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Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha generado problemas de salud física y mental en los universitarios. Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre nivel de actividad física y estado de ánimo en estudiantes universitarios durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19. Métodos: Participaron 215 estudiantes universitarios, edad 22,09 ± 2,61 (108 mujeres y 107 hombres) durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19. Fueron aplicados instrumentos en formato digital durante el mes de junio del año 2020. El nivel de actividad física se evaluó utilizando el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ), forma corta, y el estado de ánimo se evaluó con la Escala de Valoración del Estado de Ánimo (EVEA). Resultados: Estado de ánimo alegría presentó una correlación positiva significativa con todas las variables de actividad física, excepto con tiempo sentado. Estado de ánimo tristeza-depresión presentó una correlación negativa con equivalente metabólico de actividad física vigorosa (r -0,201; p= 0,003) y equivalente metabólico total (r -0,172; p= 0,011). Estado de ánimo ansiedad se correlacionó negativamente con equivalente metabólico de actividad física vigorosa (r -0,163; p= 0,017) y equivalente metabólico total (r -0,162; p= 0,018). Conclusiones: El nivel de actividad física se relaciona positivamente con el estado de ánimo, principalmente con el nivel de alegría, sin embargo, estas correlaciones presentan un tamaño del efecto pequeño(AU)
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has generated physical and mental health problems in university students. Objectives: To determine the relationship between physical activity level and mood in university students during COVID-19 confinement. Methods: 215 university students aged 22.09 ± 2.61 (108 women and 107 men) participated during the confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Instruments in digital format were applied during the month of June 2020. Physical activity level was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form and mood was assessed using the Mood Rating Scale (EVEA). Results: Mood joy presents a significant positive correlation with all variables of physical activity, except with sitting time. Sadness-depression mood showed a negative correlation with metabolic equivalent of vigorous physical activity (r -0.201; p= 0.003) and total metabolic equivalent (r -0.172; p= 0.011). Mood anxiety was negatively correlated with metabolic equivalent of vigorous physical activity (r -0.163; p= 0.017) and total metabolic equivalent (r -0.162; p= 0.018). Conclusions: The level of physical activity is positively related to mood, mainly with the level of joy, however, these correlations have a small effect size(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Exercício Físico , Quarentena/métodos , Saúde Mental , Afeto , Estudantes , Estudos Transversais , Estudo Observacional , COVID-19RESUMO
I address the privatization of public health care services in Honduras by focusing on one family's experiences using both private and public health services. I juxtapose their increasing use of private health care services, over public services, against sustained and consistent episodes of health sector reform culminating in protests against decrees that sought to further restructure the Ministry of Health during early 2019. By complementing the concept of "privatization by attrition" with "institutional bad faith," I argue that the increased use of private health care may be understood as privatization by coercion.
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Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde , Privatização , Humanos , Honduras , Antropologia Médica , Atenção à SaúdeRESUMO
The motion of colloidal species on an out-of-thermal equilibrium surface is studied experimentally by optical microscopy. Water droplets of size in the micrometer range, spontaneously formed at a spherical-like interface between water and oil, are the colloidal species. The interface appears as a convex meniscus when putting water on oil with an added nonionic surfactant. Since the water density is greater than that of oil, the interface is produced into the oil. The spontaneously formed water droplets move attached to the interface while still growing from submicrometer sizes to a few micrometers. Although the dynamic nature of the process, with both the interface and the particles still changing, produces heterogeneities in the system, anomalous diffusion was not observed. The motion of the droplets has a well-identified Brownian component with a Gaussian distribution of steps due to the thermal agitation of the media surrounding the droplets and a drift component due to the effect of gravity.
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In this work, we report measurements of the mean squared angular and translational displacements of a colloidal dumbbell immersed in a viscoelastic fluid using digital microscopy. From the mean squared displacements, we obtain the mechanical properties of the media. Both angular and translational motions provide the same viscoelastic complex modulus and agree with that obtained from the translational motion of a spherical probe particle.
