RESUMO
Post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) of flue gas from an ammonia plant (AP) and the environmental performance of the carbon capture utilization (CCU) technology for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) system in Mexico was performed as case study. The process simulations (PS) and life cycle assessment (LCA) were used as supporting tools to quantify the CO2 capture and their environmental impacts, respectively. Two scenarios were considered: 1) the AP with its shift and CO2 removal unit and 2) Scenario 1 plus PCC of the flue gas from the AP primary reformer (AP-2CO2) and the global warming (GW) impact. Also, the GW of the whole of a CO2-EOR project, from these two streams of captured CO2, was evaluated. Results show that 372,426 tCO2/year can be PCC from the flue gas of the primary reformer and 480,000 tons/y of capacity from the AP. The energy requirement for solvent regeneration is estimated to be 2.8 MJ/kgCO2 or a GW impact of 0.22 kgCO2e/kgCO2 captured. GW performances are 297.6 kgCO2e emitted/barrel (bbl) for scenario one, and 106.5 kgCO2e emitted/bbl for the second. The net emissions, in scenario one, were 0.52 tCO2e/bbl and 0.33 tCO2e/bbl in scenario two. Based on PS, this study could be used to evaluate the potential of CO2 capture of 4080 t/d of 4 ammonia plants. The integration of PS-LCA to a PCC study allows the applicability as methodological framework for the development of a cluster of projects in which of CO2 could be recycled back to fuel, chemical, petrochemical products or for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). With AP-2CO2, "CO2 emission free" ammonia production could be achieved.
Assuntos
Amônia , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Carbono , Meio Ambiente , Indústria Química/métodos , Aquecimento Global , Efeito Estufa , México , SolventesRESUMO
Lachesis muta snake venom induced aggregation of bromelain sensitized human erythrocytes at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The hemagglutinating protein was purified by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed at least three bands, whereas SDS electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol showed a single one. Isoelectric focusing revealed hemagglutinating activity in the range of pH 3-8. The maximum peak (mutina) at pH 5.5. This fraction was active in agglutinating human RBC of types A, B, O Rh (+) and B, O Rh (-). One mM EDTA and 1 mM Ca++ did not alter the agglutinating time significantly. Lactose and inositol inhibited the agglutination of A, B, O Rh (+) and B, O Rh (-) human RBC. The present study showed the non specificity of the hemagglutinating activity of mutina. It was also shown that mutina is a non-mitogenic protein.
Assuntos
Venenos de Crotalídeos/análise , Lectinas/isolamento & purificação , Aglutinação , Animais , Fracionamento Químico , Eritrócitos/imunologia , Testes de Hemaglutinação , Agregação PlaquetáriaRESUMO
La accion citolitica de sustancias simples y de agentes biologicos complejos puede ser descrita por ecuaciones tipo Hill. Se propone la medicion del poder hemolitico de venenos de serpientes en terminos de la disminucion de la accion litica en una dilucion 1:10. La ventaja de este procedimiento es que el poder citolitico es una funcion de las propriedades bioquimicas del sistema, mas que de la concentracion de los principios activos. Se muestran los poderes hemoliticos de algunos venenos de serpientes sobre eritrocitos humanos O Rh(+)