Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Aleitamento Materno/economia , Leite Humano , Nutrição do Lactente , Alimentação com MamadeiraAssuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Ciências da Nutrição , Planejamento , Programas de Nutrição , Dieta , EnsinoRESUMO
Currently the three main widely used strategies to control micronutrient deficiencies are food diversification, fortification, and consumption of medicinal supplements. In Tanzania a fourth strategy has been evaluated in school children, and is to be studied in pregnant and lactating women. The dietary supplement comes in the form of a powder used to prepare a fruit flavored drink. Children consumed for six months 25 grams per school day attended, the powder being added to 200 ml of water. The dietary supplement provides between 40 and 100 percent of the RDA of 10 micronutrients, which includes iron, vitamin A and iodine. Unlike medicinal supplements it provides the multiple vitamins and minerals in physiologic, not megadoses. In a well conducted randomized double blind placebo controlled trial, a dietary supplement in the form of a fortified powder fruit drink produced statistically significant differences not only in vitamin A and iron status, but also in the growth of young school age children.
Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Micronutrientes , Bebidas , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Método Duplo-Cego , TanzâniaAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Ciências da Nutrição/educação , Ciências da Nutrição/etnologiaAssuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Ciências da Nutrição/educação , Ciências da Nutrição/etnologiaRESUMO
A survey to examine the extent to which infant food advertising could be shown measurably to influence infant feeding practice was carried out in S. Vincent in the eastern Caribbean. A questionaire was administered to mothers of about 200 children one to two uears old, nearly a complete sample in each of two towns. Infant food advertising was found to be uncommon. The typical infant feeding pattern, largely a combination of both breast and bottle feeding, had existed for decades. Despite the fact that this was not a very appropriate setting for such a study, and that there were a number of methodological constraints, the results of two multiple regression analyses suggested that the more a mother was influenced by infant food advertising, the sooner she began to bottle feed and the sooner she stopped breastfeeding. The cessation of all promotion of commercial infant foods to the public as well as to health professionals, is called for. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Publicidade , Apoio Nutricional/psicologia , Aleitamento MaternoRESUMO
Surveys of one to two-year old children in two towns in St. Vincent in 1975 found that there may have been a slight decline in breastfeeding since the late 1960s. Although lactation failure was rare, supplementary bottle feeding was usually begun during the early weeks of life. Sevrage, the complete cessation of breastfeeding, occurred by seven months of age for half of the children in the sample. One of the major factors leading to early sevrage was probably the introduction of bottle feeding. This may operate through an earlier return of fertility post-partum (and thus "pregnancy" as the reason for weaning), or because the sweet, easily-drained bottle is preferable to the breast for the infant (and thus the baby "weans himself"). While many of the factors influencing current infant feeding practices are now largely of historical interest, such as slavery, others are currently amenable to intervention. These include poor health and nutritional status of mothers, inappropriate advice given by health professionals, and the advertising and promotion of infant foods by their manufacturers and sales persons (AU)
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Aleitamento Materno , Alimentos Infantis , Apoio Nutricional , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , São Vicente e GranadinasRESUMO
A survey was undertaken in 1975 in St. Vincent, West Indies, among the mothers of nearly all children from one to two years old in two towns. The mean weight for age was 85 percent of the Boston Standard and the mean weight for height was 95.5 percent of the standard. Levels of malnutrition were similar to those found in a national survey eight years earlier. Using multiple regression analysis, the variable which had by far the greatest impact on nutritional status (weight for age) was economic level of living. Next in importance came length of breastfeeding, attendance at postnatal clinics, and (with a negative association) the number of siblings. Efforts to solve the EPM problem must seek to eradicate poverty, but should not neglect the importance of breastfeeding, child, spacing, and appropriate health care. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Nutrição do Lactente , Estado Nutricional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Desmame , São Vicente e Granadinas , Distúrbios Nutricionais , Aleitamento Materno , FertilidadeAssuntos
Humanos , Gravidez , Feminino , Anemia/epidemiologia , Hemoglobinas/análise , Jamaica , Programas de Rastreamento/métodosRESUMO
A study was carried out to evaluate the use of changes in hair root morphology in the assessment of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) among a group of black West Indian children. The following five hair root characteristics were measured: percentage of anagen (the growing phase), percentage of telogen (the resting phase), percentage of atrophy, diameter of anagen bulbs, and shaft diameter. Significant differences in shaft diameter, percentage of anagen, and percentage of telogen were found only between well-nourished and severely malnourished children. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained between both bulb diameter and percentage of atrophy and muscle circumference. No significant differences in any of the hair root characteristics were obtained between children with nutritional marasmus and those with kwashiorkor. The method was found to be time-consuming; it can be said for differentiating well-nourished children only from those with severe PCM; and it is unsuitable for determining the prevalence of the three degrees of PCM. For these reasons, the method is not the field assessment of protein-calorie malnutrition.(AU)