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Cells are dynamic systems with complex mechanical properties, regulated by the presence of different species of proteins capable to assemble (and disassemble) into filamentous forms as required by different cells functions. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) are systems frequently used as a simplified model of cells because they offer the possibility of assaying separately different stimuli, which is no possible in living cells. Here we present a study of the effect of acting protein on mechanical properties of GUVs, when the protein is inside the vesicles in either monomeric G-actin or filamentous F-actin. For this, rabbit skeletal muscle G-actin is introduced inside GUVs by the electroformation method. Protein polymerization inside the GUVs is promoted by adding to the solution MgCl2 and the ion carrier A23187 to allow the transport of Mg+2 ions into the GUVs. To determine how the presence of actin changes the mechanical properties of GUVs, the vesicles are deformed by the application of an AC electric field in both cases with G-actin and with polymerized F-actin. The changes in shape of the vesicles are characterized by optical microscopy and from them the bending stiffness of the membrane are determined. It is found that G-actin has no appreciable effect on the bending stiffness of DMPC GUVs, but the polymerized actin makes the vesicles more rigid and therefore more resistant to deformations. This result is supported by evidence that actin filaments tend to accumulate near the membrane.
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Actinas/química , Dimiristoilfosfatidilcolina/química , Eletricidade , Lipossomas Unilamelares/química , Citoesqueleto de Actina/química , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Calcimicina/química , Cloreto de Magnésio/química , Cloreto de Magnésio/metabolismo , Microscopia , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Coelhos , Tensão Superficial , Lipossomas Unilamelares/metabolismo , ViscosidadeRESUMO
Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar los desenlaces con la aplicación del balón de Bakri para contener la hemorragia posparto. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, analítico, observacional y retrospectivo efectuado en pacientes atendidas en el Hospital Central, San Luis Potosí, a quienes de enero 2012 a diciembre 2017 se les colocó un balón de Bakri para contener la hemorragia posparto. Se excluyeron los expedientes incompletos y las pacientes a quienes se colocó el balón en otra institución. El análisis estadístico se procesó en una hoja de Excel Office 2013. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 143 colocaciones del balón de Bakri, 84.06% (n = 121) durante el posparto, 9% (n =13) en la poscesárea y 6.2% (n = 9) durante la cesárea. La colocación del balón se consideró exitosa en 90.2% (n = 129); hubo 14 (9.79%) fallas en el control de la hemorragia que ameritaron otro procedimiento. El 48.9% de las pacientes no tenían factores de riesgo. El promedio de permanencia del balón fue de 20 h. Se registró una muerte obstétrica directa, por choque hipovolémico. CONCLUSIONES: El éxito del balón de Bakri para contener la hemorragia obstétrica fue similar al reportado en la bibliografía. Su aplicación es una estrategia de segunda línea, secundaria a atonía y complicaciones bajas.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes with the application of the Bakri balloon to contain postpartum hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, analytical, observational and retrospective study carried out in patients attended at the Central Hospital in San Luis Potosi who between the months of January 2012 to December 2017 had a Bakri balloon placed to contain postpartum hemorrhage. Incomplete records and patients who had the balloon placed in another institution were excluded. Statistical analysis was processed in an Excel Office 2013 spreadsheet. RESULTS: 143 Bakri balloon placements were performed, 84.06% (n = 121) during postpartum, 9% (n =13) post cesarean section and 6.2% (n = 9) during cesarean section. Balloon placement was considered successful in 90.2% (n = 129); there were 14 (9.79%) failures to control bleeding that warranted another procedure. Of the patients, 48.9% had no risk factors. The average length of stay was 20 hours. One direct obstetric death was recorded, due to hypovolemic shock. CONCLUSIONS: The success of the Bakri Balloon in containing obstetric hemorrhage was similar to that reported in the literature. Its application is a second line strategy, secondary to atony and low complications.
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Poliomyelitis emerged in Europe as an epidemic disease at the end of the 19th century. During the thirties of the twentieth century it reached great intensity in the United States and Canada, but it was after the Second World War when the disease became a serious world public health problem, which punished several countries of the world, including Mexico. Poliomyelitis is a very contagious viral disease that invades the central nervous system (destroys motor neurons) that frightened the Mexican population in the first half of the twentieth century, not so much by high mortality and morbidity figures but by its paralytic sequels, like the disability, and by the fact that it affected one of the most vulnerable population groups: children. The disease mainly affected children under five years of age, being rare in the first months of life of the newborn due to the protective effect of immunity that the mother transfers to the son through breast milk; After eight months, at the end of the feed, the infant could be infected by poliovirus by invading the spinal cord and producing paralysis, most commonly of the legs or trunk. Likewise, it caused a paralysis in the respiratory muscles (diaphragm) of children, who had to help them to breathe since, if not, they were suffocated, so they were introduced in machines commonly known as steel lungs or lungs of Emerson type (machine that allows a person to breathe when he lost control of his respiratory muscles, such as the diaphragm, invented in 1928 by the American engineer Philip Drinker).
