RESUMO
This study reviews the data available on the distribution of three-banded armadillos of the genus Tolypeutes, identifying potential geographic barriers and evaluating possible biogeographic processes that may account for the present-day distribution of the species and its conservation status. The database was derived from published records, interviews, and voucher specimens, over a timescale ranging from the fossil record to specimens collected in 2013. A total of 236 localities were recorded, with 68 attributed to Tolypeutes matacus and 168 to Tolypeutes tricinctus. The vegetation within the range of the genus is predominantly a xerophytic mosaic of grassland, savannas, open woodland, and xeric thorn forest. The marine transgressions of the Miocene and the uplifting of the Brazilian Shield may have contributed to the vicariant separation of the ancestral populations of T. matacus, to the west and south, and T. tricinctus, to the north and east. The three-banded armadillo is possibly one of the most threatened of Brazilian mammals, considering the low number of recent records and the fact that it is hunted intensively throughout its range.
Assuntos
Distribuição Animal/fisiologia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Xenarthra/fisiologia , Animais , América do SulRESUMO
The genus Artibeus represents a highly diverse group of bats from the Neotropical region, with four large species occurring in Brazil. In this paper, a comparative cytogenetic study was carried out on the species Artibeus obscurus Schinz, 1821, Artibeus fimbriatus Gray, 1838, Artibeus lituratus Olfers, 1818 and Artibeus planirostris Spix, 1823 that live sympatrically in the northeast of Brazil, through C-banding, silver staining and DNA-specific fluorochromes (CMA3 and DAPI). All the species had karyotypes with 2n=30,XX and 2n=31,XY1Y2, and FN=56. C-banding showed constitutive heterochromatin (CH) blocks in the pericentromeric regions of all the chromosomes and small CH blocks at the terminal region of pairs 5, 6, and 7 for all species. Notably, our C-banding data revealed species-specific autosomic CH blocks for each taxon, as well as different heterochromatic constitution of Y2 chromosomes of Artibeus planirostris. Ag-NORs were observed in the short arms of chromosomes 5, 6 and 7 in all species. The sequential staining AgNO3/CMA3/DA/DAPI indicated a positive association of CH with Ag-NORs and positive CMA3 signals, thus reflecting GC-richness in these regions in Artibeus obscurus and Artibeus fimbriatus. In this work it was possible to identify interespecific divergences in the Brazilian large Artibeus species using C-banding it was possible provided a suitable tool in the cytotaxonomic differentiation of this genus.
RESUMO
The state of Paraiba includes part of two large biomes, the Atlantic Forest and the Caatinga. Therefore a considerable diversity of bat species is expected. The purpose of this paper is to communicate the first list of species of bats recorded for this state based on the scientific collections of the UFPB and UFPE. Considering the data already available in the literature and the 25 species recorded for the first time in this work, the bat fauna of Paraiba reaches 53 species. However, there are still large sampling gaps in the caatinga of the state. The diversity of bats in Paraiba compared to that of Pernambuco is lower. Fifty-one species of bats recorded in Paraiba also occur in Pernambuco, another 18 species were registered only in Pernambuco and two species occur only in Paraiba.
A Paraíba inclui parte de dois grandes biomas, a Caatinga e a Floresta Atlântica. Espera-se por isso uma considerável diversidade de espécies de morcegos. O objetivo deste trabalho é comunicar a primeira lista das espécies de quirópteros registrados para o estado com base em coleções científicas da UFPB e UFPE. Considerando os dados já disponíveis na literatura e as 25 espécies registradas pela primeira vez no presente trabalho, a quiropterofauna da Paraíba totaliza 53 espécies. Contudo, há ainda grandes lacunas amostrais na caatinga do estado. A diversidade de morcegos da Paraíba comparada com a do estado de Pernambuco é mais baixa. Cinqüenta e uma espécies de quirópteros registradas na Paraíba ocorrem também no estado de Pernambuco, outras 18 foram registradas apenas em Pernambuco e duas apenas na Paraíba.
