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BACKGROUND: Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels decrease early during the transition to menopause and women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) experience menopause at a younger age. We hypothesized that older women with DM1 will have lower AMH levels than controls. METHODS: We studied ovarian function in women with DM1 (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 58), all <45 years old. Steroids, gonadotrophins, AMH and inhibin B levels were measured during the follicular phase. RESULTS: Piece-wise regression analysis demonstrated that AMH levels begin to decrease at 33 years of age in both groups. This age limit was used to compare data in both groups. AMH levels were lower in DM1 women than in controls >33 years (4.1 +/- 4.2 versus 9.5 +/- 7.9 pmol/l, mean +/- SD, P = 0.006). A higher proportion of women with DM1 showed AMH levels in the menopausal range compared with controls (16.7% versus 3.4%, respectively, P = 0.02). For all patients, those with DM1 exhibited lower inhibin B levels than controls (89.3 +/- 51.7 versus 113.2 +/- 76.0 ng/ml, P < 0.05). FSH and estradiol were similar in both groups. Regression analysis showed an earlier decline in AMH levels in women with DM1 than controls. Even after age adjustment, DM1 was a significant factor for the determination of inhibin B and AMH levels. CONCLUSIONS: Lower AMH levels in women with DM1 during the fourth decade of life suggest the presence of an earlier decline in the ovarian follicle pool in these women. Further studies are needed to evaluate the mechanism of this complication.

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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is increasing in aboriginal populations in Chile. AIM: To study the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes and serum lipids in two aboriginal populations, Mapuche and Aymara, that were transferred from a rural to a urban environment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two groups of subjects over 20 years were analyzed, Mapuche and Aymara. The Mapuche group was formed by 42 men and 105 women, living in four urban communities of Santiago, and an Aymara group formed by 42 men and 118 women, living in Arica, in Northern Chile. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, lipid profile, oral glucose tolerance test, fasting insulin and serum leptin were determined. RESULTS: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 6.9% in Aymara and 8.2% in Mapuche subjects. The frequency of glucose intolerance was similar in both groups, but greater among men. A total blood cholesterol over 200 mg/dl was observed in 43.1% of Aymara and 27.9% of Mapuche subjects (p <0.008). Serum triglycerides over 150 mg/dl were observed in 16.9 and 23.1% of Aymara and Mapuche individuals, respectively (p= NS). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia in turban aboriginal populations is higher than that of their rural counterparts. A possible explanation for these results are changes in lifestyles that come along with urbanization, characterized by a high consumption of saturated fat and refined sugars and a low level of physical activity.

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BACKGROUND: Genetic and environmental factors are responsible for variations in the frequency of osteoporosis. Prevalence of osteoporosis in Mapuche women (native Chileans) is unknown. AIM: To assess the prevalence and risk factors for osteoporosis in Mapuche women. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A random sample of 95 asymptomatic postmenopausal Mapuche females, stratified by age, was studied. Women with diseases or medications that could interfere with calcium metabolism were excluded. Spine and femoral neck bone mass density was determined using a Lunar DPX Alpha densitometer. RESULTS: Seventeen percent of women had normal bone mineral density in both spine and femoral neck. In the spine, 25.3% had a normal bone mineral density, 17.9% had osteopenia and 56.8% had osteoporosis. In the femoral neck, 34.7% had a normal bone mineral density, 57.9% had osteopenia, and 7.4% had osteoporosis. There was a positive correlation between bone mineral density and body mass index. Women with more than one hour per day of physical activity, had a significantly lower proportion of osteopenia or osteoporosis. No association between bone mineral density and parity or calcium intake, was observed. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among Mapuche women. Osteoporosis was associated with low body mass index.

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Estudios previos han demostrado que las leguminosas se caracterizan por mostrar interesantes propiedades hipoglicemiantes, por lo que su presencia en la dieta puede ser muy útil para controlar los niveles de glucosa sanguínea en individuos diabéticos. tomando en cuenta estos antecedentes se prepararon diferentes formulaciones de mermelada de ciruela incorporando 5, -7.5, -10 y 15 por ciento de harina entera de lupino (HEL). Las muestras experimentales fueron sometidas químico, físico, sensorial y clínica. Resultados del análisis proximal revelaron un sostenido incremento en proteínas desde 0,6 a 5,2 por ciento en las formulaciones de mermelada de ciruelas con lupino mientras mayor es la incorporación de esta leguminosa en la formulación base, con relación a la formulación control. El aporte en calorías se mantuvo relativamente en todas las preparaciones. La presencia de lupino no afectó el color característico rojo oscuro de la ciruela mientras que la concentración de sólidos solubles, pH y acidez permanecieron dentro de los límites regulados por la reglamentación chilena. Las muestras fueron analizadas sensorialmente usando la prueba de Ranking. El análisis estadístico de los datos mostró una preferencia significativa por la mermelada con 10 por ciento de HEL (p<0.05). Para determinar el grado de aceptabilidad se empleó el test Hedónico facial comparando esta fúrmula con una mermelada control con fructuosa como edulcorante. El análisis estadístico usando el test de student no encontró diferencias significativas entre ella (-<0.05). Para evaluar la actividad hipoglicemiante de la harina entera de lupino se seleccionaron en forma voluntaria siete pacientes diabéticos adultos No Insulino Dependientes los que fueron sometidos a la prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa. Los resultados de la prueba demostraron que la presencia de lupino en la mermelada disminuyó la velocidad de glucosa intestinal, pues la concentración de glucosa postprandial fue significativamente inferior comparándola con la mermelada control de fructuosa. Este resultado es de gran importancia para los diabéticos pues se amplían las posibilidades de alimentación sobre todo de productos como las mermeladas que gozan de gran aceptación y cuyo consumo está limitado para estos individuos

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