La poliomielitis emergió en Europa como enfermedad epidémica a finales del siglo XIX. Durante los años treinta del siglo XX alcanzó gran intensidad en los Estados Unidos y Canadá, pero fue tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial cuando la enfermedad se convirtió en un grave problema de salud pública mundial que castigó terriblemente a varios países del mundo, incluyendo a México. La poliomielitis es una enfermedad viral muy contagiosa que invade el sistema nervioso central (destruye las neuronas motoras) que atemorizó a la población mexicana en la primera mitad del siglo XX, no tanto por las altas cifras de mortalidad y morbilidad sino por sus secuelas paralíticas, como la invalidez, y por el hecho de que afectó a uno de los grupos poblacionales más vulnerables: los niños. La enfermedad afectaba principalmente a los niños menores de cinco años, siendo poco frecuente en los primeros meses de vida del recién nacido debido al efecto protector de la inmunidad que le transfiere la madre al hijo a través de la leche materna; después de ocho meses, al término de la alimentación, el infante podía ser infectado por el poliovirus invadiendo la medula espinal y produciendo la parálisis, más comúnmente de las piernas o tronco. Asimismo, ocasionaba una parálisis en los músculos respiratorios (diafragma) de los niños, a quienes había que auxiliarlos a respirar ya que, si no, se asfixiaban, por lo que se les introducía en unas máquinas conocidas comúnmente como pulmones de acero o pulmotores de tipo Emerson (máquina que permite a una persona respirar cuando esta perdió el control de sus músculos respiratorios, como el diafragma, inventada en 1928 por el ingeniero estadounidense Philip Drinker).
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Poliomielite , Poliovirus , Sistema Nervoso Central , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Paralisia , Poliomielite/epidemiologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
La poliomielitis emergió en Europa como enfermedad epidémica a finales del siglo XIX. Durante los años treinta del siglo XX alcanzó gran intensidad en los Estados Unidos y Canadá, pero fue tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial cuando la enfermedad se convirtió en un grave problema de salud pública mundial que castigó terriblemente a varios países del mundo, incluyendo a México. La poliomielitis es una enfermedad viral muy contagiosa que invade el sistema nervioso central (destruye las neuronas motoras) que atemorizó a la población mexicana en la primera mitad del siglo XX, no tanto por las altas cifras de mortalidad y morbilidad sino por sus secuelas paralíticas, como la invalidez, y por el hecho de que afectó a uno de los grupos poblacionales más vulnerables: los niños. La enfermedad afectaba principalmente a los niños menores de cinco años, siendo poco frecuente en los primeros meses de vida del recién nacido debido al efecto protector de la inmunidad que le transfiere la madre al hijo a través de la leche materna; después de ocho meses, al término de la alimentación, el infante podía ser infectado por el poliovirus invadiendo la medula espinal y produciendo la parálisis, más comúnmente de las piernas o tronco. Asimismo, ocasionaba una parálisis en los músculos respiratorios (diafragma) de los niños, a quienes había que auxiliarlos a respirar ya que, si no, se asfixiaban, por lo que se les introducía en unas máquinas conocidas comúnmente como pulmones de acero o pulmotores de tipo Emerson (máquina que permite a una persona respirar cuando esta perdió el control de sus músculos respiratorios, como el diafragma, inventada en 1928 por el ingeniero estadounidense Philip Drinker).
Poliomyelitis emerged in Europe as an epidemic disease at the end of the 19th century. During the thirties of the twentieth century it reached great intensity in the United States and Canada, but it was after the Second World War when the disease became a serious world public health problem, which punished several countries of the world, including Mexico. Poliomyelitis is a very contagious viral disease that invades the central nervous system (destroys motor neurons) that frightened the Mexican population in the first half of the twentieth century, not so much by high mortality and morbidity figures but by its paralytic sequels, like the disability, and by the fact that it affected one of the most vulnerable population groups: children. The disease mainly affected children under five years of age, being rare in the first months of life of the newborn due to the protective effect of immunity that the mother transfers to the son through breast milk; After eight months, at the end of the feed, the infant could be infected by poliovirus by invading the spinal cord and producing paralysis, most commonly of the legs or trunk. Likewise, it caused a paralysis in the respiratory muscles (diaphragm) of children, who had to help them to breathe since, if not, they were suffocated, so they were introduced in machines commonly known as steel lungs or lungs of Emerson type (machine that allows a person to breathe when he lost control of his respiratory muscles, such as the diaphragm, invented in 1928 by the American engineer Philip Drinker).
