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PURPOSE: To examine the differences in mental health problems by sexual orientation and gender identity in first-year university students in Chile during the pandemic. METHODS: 7,213 first-year students aged 18 years and older from five universities participated as part of the World Mental Health - International College Student initiative in Chile. Students completed an online self-report survey between 2020 and 2021 that included measures of lifetime and 12-month major depressive episode, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bipolar disorder, drug abuse/dependence, alcohol dependence, non-suicidal self-injuries, and suicidal risk. Prevalence of mental health problems were estimated and the differences by sexual orientation and gender identity were examined using logistic and multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS: Between 84.1% and 98% of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBT+) students screened positive for at least one lifetime mental health problem and between 67.6% and 90.6% for two or more problems. For most outcomes, non-heterosexual (Odds Ratio [OR] between 1.25 and 7.00) and trans and gender nonconforming students (OR between 1.72 and 5.81) had significantly higher odds of positive screening for lifetime mental health problems than heterosexual and cisgender students, respectively. Similar results were observed for 12-month mental health problems. CONCLUSION: The results show differences in the prevalence of mental health problems in LGBT+ university students in Chile, which are consistent with those found in other countries. These results may be useful for planning interventions to improve the mental health of LGBT+ students.
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BACKGROUND: Experiential avoidance (EA) is a psychological mechanism associated with several mental health disorders and is regarded as a relevant target by third-generation cognitive behavioral therapies. It has been mainly assessed through self-report questionnaires, and the AAQ-II is the most used tool. Its psychometric evidence has been mostly tested through the classical test theory (CTT) and very scarcely assessed through Item Response Theory (IRT). METHODS: We used the Graded Response Model to examine its psychometric properties in Spanish-speaking university students (n = 1503; women = 995 (66.2%), mean age = 19.29, SD = 2.45). We tested whether the empirical data fit the model's predictions and estimated the dispersion of persons and items along the experiential avoidance continuum. Moreover, we examined category probability curves to identify the response probability of each answer. Likewise, an item-person map was made where the measurement of persons and items, both on the same scale and along the experiential avoidance continuum, could be observed jointly. Finally, we tested the gender invariance of the scale. RESULTS: We found that the values of the individuals and the items were in the established range to be considered an adequate measure of EA. Additionally, we observed high discrimination indices for all items. The current version with seven answer options could not be optimal and should be tested in future studies. Finally, we found evidence of differential functioning by gender in one of the seven items of the instrument. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the AAQ-II is a suitable tool for measuring EA and accurately classifying and differentiating EA levels in university students.
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Estudantes , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Psicometria , Chile , Universidades , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is a global agreement in the medical community that a significant proportion of dementia cases could be prevented or postponed. One of the factors behind this agreement comes from scientific evidence showing that mind-body interventions such as mindfulness and yoga for the elderly have been related to a range of positive outcomes, including improved cognition performance in seniors with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a yoga-based mindfulness intervention (YBM) versus psychoeducational sessions for older adults with MCI attending Hospital Clinic Universidad de Chile in Santiago. METHOD: Two-arm, individually randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be carried out at Clinical Hospital Universidad de Chile in Santiago. Older people over 60 years with any type of MCI using a score < 21 in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test and a score of 0.05 in the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale; and with preserved activities of daily living will be randomly assigned with an allocation ratio of 1:1 in either the yoga-based mindfulness intervention or the active control group based on the psycho-educational program. People who have performed yoga and/or mindfulness in the last 6 months or/and people with a psychiatric clinical diagnosis will be excluded from the study. Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL), the Barthel Index (BI), the Pemberton happiness index, the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) as well as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-5) will be administered by blinded outcomes assessors before random assignment (Pre-test), the week following the last session of the intervention (post-test), and then after 3- and 6-months follow-up. RESULTS: The YBM intervention protocol based on a video recording has been adapted and designed. This is the first RCT to examine the effects of a yoga-based mindfulness intervention in improving cognitive and physical functions and mental health outcomes for Chilean elderly diagnosed with MCI. It is expected to be implemented as an acceptable and effective non-pharmacological option for older people with MCI. CONCLUSION: Providing evidence-based programs such as preventive therapy for Alzheimer's disease has relevant implications for public mental health services in Chile.