RESUMO
The state of Paraiba includes part of two large biomes, the Atlantic Forest and the Caatinga. Therefore a considerable diversity of bat species is expected. The purpose of this paper is to communicate the first list of species of bats recorded for this state based on the scientific collections of the UFPB and UFPE. Considering the data already available in the literature and the 25 species recorded for the first time in this work, the bat fauna of Paraiba reaches 53 species. However, there are still large sampling gaps in the caatinga of the state. The diversity of bats in Paraiba compared to that of Pernambuco is lower. Fifty-one species of bats recorded in Paraiba also occur in Pernambuco, another 18 species were registered only in Pernambuco and two species occur only in Paraiba.
A Paraíba inclui parte de dois grandes biomas, a Caatinga e a Floresta Atlântica. Espera-se por isso uma considerável diversidade de espécies de morcegos. O objetivo deste trabalho é comunicar a primeira lista das espécies de quirópteros registrados para o estado com base em coleções científicas da UFPB e UFPE. Considerando os dados já disponíveis na literatura e as 25 espécies registradas pela primeira vez no presente trabalho, a quiropterofauna da Paraíba totaliza 53 espécies. Contudo, há ainda grandes lacunas amostrais na caatinga do estado. A diversidade de morcegos da Paraíba comparada com a do estado de Pernambuco é mais baixa. Cinqüenta e uma espécies de quirópteros registradas na Paraíba ocorrem também no estado de Pernambuco, outras 18 foram registradas apenas em Pernambuco e duas apenas na Paraíba.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to reevaluate the diagnostic characters of the fourspecies of the subgenus Artibeus, A. fimbriatus, A. lituratus, A. obscurus, and A. planirostris, that occurs inParaíba and Pernambuco States, Brazil, describing the inter-specific variation in the material available in thecollections of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba and Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. A total of 254specimens were examined, 12 of A. fimbriatus, 41 of A. lituratus, 35 of A. obscurus and 166 of A. planirostris.For each species, descriptions of external characters and skull are supplied as well as eight cranial measurementsthat express the differences among the species observed with naked eye. With the discriminant canonicalanalysis, the four species can be distinguished. Mahalanobis distances showed a larger similarity between A.planirostris and A. obscurus as well as between A. fimbriatus and A. lituratus. The largest distance was observedbetween the last two species and A. obscurus. We conclude that in Paraíba and Pernambuco occurred fourspecies of the subgenus Artibeus that may be distinguished morphologically as well as through multivariateanalyses.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma reavaliação dos caracteres diagnósticos das quatro espécies de grande porte do gênero Artibeus: A. fimbriatus, A. lituratus, A. obscurus e A. planirostris, que ocorrem em Paraíba e Pernambuco, Brasil, estudando a variação interespecífica do material disponível nas coleções da Universidade Federal da Paraíba e da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Foram examinados 254 exemplares, 12 de A. fimbriatus, 41 de A. lituratus, 35 de A. obscurus e 166 de A. planirostris. Para cada uma das espécies são fornecidas descrições de caracteres externos e do crânio bem como oito medidas cranianas que expressaram as diferenças entre as espécies observáveis a olho nu. Pela análise discriminante canônica, pôde-se separar as quatro espécies. A distância de Mahalanobis mostrou que existe uma maior semelhança entre A. planirostris e A. obscurus, bem como entre A. fimbriatus e A. lituratus. A maior distância se deu entre estas duas últimas espécies e A. obscurus. Podemos concluir que na Paraíba e em Pernambuco existem quatro espécies do subgênero Artibeus que são distinguíveis tanto morfologicamente como através de análise multivariada.