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Poliomielite , Saúde Pública , Epidemias , México , Viroses , Sistema Nervoso Central , Populações VulneráveisRESUMO
Antecedentes: La exposición ósea puede ser consecuencia de fracturas traumáticas abiertas o cerradas con complicaciones, así como secundarias a procesos infecciosos. La cobertura del miembro inferior con defecto cutáneo se basa en la preservación de la perfusión sanguínea y nerviosa para favorecer la consolidación ósea y así el salvamento del miembro. Descripción de los casos: Se describe la reconstrucción con colgajo muscular rotacional pediculado de sóleo y/o gastrocnemio en 16 pacientes con complicaciones asociadas a fracturas expuestas en miembros inferiores con defectos de partes blandas y pérdida de cobertura cutánea, realizados en el Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología del Hospital Escuela (HE) durante el período 2012-2015. Se realizó colocación de colgajo con sóleo en 50.0% (8/16) y gastrocnemio en 50.0% (8/16). El éxito terapéutico calificado quirúrgica y funcionalmente fue del 87.5% (14/16). Conclusión: Con la técnica de reconstrucción realizada a estos pacientes se logró disminuir la frecuencia de complicaciones y por consiguiente evitar la amputación de la extremidad afectada...(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Retalhos Cirúrgicos , Fraturas Ósseas/complicações , Músculo Esquelético/cirurgia , Técnicas de Diagnóstico por CirurgiaRESUMO
Se describe cómo se articuló la lucha contra la poliomielitis y las secuelas que dejaba la enfermedad en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Se narra cómo dicha lucha exigió que algunos ortopedistas, como Alfonso Tohen Zamudio, Alejandro Velasco Zimbrón, Juan Farill y Luis Sierra Rojas, aplicaran técnicas quirúrgicas ideadas por ellos y se diera la invención de aparatos ortopédicos que ocuparon un lugar fundamental en la estrategia terapéutica de la poliomielitis al preservar la marcha segura, prevenir o disminuir deformidades y reducir la fatiga. El hospital no tardó en convertirse en el centro de concentración obligado y único para los niños enfermos de poliomielitis procedentes de todo el país, al crear una sala para atender los casos agudos.This article studies how the fight against poliomyelitis and the sequelae left by the disease was articulated in the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez and shows how this fight required some orthopedists, such as Alfonso Tohen Zamudio, Alejandro Velasco Zimbrón, Juan Farill, and Luis Sierra Rojas, to apply surgical techniques devised by them, as well as the invention of orthopedic devices that occupied a fundamental place in the therapeutic strategy of poliomyelitis by preserving a safe gait, avoiding falls, preventing or reducing deformities, and reducing fatigue. The hospital soon became the obligatory and only concentration center for children with polio from all over the country by creating a ward to attend to acute cases.
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Pandemias , Poliomielite , Criança , Hospitais , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Poliomielite/epidemiologia , Poliomielite/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Resumen Se describe cómo se articuló la lucha contra la poliomielitis y las secuelas que dejaba la enfermedad en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Se narra cómo dicha lucha exigió que algunos ortopedistas, como Alfonso Tohen Zamudio, Alejandro Velasco Zimbrón, Juan Farill y Luis Sierra Rojas, aplicaran técnicas quirúrgicas ideadas por ellos y se diera la invención de aparatos ortopédicos que ocuparon un lugar fundamental en la estrategia terapéutica de la poliomielitis al preservar la marcha segura, prevenir o disminuir deformidades y reducir la fatiga. El hospital no tardó en convertirse en el centro de concentración obligado y único para los niños enfermos de poliomielitis procedentes de todo el país, al crear una sala para atender los casos agudos.
Abstract This article studies how the fight against poliomyelitis and the sequelae left by the disease was articulated in the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez and shows how this fight required some orthopedists, such as Alfonso Tohen Zamudio, Alejandro Velasco Zimbrón, Juan Farill, and Luis Sierra Rojas, to apply surgical techniques devised by them, as well as the invention of orthopedic devices that occupied a fundamental place in the therapeutic strategy of poliomyelitis by preserving a safe gait, avoiding falls, preventing or reducing deformities, and reducing fatigue. The hospital soon became the obligatory and only concentration center for children with polio from all over the country by creating a ward to attend to acute cases.