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Disfunção Cognitiva , Atenção Plena , Yoga , Humanos , Idoso , Disfunção Cognitiva/prevenção & controle , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Cognição , Testes de Estado Mental e Demência , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
Psychotic experiences (PEs) are prevalent in the general population, particularly in adolescents. PEs are associated with various negative outcomes such as psychotic, depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorders and suicidal behavior. Recent studies in the general population have suggested that what makes PEs relevant is not so much the experiences per se, but their association with non-psychotic comorbidity and other transdiagnostic domains. Thus, there is a need for a better understanding of how PEs exist in a larger psychopathological context in adolescents. In the present study we aimed to explore this, using latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify different patterns in which PEs, psychiatric symptoms and psychological processes co-occur. LPA was conducted using data from an adolescent general population subsample (n = 335) with PEs. We conducted LPA, using measures of PEs, psychiatric symptoms and behaviors (depression, anxiety post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior) and cognitive and affective processes of entrapment/defeat and emotional regulation as manifest variables. We found that the best fit was obtained with a four-class solution that distinguished primarily between different levels of overall severity: "low symptomatology" (19.1%), "mild-moderate symptomatology" (39.4%), "moderate symptomatology" (33.7%); "high symptomatology" (7.8%). Levels of depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms and defeat/entrapment were most differentiated between classes. The high symptomatology group showed the highest scores in all psychiatric symptoms suicidal ideation, and emotional/cognitive domains, except in cognitive reappraisal. This group also showed the highest usage of emotional suppression. Our results suggest that the assessment of mental health risk in adolescents should be aware that PEs exist in a broad context of other domains of psychopathology and transdiagnostic cognitive and affective processes.
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A growing body of evidence has portrayed mindfulness as a useful tool for dealing with a broad range of psychological problems and disorders. This has created the impression that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) can be used to treat nearly all psychological difficulties, in all cases. Nonetheless, little research has been done on how individual differences may contribute to intervention outcomes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of baseline mindfulness on participants' outcomes by examining three prior Randomized Controlled Trials that addressed the impact of MBIs on mental health and mindfulness measures. The participants were 164 people, aged between 12 and 45, from both clinical and non-clinical samples. Our findings indicate that at least two thirds of the change produced by these interventions in terms of mindfulness scores can be predicted by the baseline scores of the same variables. We also found that many trajectories are not only strongly influenced by the initial status of the participants, but also by the intervention performed, as attested to by the significant interactions found. These results stress the need to continue doing research in a way that considers the diversity of participants' trajectories, increasing the room for intervention improvements aligned with a more personalized health care model.
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Depression is one of the most frequent mental health disorders in college students and variations according to social and economic factors have been reported, however, whether social and economic variations also exist in subthreshold depression is still unknown, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of subthreshold depressive episode (SDE) and major depressive episode (MDE) and to examine the association between social and economic factors with SDE and MDE in undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants were 1,577 college students from a university in the south of Chile (64.6% females, 22 years old on average). The participants took an online survey in November 2020 which collected information about social and economic variables, depressive symptoms, and perceived social support. Bivariate and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used. The results showed a high prevalence of SDE (14.3%) and MDE (32.3%) in the sample. Belonging to a social group and perceiving positive social support were the only variables examined that were associated with SDE. Instead, female sex, poorer quintiles, living with other relatives but not parents, economic difficulties due to the pandemic, being a parent, and perceiving positive social support were associated with MDE. Subthreshold and threshold depressive symptoms are frequent in college students, and associations with social and economic factors differ according to the level of such symptoms. These results should be considered in the development of tailored preventive and early interventions for depression in college students.
