RESUMO
Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania mexicana are parasites of humans and other mammals, causing American Trypanosomiasis and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, respectively. Domestic dogs are considered key hosts for these parasites in the domicile and peridomicile cycles of transmission, due to their abundance and contact with human population. In Mexico, there are few studies that involve the study of infection with these parasites in dogs, and have only been carried out mainly in the endemic areas for these diseases. In the state of Querétaro (Mexico), infections with both parasites have been reported for dogs only from rural areas, with no records for the metropolitan zone. We analyzed the seropositivity to T. cruzi and L. mexicana in dogs from localities within of the metropolitan zone of Querétaro City in order to determine if these animals are exposed to these parasites and thus, could be an important part of the transmission cycle of these trypanosomatids in a densely populated urban region within the state of Querétaro, Mexico. Serum samples were collected from 303 dogs housed in the Animal Control centers of the municipalities of Querétaro and El Marques, analyzed by indirect ELISA and Western Blot using as an antigen the Iron Superoxide Dismutase (FeSODe) of the parasites. From the total serum samples, we detected 10.2% of seropositivity for T. cruzi and 2.9% for L. mexicana. Our results represent the first evidence of infection with T. cruzi in domestic dogs from the Metropolitan Zone of Querétaro, and the first record for L. mexicana in Central Mexico. Ongoing investigations seek to confirm the circulation of these parasites in the area to evaluate the risk associated to the human population.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Leishmania mexicana/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose Cutânea/veterinária , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Western Blotting/veterinária , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
Los cambios en el sistema de salud venezolano, han conducido a que las especialidades médicas reevalúen su pertinencia dentro de este proceso. medicina. Medicina Familiar, especialidad pionera en la asistencia médica del primer nivel de atención, necesita rescatar su liderazgo y demostrar que cuenta con trayectoria, conocimiento y experiencia para participar en la construcción de un sistema de salud accesible y costo-efectivo. El médico familiar es un especialista que brinda atención médica primaria en cualquier problema de salud, de manera continua, integral, preventiva, cuantitativa y de promoción de salud a pacientes de cualquier edad, sexo y a su familia. Este artículo tiene tres objetivos: 1) exponer algunos aspectos sobre lor origenes, la identidad, valores y características del especialista en Medicina Familiar, 2) mostrar los alcances y el trabajo que se viene desarollando desde la Sociedad Venezolana de Medicina Familiar y 3) dar a conocer algunas de las dificultades que actualmente sobrelleva y obstaculizan su avance
Recent changes in the venezuelan health system have driven médical specialties to reevaluate their relevance in that process. Family Medicine, as the pioneer specialty in primary care, needs to regain leadership in the field and to demonstrate that it has the trajectory, the knowledge and the experience to take part in the construction of an accessible and costeffective health system. Family physicians offer primary care that is continuous, comprehensive, preventive, curative and health promoting for individuals and the whole family, regardless of sex, age and type of health problem. This article has three aims: 1) to expose some aspects about origins, identity, values and characteristics of the Family Medicine specialist in Venezuela in order to contribute to its accurate comprehension, 2) to show the work and achievements in the field of the Venezuelan Society of Family Medicine, and 3) to discuss some difficulties that it currently faces and delay its advance
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Medicina de Família e Comunidade/educação , Medicina de Família e Comunidade/história , Organização Mundial da Saúde/organização & administração , Sistemas de Saúde/história , Educação Continuada/organização & administração , Política de SaúdeRESUMO
La expansión de la literatura médica obliga al médico que desee mantenerse actualizado a desarrollar habilidades para realizar una apropiada selección y un análisis critico de la información que va a consultar. La Medicina Basada en Evidencia se ubica hoy como una metodolog¡a que permite integrar la investigación, las experiencias clínicas y las expectativas del paciente. La enseñanza y práctica de ésta metodología suponen un maestro y un médico interesado en un cambio en el estilo de su práctica con la finalidad de mejorar tanto la calidad de su práctica como la atención dada a sus pacientes. La aplicación de la Medicina Basada en la Evidencia depender de la frecuencia del problema clínico. Se inicia con la formulación de una pregunta clara, seguido de la búsqueda de la mejor evidencia en los recursos disponibles en la Web para posteriormente evaluar la validez de los métodos, la importancia o relevancia de los resultados y su posible aplicación a un caso particular. Al final, el médico autoevaluar sus destrezas para seguir los pasos anteriores. Esta revisión constituye el primer capítulo de una guía que resume los pasos para analizar cr¡ticamente tres tipos de diseños: transversal, caso control y cohorte.
Assuntos
Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Medicina de Família e ComunidadeRESUMO
Synthesis of gray-level computer-generated holograms allows for an increase of the information storage capability that is usually achieved with conventional binary filters. This is mainly because more degrees of freedom are available. We propose to profit from this feature by synthesizing complex filters formed by many superimposed holograms, each with a different carrier frequency. We apply these gray-level filters to perform multichannel correlation and in this way enhance the capability of optical correlators to process the information in parallel and simultaneously. First, we analyze the behavior of some performance criteria on the impulse response and on the correlation as a function of the number of holograms that are multiplexed. Then we show the results of two experiments: In the first a composed phase-only filter is used in a multiple-object recognition process. In the second a composed synthetic discriminant function filter is used to implement an object classification by means of a binary code.
RESUMO
The experiments reported in this paper were designed to gain information on the growth and development of the bone mass of the rat and to recognize genetically determined features of the growth phenomenon. The experimental model involved the study of the axial (AX, head excluded) and appendicular (AP) skeletons of two strains of inbred rats ('m' and 'e') from the 3rd to the 27th week of age. The contribution of the skeleton to body weight differed between strains ('m' greater than 'e'). The development of the skeleton was in phase with body growth (peak growth rate = 7th week of age). The AP skeleton of these strains of rats differed in the kinetics of matrix mineralization ('m' faster than 'e') and in the ash/matrix ratio of adult animals ('m' greater than 'e'). The AX skeleton, on the other hand, showed a constant ash/matrix ratio from the 4th to the 27th week of age, without significant differences between strains. The anatomical volume of the femur was found to differ significantly between strains at an earlier age (4th week) than its dry weight (7th week). The AP and AX skeleton of 'e' rats mature simultaneously attaining their peak calcium mass at 36 weeks of age. The maturation of the AP and AX skeletons of 'm' rats, on the other hand, are dissociated and attain full maturity at approximately 39 and 57 weeks, respectively. The curves of specific growth rates (g of Ca (or matrix) per week/g of skeletal Ca (or matrix] of the AP and AX skeletons indicate that there exist separate metabolic controls for the growth of Ca and matrix masses. Absolute measurements (Ca, organic matrix, ash or total dry weights, bone volume) unambiguously established that 'm' rats have greater bone mass than 'e' ones. Relative measurements favoured 'm' (ash/matrix ratio of AP skeleton), 'e' (femoral weight/volume ratio, percentage of metaphyseal trabecular bone volume) or gave no significant differences between strains (ash/matrix ratio of AX skeleton). These results indicate that the AP and AX skeletons have important metabolic differences and that their growth and development are under genetic control.