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The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. The sediment samples were obtained from a priority area for the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico. FAs were extracted and purified using modifications to the International Humic Substances Society method. The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. Twelve substructures were proposed by the COSY and HSQC experiments, correlating with compounds likely belonging to lignin derivatives obtained from soils as previously reported. The analysis of spectra obtained by HPLC-ESI-MS indicated likely presence of compounds chemically similar to that of the substructures elucidated by NMR. FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides.
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Microorganisms living on marine macroalgal surfaces require enzyme repertoires to metabolize macroalgal-synthesized compounds. These enzymes are biological catalysts which have specific functional properties for biotechnological applications. Here, we raise awareness on the set of enzyme categories produced by the Bacillus altidudinis strain 19_A, isolated from the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca, as revealed by the analysis of its complete genome sequence. The genome of B. altitudinis strain 19_A is â¼3.7 Mb long, has a G + C content of 41.2 %, and contains a total of 3,967 protein-coding genes. Our predictive analysis revealed that these genes encode proteases, lipases, esterases, and enzymes involved in the synthesis, degradation, and modification of carbohydrates. This enzyme repertoire may have promising biotechnological and industrial applications.
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Resumen Introducción: el 12 de marzo del 2020 Honduras reporto el primer caso de COVID-19 producida por el SARS-CoV-2. A partir de ese momento, se adoptan medidas para ralentizar el contagio. Para junio 2020, se reportan casos en la mayoría de los municipios. Con el objetivo de identificar la presencia y circulación del SARS-CoV-2 y caracterizar e identificar sintomatología sugerente de COVID-19 en la población se realiza el presente estudio. Metodología: Se trató de un estudio descriptivo tipo transversal, bajo enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo utilizando el método de muestreo por lote. La población de estudio fueron los habitantes de municipios en los cuales no se reportaban oficialmente casos activos de COVID-19. Se recolectaron datos mediante encuesta electrónica y se aplicaron pruebas rápidas de detección de anticuerpos (IgG e IgM). Resultados: se encuestó y realizó pruebas a 792 personas de 41 municipios del país. La positividad de contacto se encontró en el 6.2 % (49/792). De estos, el 55.1 % (27/49) son hombres. Los grupos de edad con menor cantidad de pruebas de contacto positivo por COVID-19 fueron entre los 10-19 años (3/49) y mayores de 60 años (6/49). El cuadro clínico consistió en fiebre, disminución del apetito, dificultad respiratoria y pérdida del gusto y olfato. El 49.2 % (32/49) fueron asintomáticos. Conclusiones: Se demostró que hubo circulación del virus en la población de municipios en donde no se notificaron casos activos, 96 días después del primer caso confirmado en el país. La detección de anticuerpos específicos del virus podría ser importante en encuestas para infección asintomática en zonas donde el contacto es esperado.
Abstract Introduction: In Honduras on March 12, 2020, the first case of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 was reported. From that moment on, a series of measures were adopted to slow down contact throughout the country. By June 2020, cases are reported across the whole country. With the objective of identifying the presence and circulation of SARS-CoV-2, characterizing and identifying suggestive symptoms of COVID-19 in the population, the present study was carried out. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, using a quantitative and qualitative approach, using the LQAS sampling method. The study population was the inhabitants of the identified municipalities, with no current circulation data for SARS-CoV-2 or the municipalities whose last confirmed case was 21 days ago. The data was collected through an electronic survey, it was possible to apply rapid antibody detection tests (IgG and IgM). Results: 792 people from 41 municipalities of the country were surveyed and tested. Positivity of contact was found in 6.2% (49/792). Of these, 55.1% (27/49) are men. 61.2% (30/49) are between 20 and 49 years old. The clinical symptoms found were fever, decreased appetite, respiratory distress, and loss of taste and smell, the 49.2% (32/49) without symptoms. Conclusions: virus circulation was demonstrated in the population of municipalities in which no cases were officially reported and after 96 days of the first confirmed case in the country. Detection of virus-specific antibodies could be important in surveys for asymptomatic infection in areas where contact is expected.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Teste Sorológico para COVID-19 , COVID-19 , HondurasRESUMO
El exilio de republicanos españoles marca uno de los momentos de intercambio cultural más importantes entre México y España. La propuesta de este artículo es analizar la llegada de médicos españoles a tierras mexicanas, las causas que motivaron su salida y sus contribuciones más significativas en el campo de la medicina mexicana. Rafael Méndez, Dionisio Nieto, Isaac Costero, Ramón Álvarez y José Puche fueron cinco de los médicos que más destacaron en el campo de la medicina por sus enseñanzas e investigaciones tras un ciclo de actividad bélica por los campos de Europa. Asimismo, contribuyeron a la formación de nuevas generaciones de investigadores y académicos de la Universidad Nacional de México y de otras instituciones educativas del país.The Spanish republican exile marks one of the most important moments of cultural exchange between Mexico and Spain. The proposal of this article is to analyze the arrival of these Spanish in Mexican lands, the causes that motivated their departure, as well as their most significant contributions in the field of Mexican medicine. Rafael Méndez, Dionisio Nieto, Isaac Costero, Ramón Álvarez and José Puche were five of the physicians who most stood out in the field of medicine for their teachings and research after a cycle of war activity in the fields of Europe. Likewise, as they contributed to the training of new generations of researches and academics from the National University of Mexico and others educational institutions on the country.