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to reevaluate the diagnostic characters of the fourspecies of the subgenus Artibeus, A. fimbriatus, A. lituratus, A. obscurus, and A. planirostris, that occurs inParaíba and Pernambuco States, Brazil, describing the inter-specific variation in the material available in thecollections of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba and Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. A total of 254specimens were examined, 12 of A. fimbriatus, 41 of A. lituratus, 35 of A. obscurus and 166 of A. planirostris.For each species, descriptions of external characters and skull are supplied as well as eight cranial measurementsthat express the differences among the species observed with naked eye. With the discriminant canonicalanalysis, the four species can be distinguished. Mahalanobis distances showed a larger similarity between A.planirostris and A. obscurus as well as between A. fimbriatus and A. lituratus. The largest distance was observedbetween the last two species and A. obscurus. We conclude that in Paraíba and Pernambuco occurred fourspecies of the subgenus Artibeus that may be distinguished morphologically as well as through multivariateanalyses.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma reavaliação dos caracteres diagnósticos das quatro espécies de grande porte do gênero Artibeus: A. fimbriatus, A. lituratus, A. obscurus e A. planirostris, que ocorrem em Paraíba e Pernambuco, Brasil, estudando a variação interespecífica do material disponível nas coleções da Universidade Federal da Paraíba e da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Foram examinados 254 exemplares, 12 de A. fimbriatus, 41 de A. lituratus, 35 de A. obscurus e 166 de A. planirostris. Para cada uma das espécies são fornecidas descrições de caracteres externos e do crânio bem como oito medidas cranianas que expressaram as diferenças entre as espécies observáveis a olho nu. Pela análise discriminante canônica, pôde-se separar as quatro espécies. A distância de Mahalanobis mostrou que existe uma maior semelhança entre A. planirostris e A. obscurus, bem como entre A. fimbriatus e A. lituratus. A maior distância se deu entre estas duas últimas espécies e A. obscurus. Podemos concluir que na Paraíba e em Pernambuco existem quatro espécies do subgênero Artibeus que são distinguíveis tanto morfologicamente como através de análise multivariada.
RESUMO
The sigmodontine South American rodent genus Oligoryzomys was first described as a subgenus of the genus Oryzomys to group together species distinguished by morphological measurements. To describe the dispersion patterns of this genus in South America, in this study, a total of 100 sequences were analyzed and compared with sequences of 9 Oligoryzomys species from GenBank. The sequences comprised 90 mitochondrial cytochrome b genes and 10 nuclear interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein genes, from 75 individuals of 7 species from 27 localities. Topologies of different phylogenetic trees revealed Oligoryzomys as a monophyletic genus containing 2 main species groups, one designated as the "Amazon-Cerrado" assemblage and the second as the "Pampa-Andean" clade. The north-to-south geographic pattern observed supports the hypothesis that the genus started from the northern Andes, occupied the Amazon and the Cerrado, and later inhabited the more southern regions of South America.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Sigmodontinae/genética , Animais , Citocromos b/genética , DNA Mitocondrial , Evolução Molecular , Genética Populacional , Geografia , Sigmodontinae/classificação , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
This study analyzes data on the biology of sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, obtained between 1965 and 1980 by the COPESBRA at the Costinha Whaling Station, Paraíba, Brazil. The data come from the log books of the whaling ships and from the spreadsheets containing biological information filled out by employees of the SUDEPE at the flensing plan of the whaling station. The catches occurred from June to December, in an area delimited by 06º22'-07º52'S and 33º26'-34º58'W. A total of 641 sperm whales were killed in this period. The average sex ratio was 2.05 females to each male. The mean largest frequency of females was recorded in the first and the last months of the season, and that of males in July/August. The mean total length (TL) of males was 11.4 m (minimum 7.2 m, maximum 17.6 m). The females had a mean TL of 10.1 m (minimum 8.6 m, maximum 12.9 m). A decrease was observed in the TL of females along the years. Fetuses were observed in 8.3% of the catches. They had TL between 0.24 and 4.3 m. All sperm whales had food in their stomachs, showing that they feed in the area. As in other places north to the 40ºS, there was a higher frequency of females than males. The difference between the time of maximum catch of males and females may reflect a temporal segregation in the arrival of sperm whales in the area. The reproductive activity of sperm whales in these tropical waters occurs year-round.