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COVID-19 , Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/epidemiologia , Fatores Econômicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pandemias , Estudantes/psicologia , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cognition heavily relies on social determinants and genetic background. Latin America comprises approximately 8% of the global population and faces unique challenges, many derived from specific demographic and socioeconomic variables, such as violence and inequality. While such factors have been described to influence mental health outcomes, no large-scale studies with Latin American population have been carried out. Therefore, we aim to describe the cognitive performance of a representative sample of Latin American individuals with schizophrenia and its relationship to clinical factors. Additionally, we aim to investigate how socioeconomic status (SES) relates to cognitive performance in patients and controls. METHODS: We included 1175 participants from five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico): 864 individuals with schizophrenia and 311 unaffected subjects. All participants were part of projects that included cognitive evaluation with MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and clinical assessments. RESULTS: Patients showed worse cognitive performance than controls across all domains. Age and diagnosis were independent predictors, indicating similar trajectories of cognitive aging for both patients and controls. The SES factors of education, parental education, and income were more related to cognition in patients than in controls. Cognition was also influenced by symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS: Patients did not show evidence of accelerated cognitive aging; however, they were most impacted by a lower SES suggestive of deprived environment than controls. These findings highlight the vulnerability of cognitive capacity in individuals with psychosis in face of demographic and socioeconomic factors in low- and middle-income countries.
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Esquizofrenia , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Esquizofrenia/epidemiologia , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , CogniçãoRESUMO
Psychotic experiences are prevalent in the general population and are associated with negative outcomes, including depressive symptoms. The mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear, but new insights could be obtained by exploring the role of transdiagnostic processes such as experiential avoidance, defined as a person's attempts or desires to suppress unwanted internal experiences like thoughts, emotions, memories, or bodily sensations. Studies analyzing the link between negative emotional states and psychotic experiences are scant. We explored the association between a specific kind of psychotic experience (paranoid ideation), experiential avoidance, and depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms in a sample from the general population. We found that experiential avoidance partially mediates the associations between paranoid ideation and stress and anxiety symptoms and that it fully mediates the association between paranoid ideation and depressive symptoms. Our results suggest that the presence of paranoid ideation and the usage of experiential avoidance to cope with it are vulnerability factors associated with psychological distress.
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Transtornos de Ansiedade , Depressão , Adaptação Psicológica , Ansiedade , Depressão/epidemiologia , Emoções , HumanosRESUMO
The application of mindfulness-based interventions in school settings has increased considerably in recent years, showing that differences between the characteristics of programmes can impact on the receptivity and effectiveness of mindfulness training. However, few studies have explored the learning process from the perspective of the children and adolescents who participate in mindfulness practice. The goal of this paper is to analyse the subjective experience of a group of adolescents following the completion of a mindfulness-based intervention developed for schools in Chile. The intervention studied is the ".b curriculum", which is part of the Mindfulness in School Project (MiSP) developed in the UK. Twenty adolescents participated in semi-structured interviews within their school, in which three key areas were explored: pedagogy, perceived effects, and mechanisms of action, each of them being analysed from the perspective of thematic analysis. The results support the view that pedagogy is a very relevant consideration in the implementation, development, and efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions within the school context. We propose that the inclusion of structure, contents, process/mindful practices, and teachers' expertise provides the pedagogical-relational framework required for students to successfully develop mindfulness skills, which enables them to experience their cognitive, emotional, and somatic effects. These effects are linked to self-regulation strategies, based on paying attention to one's somatic experience with kindness and curiosity, which works as an attentional anchor. It is hoped that these results will contribute to the spread of mindfulness research in adolescents in Latin America, thus facilitating cross-cultural and international comparisons.
