer y dentro de ellos el carcinoma broncógeno.

Background: lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. It is one of the cancers with worse prognosis, since it is usually diagnosed in advanced stages. Early detection, in the pulmonary nodule phase, would allow an earlier therapeutic intervention, improving prognosis and survival. Important diagnostic tools include chest radiography, computed tomography, fine needle aspiration, and a large number of differential diagnoses including benign and malignant lesions. Objective: to describe the clinical, radiological, histopathological and differential diagnoses of the solitary pulmonary nodule of subpleural location. Clinical case: a clinical case with a solitary pulmonary nodule and initial presumptive diagnosis of lung carcinoma is described; after being studied and performed lung lobectomy, diagnosed as an inflammatory cause, pneumonia. Conclusions: 95 % of solitary pulmonary nodules are neoplasias secondary to conditions with which a differential diagnosis can be established. The most frequent cause is granulomas secondary to infectious inflammatory conditions, following in order of frequency the cancer and within them the bronchogenic carcinoma.

RESUMO

The role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and 5-HT2A receptors in anxiety has been extensively studied, mostly without considering individual differences in trait anxiety. Our laboratory developed two lines of animals that are bred for high and low freezing responses to contextual cues that are previously associated with footshock (Carioca High-conditioned Freezing [CHF] and Carioca Low-conditioned Freezing [CLF]). The present study investigated whether ketanserin, a preferential 5-HT2A receptor blocker, exerts distinct anxiety-like profiles in these two lines of animals. In the first experiment, the animals received a systemic injection of ketanserin and were exposed to the elevated plus maze (EPM). In the second experiment, these two lines of animals received microinjections of ketanserin in the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortices and were exposed to either the EPM or a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. The two rat lines exhibited bidirectional effects on anxiety-like behavior in the EPM and opposite responses to ketanserin. Both systemic and intra-IL cortex injections of ketanserin exerted anxiolytic-like effects in CHF rats but anxiogenic-like effects in CLF rats. Microinjections of ketanserin in the PL cortex also exerted anxiolytic-like effects in CHF rats but had no effect in CLF rats. These results suggest that the behavioral effects of 5-HT2A receptor antagonism might depend on genetic variability associated with baseline reactions to threatening situations and 5-HT2A receptor expression in the IL and PL cortices. Highlights -CHF and CLF rats are two bidirectional lines that are based on contextual fear conditioning.-CHF rats have a more "anxious" phenotype than CLF rats in the EPM.-The 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin had opposite behavioral effects in CHF and CLF rats.-Systemic and IL injections either decreased (CHF) or increased (CLF) anxiety-like behavior.-PL injections either decreased (CHF) anxiety-like behavior or had no effect (CLF).