RESUMO
This study analyzes data on the biology of sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, obtained between 1965 and 1980 by the COPESBRA at the Costinha Whaling Station, Paraíba, Brazil. The data come from the log books of the whaling ships and from the spreadsheets containing biological information filled out by employees of the SUDEPE at the flensing plan of the whaling station. The catches occurred from June to December, in an area delimited by 06º22'-07º52'S and 33º26'-34º58'W. A total of 641 sperm whales were killed in this period. The average sex ratio was 2.05 females to each male. The mean largest frequency of females was recorded in the first and the last months of the season, and that of males in July/August. The mean total length (TL) of males was 11.4 m (minimum 7.2 m, maximum 17.6 m). The females had a mean TL of 10.1 m (minimum 8.6 m, maximum 12.9 m). A decrease was observed in the TL of females along the years. Fetuses were observed in 8.3% of the catches. They had TL between 0.24 and 4.3 m. All sperm whales had food in their stomachs, showing that they feed in the area. As in other places north to the 40ºS, there was a higher frequency of females than males. The difference between the time of maximum catch of males and females may reflect a temporal segregation in the arrival of sperm whales in the area. The reproductive activity of sperm whales in these tropical waters occurs year-round.
RESUMO
This study analyzes data on the biology of sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, obtained between 1965 and 1980 by the COPESBRA at the Costinha Whaling Station, Paraíba, Brazil. The data come from the log books of the whaling ships and from the spreadsheets containing biological information filled out by employees of the SUDEPE at the flensing plan of the whaling station. The catches occurred from June to December, in an area delimited by 06º22'-07º52'S and 33º26'-34º58'W. A total of 641 sperm whales were killed in this period. The average sex ratio was 2.05 females to each male. The mean largest frequency of females was recorded in the first and the last months of the season, and that of males in July/August. The mean total length (TL) of males was 11.4 m (minimum 7.2 m, maximum 17.6 m). The females had a mean TL of 10.1 m (minimum 8.6 m, maximum 12.9 m). A decrease was observed in the TL of females along the years. Fetuses were observed in 8.3% of the catches. They had TL between 0.24 and 4.3 m. All sperm whales had food in their stomachs, showing that they feed in the area. As in other places north to the 40ºS, there was a higher frequency of females than males. The difference between the time of maximum catch of males and females may reflect a temporal segregation in the arrival of sperm whales in the area. The reproductive activity of sperm whales in these tropical waters occurs year-round.
RESUMO
A new molecular phylogeny for akodontine rodents from Brazil was proposed. The phylogenetic tree was enriched with the area of occurrence and with information on the karyotype of the samples. Based on this enriched tree, and with a described methodology, hypotheses were proposed on the karyotype and area of occurrence of the ancestors of each Clade. Thus it was possible to discuss hypotheses on chromosome evolution of the group, and on dispersion events from the "area of original differentiation" of akodontines in the Andes. Chromosome evolution started with high diploid numbers (2n=52) and showed a tendency to reduction (until 2n=14 in more recent clades). Independent side-branches of the tree showed 2n reduction and in one case the 2n increased. At least four dispersion events from the Andes down to South-eastern Brazil were proposed. The results should suggest the direction of new studies on comparative karyology.
Uma nova filogenia molecular para roedores akodontinos do Brasil é proposta. A árvore filogenética foi enriquecida com a área de ocorrência e com informações sobre o cariótipo das amostras. Baseado nisto, e com a metodologia descrita, foram propostas hipóteses sobre as características do cariótipo e sobre a área de ocorrência dos ancestrais de cada clado. Assim, foi possível discutir hipóteses sobre evolução cromossômica do grupo, e sobre eventos de dispersão a partir da área de diferenciação original dos akodontinos nos Andes. A evolução cromossômica começou com números diplóides altos (2n=52) e mostrou uma tendência a redução (até 2n=14 em clados mais recentes). Ramos independentes da árvore mostraram redução do 2n e num caso aumentou o numero diplóide. Foram propostos pelo menos quatro eventos de dispersão dos Andes até o Brasil Sul-Oriental. Os resultados indicam a direção de novos estudos em cariologia comparada.
