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Numerous studies have shown that many works of art from the Renaissance period contain hidden symbols and codes that could have religious, mathematical and/or pagan significance and even anatomical allusions. In this context, the present manuscript offers new evidence that the great genius of anatomy, Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), included pagan symbols associated with female anatomy in the funerary monuments found in the Sagrestia Nuova/Medici Chapel (1519-1533) in Florence, Italy. The interpretation of the symbols provided in this study will interest those with a passion for the history of anatomy. Clin. Anat. 30:572-577, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Abstract Introduction: Due to the increasing popularization of computers and the internet expansion, Alternative and Augmentative Communication technologies have been employed to restore the ability to communicate of people with aphasia and tetraplegia. Virtual keyboards are one of the most primitive mechanisms for alternatively entering text and play a very important role in accomplishing this task. However, the text entry for this kind of keyboard is much slower than entering information through their physical counterparts. Many techniques and layouts have been proposed to improve the typing performance of virtual keyboards, each one concerning a different issue or solving a specific problem. However, not all of them are suitable to assist seriously people with motor impairment. Methods: In order to develop an assistive virtual keyboard with improved typing performance, we performed a systematic review on scientific databases. Results: We found 250 related papers and 52 of them were selected to compose. After that, we identified eight essentials virtual keyboard features, five methods to optimize data entry performance and five metrics to assess typing performance. Conclusion: Based on this review, we introduce a concept of an assistive, optimized, compact and adaptive virtual keyboard that gathers a set of suitable techniques such as: a new ambiguous keyboard layout, disambiguation algorithms, dynamic scan techniques, static text prediction of letters and words and, finally, the use of phonetic and similarity algorithms to reduce the user's typing error rate.

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AbstractIntroductionLocked-In Syndrome is admittedly the worst case of motor and speech impairment, it seriously damages the ability of oral and gestural communication of patients. In recent years, alternative and augmentative communication technology has provided resources to restore these patients' ability to communicate.MethodsIn order to relate and classify the main methods with that purpose, this work conducted a systematic review on several journal databases.ResultsWe found 203 related papers and 55 of them were selected to compose the study. After that, we classified them into three major groups and we identified the main difficulties when using each approach.ConclusionIn order to overcome these difficulties, we propose a new system concept to develop an adaptive, robust and low cost communication environment. The proposed system is composed of five modules: data entry, communication, aid to the caregiver and external interaction.

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As diversas técnicas para o tratamento cirúrgico da Síndrome do Intestino Curto apresentam, ainda hoje, problemas de dificil resolução. De todas, as mais promissoras são o transplante de intestino delgado e o transplante de colo. Uma técnica intermediária que mostrou resultados controversos tanto clínicos como experimentais, é a interposição de segmentos de colo no trajeto do intestino delgado após extensas ressecções. Sua aplicação serve, todavia, como um meio de se estudar a adaptação do colo, inclusive visando os transplantes. Neste trabalho foi estudada a indução de tumores pela 1,2-dimetilhidrazina, sua localização e grau de atípia nos diferentes segmentos intestinais após ressecção de 80 por cento do jejuno-íleo. Foram encontradas 24 lesões ao exame macroscópico após a décima sexta se-mana de pós-operatório. O número de lesões por animal variou de 0 a 9. Das 24 lesões en-contradas, 20 estavam no colo (83,33 por cento), sendo que 11 estavam localizadas no cólon proximal, 3 no cólon distal e 6 anorretais. No estudo histológico, a maioria das lesões era de grau III. Este trabalho mostrou que o método de indução de tumores pela 1,2-dimetilhidrazina é apropriado para o estudo de tumores intestinais em ratos.

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The techniques for surgical treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome are feasible, yet they have not solved the problems related to them. Small bowel transplantation and, more recently, colon transplantation, have being studied these days. An intermediate solution, with controversial results, is colon interposition between small bowel segments after extensive intestinal resection. Yet controversial, it is suitable as a method for adaptational studies. We studied colon tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats, after 80% jejunum-ileum resection. Twenty four tumors were found macroscopically 16 weeks after operation. Tumors per animal ranged from 0 to 9. Twenty out of twenty four lesions were located in the colon (83,33%), 11 of them at the proximal colon, 3 at the distal colon and 6 at the anorectal region. Histologically, most of the lesions were of grade III. This method is feasible for studying intestinal tumors in rats.

As diversas técnicas para o tratamento cirúrgico da Síndrome do Intestino Curto apresentam, ainda hoje, problemas de difícil resolução. De todas, as mais promissoras são o transplante de intestino delgado e o transplante de colo. Uma técnica intermediária que mostrou resultados controversos tanto clínicos como experimentais, é a interposição de segmentos de colo no trajeto do intestino delgado após extensas ressecções. Sua aplicação serve, todavia, como um meio de se estudar a adaptação do colo, inclusive visando os transplantes. Neste trabalho foi estudada a indução de tumores pela 1,2-dimetilhidrazina, sua localização e grau de atipia nos diferentes segmentos intestinais após ressecção de 80% do jejuno-íleo. Foram encontradas 24 lesões ao exame macroscópico após a décima sexta semana de pós-operatório. O número de lesões por animal variou de 0 a 9. Das 24 lesões encontradas, 20 estavam no colo (83,33%), sendo que 11 estavam localizadas no cólon proximal, 3 no cólon distal e 6 anorretais. No estudo histológico, a maioria das lesões era de grau III. Este trabalho mostrou que o método de indução de tumores pela 1,2-dimetilhidrazina é apropriado para o estudo de tumores intestinais em ratos.