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Medicina , México , Nigéria , EspanhaRESUMO
Introducción: El desempeño de los institutos superiores tecnológicos depende en última instancia de su capital humano, con las competencias requeridas para garantizar el desempeño exitoso del proceso educativo. Objetivo: Exponer las competencias docentes que se necesitan en la actualidad para dar respuesta a las demandas de la formación superior tecnológica en Ecuador. Desarrollo: En la actualidad se han producido cambios importantes en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, de forma que se priorizan los enfoques centrados en el estudiante y un amplio uso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, así como las exigencias de la constante actualización en los saberes y habilidades de tecnólogo superior en la profesión específica. Asimismo, el desarrollo profesional y el desempeño exitoso de la institución educativa también demanda que los docentes posean competencias relacionadas no solo con la docencia, sino también con el resto de las funciones universitarias como: la investigación, la vinculación con la sociedad y la gestión de la institución educativa. En respuesta a estas demandas, los docentes de los institutos superiores tecnológicos deben adquirir competencias específicas para las cuatro funciones: docencia, investigación, vinculación con la sociedad y gestión. Conclusiones: Los institutos superiores tecnológicos deben realizar adecuadas estrategias de gestión de su capital humano, que posibiliten la obtención de las competencias necesarias para el desarrollo de la carrera profesional de los docentes, y, sobre esta base, contribuir al éxito sostenido de estas instituciones en respuesta a las demandas de la sociedad ecuatoriana(AU)
Introduction: The functioning of higher technological institutes ultimately depends on their human capital, as far as they possess the competencies required for guaranteeing the successful advance of the educational process. Objective: To show the teaching competencies currently needed to respond to the demands of higher technological training in Ecuador. Development: Currently, there have been important changes in the teaching-learning process, in such a way that student-centered approaches, as well as a wide use of information and communication technologies, are prioritized, together with the demands of continuous updating regarding the knowledge and skills of a graduate technologist for the specific profession. Also, professional development and the successful functioning of any educational institution demand that professors possess competencies related not only to teaching, but also to the rest of the university functions, such as research, society outreach and management of the educational institution. In response to these demands, professors of higher technological institutes must acquire specific competencies for the four functions: teaching, research, connection with society and management. Conclusions: Higher technological institutes must implement adequate strategies for managing their human capital, which make it possible to obtain the necessary competencies for the development of the professional career of professors, and, based on this, contributing to the sustained success of these institutions in response to the demands of the Ecuadorian society(AU)
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Competência Profissional , Ensino/educaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the main factors (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle and health status) associated with high Na excretion in a representative population of Chile. DESIGN: Na excretion (g/d), a valid marker of Na intake, was determined by urine analysis and Tanaka's formulas. Blood pressure was measured by trained staff and derived from the mean of three readings recorded after 15 min rest. The associations of Na excretion with blood pressure and the primary correlates of high Na excretion were determined using logistic regression. SETTING: Chileans aged ≥15 years.ParticipantsParticipants (n 2913) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010. RESULTS: Individuals aged 25 years or over, those who were obese and those who had hypertension, diabetes or metabolic syndrome were more likely to have higher Na excretion. The odds for hypertension increased by 10·2 % per 0·4 g/d increment in Na excretion (OR=1·10; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·14; P < 0·0001). These findings were independent of major confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Age, sex, adiposity, sitting behaviours and existing co-morbidities such as diabetes were associated with higher Na excretion levels in the Chilean population. These findings could help policy makers to implement public health strategies tailored towards individuals who are more likely to consume high levels of dietary salt.