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Comportamento do Adolescente , Atenção Plena , Adolescente , Chile , Humanos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Instituições Acadêmicas , Estudantes/psicologiaRESUMO
Medical resilience is a dynamic capacity, which has the potential to improve the well-being of physicians and to enhance the quality of the clinical relationship. Strategies to promote resilience are important to achieve a sustainable medical practice and improve patient care. Mindfulness training has demonstrated to be an effective tool to promote resilience in physicians. This paper contextualizes the place of mindfulness in medical practice and describes the ways through which it can contribute to resilience in medicine. The concept of mindfulness, its relationship with health practice is reviewed and the benefits of the practice of mindfulness in the clinical relationship are described. We suggest that the benefits achieved through a mindfulness-based medical practice are mediated by two axes. One is the nonspecific and specific effect of mindfulness-based practices and the other is the integration of explicit and implicit knowledge of clinical practice. We conclude that medical practice that integrates mindfulness can contribute to the challenge of achieving greater levels of individual, staff and institutional resilience. There is a need to have continuing mindfulness training programs for health professionals and to integrate this concept in the curriculum of health care professionals.
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Atenção Plena , Assistência ao Paciente/psicologia , Relações Médico-Paciente , Resiliência Psicológica , Esgotamento Psicológico/psicologia , Empatia , Humanos , Estresse PsicológicoRESUMO
Medical resilience is a dynamic capacity, which has the potential to improve the well-being of physicians and to enhance the quality of the clinical relationship. Strategies to promote resilience are important to achieve a sustainable medical practice and improve patient care. Mindfulness training has demonstrated to be an effective tool to promote resilience in physicians. This paper contextualizes the place of mindfulness in medical practice and describes the ways through which it can contribute to resilience in medicine. The concept of mindfulness, its relationship with health practice is reviewed and the benefits of the practice of mindfulness in the clinical relationship are described. We suggest that the benefits achieved through a mindfulness-based medical practice are mediated by two axes. One is the nonspecific and specific effect of mindfulness-based practices and the other is the integration of explicit and implicit knowledge of clinical practice. We conclude that medical practice that integrates mindfulness can contribute to the challenge of achieving greater levels of individual, staff and institutional resilience. There is a need to have continuing mindfulness training programs for health professionals and to integrate this concept in the curriculum of health care professionals.
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Humanos , Relações Médico-Paciente , Resiliência Psicológica , Atenção Plena , Assistência ao Paciente/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico , Empatia , Esgotamento Psicológico/psicologiaRESUMO
Resumen El presente escrito está dirigido al análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del programa de simulación 3D My-School (MS), el cual fue diseñado para detectar alumnos en riesgo de consumo de drogas y acoso escolar. En concreto, se han llevado a cabo dos estudios empíricos encaminados a evaluar, por un lado, la validez de contenido de las escenas, y por otro la validez de criterio (predictiva) del programa informático. Si atendemos a la evaluación de la validez de contenido, los resultados mostraron la existencia de un acuerdo sustancial entre el total de jueces expertos con respecto a la relevancia, coherencia, claridad y poca tendenciosidad de las situaciones. Con respecto a la validez de criterio, no existieron diferencias entre las respuestas dadas en el programa y las entrevistas, el programa informático MS habría mostrado poseer adecuadas propiedades de validez para detectar alumnos en riesgo de consumo de sustancias y acoso escolar.
Abstract The present paper analyses the psychometric properties of the My-School (MS) 3D simulation program, which was designed to detect students at risk of drug abuse and bullying. In particular, two empirical studies have been carried out to evaluate, on the one hand, the content validity of the scenes, and on the other, the validity criterion (predictive) of the software. Specifically, in terms of the evaluation of content validity, the results showed the existence of a substantial agreement among the expert judges regarding the relevance, coherence, clarity and low bias of situations. In relation to the criterion validity, there were no differences between the answers given in the program and the interviews. The MS software thus has adequate validity properties for detecting students at risk of substance use and bullying.
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Humanos , Psicometria , Bullying , Usuários de Drogas , Realidade VirtualRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mindfulness has been conceptualized as paying attention to present moment experience in a non-judgmental manner, and the practice of developing that skill. AIM: To determine the impact of a mindfulness-based intervention on negative emotional states of anxiety, stress, and depression in Chilean high schoolers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty-eight teenagers aged 13 ± 0.6 years (46 females) were randomly assigned to a mindfulness group or a control (41 and 47, respectively). The mindfulness intervention consisted in eight weekly 45-minute sessions. A depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was applied at baseline, after the intervention, and at three and six-month follow-up. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in anxiety, depression, and general symptomatology in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, these changes were not sustained at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest the feasibility and effectiveness of a mindfulness intervention in Chilean schools as a strategy to reduce negative emotional states and prevent risk factors in adolescent population groups.