RESUMO
A new molecular phylogeny for akodontine rodents from Brazil was proposed. The phylogenetic tree was enriched with the area of occurrence and with information on the karyotype of the samples. Based on this enriched tree, and with a described methodology, hypotheses were proposed on the karyotype and area of occurrence of the ancestors of each Clade. Thus it was possible to discuss hypotheses on chromosome evolution of the group, and on dispersion events from the "area of original differentiation" of akodontines in the Andes. Chromosome evolution started with high diploid numbers (2n=52) and showed a tendency to reduction (until 2n=14 in more recent clades). Independent side-branches of the tree showed 2n reduction and in one case the 2n increased. At least four dispersion events from the Andes down to South-eastern Brazil were proposed. The results should suggest the direction of new studies on comparative karyology.
Uma nova filogenia molecular para roedores akodontinos do Brasil é proposta. A árvore filogenética foi enriquecida com a área de ocorrência e com informações sobre o cariótipo das amostras. Baseado nisto, e com a metodologia descrita, foram propostas hipóteses sobre as características do cariótipo e sobre a área de ocorrência dos ancestrais de cada clado. Assim, foi possível discutir hipóteses sobre evolução cromossômica do grupo, e sobre eventos de dispersão a partir da área de diferenciação original dos akodontinos nos Andes. A evolução cromossômica começou com números diplóides altos (2n=52) e mostrou uma tendência a redução (até 2n=14 em clados mais recentes). Ramos independentes da árvore mostraram redução do 2n e num caso aumentou o numero diplóide. Foram propostos pelo menos quatro eventos de dispersão dos Andes até o Brasil Sul-Oriental. Os resultados indicam a direção de novos estudos em cariologia comparada.
RESUMO
In this study, the geographic patterns of genetic variation of three rodent species belonging to the tribe Oryzomyini were investigated using the mitochondrial cytochrome b and nuclear IRBP genes in biomes that are undergoing degradation processes to a greater or lesser degree. The samples are from 25 collecting localities distributed throughout the Amazon, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa biomes. The results show that the three species have a population and geographic structure, besides being in demographic equilibrium. The phylogenetic analyses performed on Euryoryzomys russatus and Hylaeamys megacephalus showed these specimens grouped in three distinct clades forming geographic gradients (North-South direction in H. megacephalus). Intraspecific genetic divergence was higher in H. megacephalus (4.53%), followed by E. russatus (1.79%), and lowest in Sooretamys angouya (0.88%). The results obtained indicate that, necessarily, the management strategies to preserve genetic diversity should be different for each species, since each of them presented specific population parameters.
Assuntos
Citocromos c/genética , Proteínas do Olho/genética , Filogenia , Proteínas de Ligação ao Retinol/genética , Roedores/genética , Animais , América do Sul , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Chromosome preparations of 30 specimens of Oryzomys subflavus trapped in eight Brazilian localities were C-, and G-banded and analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Two karyotypes were found, 2n = 50/FN = 64, at three coastal localities of the Atlantic Forest domain, and 2n = 58/FN = 70 at two sites located in the Cerrado biome, Brazil Central. Two fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) patterns of the telomeric sequence (T2AG3)n were observed: in both karyotypes the probes hybridized to the telomeres of all chromosomes and also a hybridization signal in the centromeric regions of two autosome pairs was seen in the 2n = 50 karyotype. These results, together with the occurrence of other diploid numbers described in the literature, suggest that 0. subflavus is a complex species, bearing fusion/fission rearrangements proper to the different biomes which it inhabits.