Assuntos
Hipertensão , Sódio/urina , Adulto , Idoso , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/urina , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Virtual reality (VR) pain distraction has been applied across medical, surgical, and behavioral healthcare domains, marking a shift in pain attenuation practices. However, there is little research that has been performed to compare the efficacy of traditional head-mounted displays (HMDs) versus portable VR devices. The present study evaluated 44 outpatients in need of lipoma resection. Randomized into two groups-HMD versus mobile phone VR-participants navigated pain distraction virtual environments while undergoing surgery. Vital signs and subjective pain measurements via a visual analog scale were taken before, during, and after the surgery. Results indicate that the HMD group reported greater pain reduction than the Mobile group. Overall, this study points to the efficacy of nonpharmacological pain attenuation practices. Although both systems reduced pain during surgery, the clinically validated VR environments seen in the HMD group were more effective. This study does show that inexpensive solutions can work in surgical settings. Future research should be performed to identify the most effective VR pain distraction systems.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ambulatórios , Telefone Celular , Manejo da Dor , Realidade Virtual , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ambulatórios/efeitos adversos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ambulatórios/métodos , Humanos , Lipoma/cirurgia , Manejo da Dor/instrumentação , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Medição da DorRESUMO
Se analiza el desarrollo de la estadística médica centrada en las causas de muerte y las enfermedades infantiles entre 1860 y 1929 en Santiago de Chile, evidenciando los criterios aplicados para clasificar estas últimas. Para ello se parte de la hipótesis de que la acumulación de conocimiento burocrático y médico modificó de modo gradual la comprensión de ambos fenómenos. En efecto, en base a documentación primaria, principalmente el Anuario Estadístico de la República de Chile, se aborda el cambio histórico de las definiciones de las enfermedades, la cientificidad de los diagnósticos y las dificultades para implementar el sistema de Bertillón. Ello permitió detectar algunas representaciones conceptuales construidas hacia las enfermedades por los médicos y estadísticos. Las conclusiones destacan mejoras técnico-laborales de ambos funcionarios del Estado durante los últimos años del periodo, las que favorecieron la obtención de datos más fiables sobre la mortalidad y sanidad infantil, sentando las bases del «giro pediátrico» de la medicina chilena de los años treinta y posteriores.
Assuntos
Estatísticas de Saúde , Mortalidade Infantil , Doença , Diagnóstico da Situação de Saúde , História do Século XXRESUMO
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are considered alternative materials for the design of advanced drug and gene delivery vectors. However, the mechanism responsible for the cellular membrane intake of CNTs is not well understood. In the present study, we show how multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) owning different surface properties, interact with giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), a simple model system for cellular membranes. In particular, we want to address the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions between MWCNTs and lipid membranes and the subsequent mechanical properties changes of the systems. In order to elucidate this interaction, we made the following chemical modifications on MWCNTs: oxidized MWCNTs (ox-MWCNTs) displaying reduced hydrophobic surface character, pristine MWCNTs (p-MWCNTs), and alkyl functionalized MWCNTs (alk-MWCNTs) exhibiting enhanced hydrophobic surface properties, were put in contact with GUVs and observed by confocal microscopy. Our observations revealed that the interaction between the CNTs and GUVs depends on the type of chemical functionalization: ox-MWCNTs remain at the membrane interacting with the polar head of the phospholipids, p-MWCNTs internalize GUVs spontaneously, and alk-MWCNTs persist inside the membrane. The mechanical properties of MWCNTs@GUVs systems were measured using the electrodeformation method, which shows an increased bending stiffness (κ) of the GUVs as MWCNTs concentration increases. High concentrations of p-MWCNTs and alk-MWCNTs induced vesicle adhesion; p-MWCNTs produced a considerable reduction in the average size of the GUVs, while alk-MWCNTs form complex stable structures inside the membrane. The statistical analyses of the experimental results are compared with available computer simulations. The picture emerging from our results is that the interaction between GUVs and MWCNTs is due mainly to hydrophobicity.