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Ansiedade/reabilitação , Depressão/reabilitação , Atenção Plena/métodos , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Estresse Psicológico/reabilitação , Estudantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Chile , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: According to the projections of the World Health Organization, 15% of all disabilities will be associated with mental illnesses by 2020. One of the mental disorders with the largest social impacts due to high personal and family costs is psychosis. Among the most effective psychological approaches to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders at the world level is cognitive behavioral therapy. Recently, cognitive behavioral therapy has introduced several tools and strategies that promote psychological processes based on acceptance and mindfulness. A large number of studies support the effectiveness of mindfulness in dealing with various mental health problems, including psychosis. This study is aimed at determining the efficiency of a mindfulness-based program in increasing cognitive function and psychological well-being in patients with a first episode of schizophrenia and a high risk mental state (those at risk of developing an episode of psychosis). METHODS AND DESIGN: This is an experimentally designed, multi-center randomized controlled trial, with a 3-month follow-up period. The study participants will be 48 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (first episode) and 48 with a high-risk mental state, from Santiago, Chile, aged between 15 and 35 years. Participants will be submitted to a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI), which will involve taking part in eight mindfulness workshops adapted for people with psychosis. Workshops will last approximately 1.5 hours and take place once a week, over 8 weeks. The primary outcome will be the cognitive function through Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) and the secondary outcome will be psychological well-being measured by self-reporting questionnaires. DISCUSSION: The outcomes of this trial will add empirical evidence to the benefits and feasibility of MBIs for the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with schizophrenia and high-risk mental states in reducing cognitive impairment in attention, working memory, and social cognition, as well as increasing the psychological well-being by empowering the patients' personal resources in the management of their own symptoms and psychotic experiences. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN registration number ISRCTN24327446 . Registered on 12 September 2016.
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Cognição , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Intervenção Médica Precoce , Saúde Mental , Atenção Plena , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Adolescente , Adulto , Atenção , Chile , Protocolos Clínicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Memória , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Projetos de Pesquisa , Fatores de Risco , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Autorrelato , Comportamento Social , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: Mindfulness has been conceptualized as paying attention to present moment experience in a non-judgmental manner, and the practice of developing that skill. Aim: To determine the impact of a mindfulness-based intervention on negative emotional states of anxiety, stress, and depression in Chilean high schoolers. Material and Methods: Eighty-eight teenagers aged 13 ± 0.6 years (46 females) were randomly assigned to a mindfulness group or a control (41 and 47, respectively). The mindfulness intervention consisted in eight weekly 45-minute sessions. A depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was applied at baseline, after the intervention, and at three and six-month follow-up. Results: There was a significant reduction in anxiety, depression, and general symptomatology in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, these changes were not sustained at follow-up. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest the feasibility and effectiveness of a mindfulness intervention in Chilean schools as a strategy to reduce negative emotional states and prevent risk factors in adolescent population groups.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Ansiedade/reabilitação , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Estresse Psicológico/reabilitação , Estudantes/psicologia , Depressão/reabilitação , Atenção Plena/métodos , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Chile , Projetos Piloto , SeguimentosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have associated positive emotions with several variables such as learning, coping strategies or assertive behaviour. The concept of gratitude has been specifically defined as a tendency to recognise and respond to people or situations with grateful emotion. Unfortunately in Latin America, no validated measures of gratitude on different populations are available. The aim of this study was to analyse the psychometric properties of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) in two Chilean samples. METHODS: Two studies were conducted: the first with 668 high school adolescents (390 women and 278 men, with ages ranging between 12 and 20, and a mean age 15.54 ± 1.22) and the second with 331 adults (231 women and 100 men, with an average age of 37.59 ± 12.6). An analysis of the psychometric properties of the GQ-6 scale to determine the validity and reliability of the instrument in Chilean adolescents and adults was performed. Bivariate correlations, multiple regression analyses, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Monte Carlo simulations were carried out. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed. RESULTS: A single-factor solution was found in both studies, a 5 item version for the adolescents and 6 items for adults. This factorial solution was invariant across genders. Reliability of the GQ was adequate in both samples (using Cronbach's alpha coefficient). In addition convergent and discriminate validity were assessed. Additionally, a negative correlation between the GQ-5 and depression in adolescents and a positive correlation between the GQ-6 and happiness in adults was found. CONCLUSIONS: The GQ is a suitable measure for evaluating a person's disposition toward gratitude in Chilean adolescents and adults. This instrument may contribute to the advancement of the study of positive emotions in Latin America.
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Atitude , Felicidade , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Criança , Chile , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Satisfação Pessoal , Testes Psicológicos , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e Questionários , Traduções , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of virtual reality or three-dimensional (3D) simulation programs has been explored in different mental health problems and contexts. One of the applications that showed evidence of a suitable assessment for behavioral and emotional problems in adolescents is the 3D questionnaire called MySchool4web. The aim of this work was to analyze the psychometric properties of a tailored version of MySchool4web. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A correlational, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study was carried out. The participants were 668 secondary students from schools in Santiago, Chile with a mean age of 15.74 years. Adolescents completed MySchool4web in the informatics classroom of each school. RESULTS: Results indicated that two of the items had to be removed, and a three-factor solution was found representing the dimensions substance use, bullying, and body image. This final model of 10 items showed acceptable internal consistency per factor, and its scores were significantly associated with other related measures in nine items. CONCLUSIONS: These outcomes suggest that this version of MySchool4web is a reliable and valid measure of a 3D instrument for the screening of risky behaviors and emotional problems in adolescents and young adults in a school context.
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Imagem Corporal/psicologia , Bullying , Medição de Risco/métodos , Estudantes/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Interface Usuário-Computador , Adolescente , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
En la actualidad las alucinaciones son un síntoma primordial en Psicopatología. De hecho, cierto tipo de ellas, pueden ser suficientes para el diagnóstico de trastornos graves como la esquizofrenia. Igualmente, pueden estar presentes en diversas entidades como la demencia, depresión, trastornos de personalidad, etc. Sin embargo, a pesar de su relevancia, también presentan una serie de dificultades que tienen que ver tanto con su significado como con la etiología de las mismas. Asimismo, en los últimos años han cobrado gran relevancia los estudios que analizan la continuidad de este tipo de experiencias entre la población sin un diagnóstico psicopatológico y la población clínica. De este modo, el objetivo del presente trabajo va encaminado a determinar cuáles son las principales aportaciones que se han hecho en los últimos años en este terreno y también cuales son los principales problemas y conclusiones que se pueden sacar hasta el momento. Así, cuestiones fundamentales como ¿es escuchar voces patognomónico de un trastorno mental?, ¿tener un síntoma "psicótico" es la antesala a desarrollar un desorden clínico?, ¿las alucinaciones no auditivas siguen el mismo mecanismo que las auditivas?, ¿estamos hablando del mismo fenómeno alucinatorio en pacientes que en no pacientes, es decir, son comparables?, son aspectos centrales en la literatura actual que requieren una revisión.
Nowadays, hallucinations are an essential symptom in Psychopathology. In fact, some kind of them may be sufficient to a serious disorder diagnosis, such as schizophrenia, and may be present in several diseases such as dementia, depression or personality disorders. However, hallucinations present some difficulties related to their meaning and etiology. In recent years, studies analyzing the frequency of hallucinations in populations with no psychopathological diagnosis and in clinical ones have become important. For this reason, the present study aims at determining the principal contributions to this field in the last years, and the main problems and conclusions to date. Among relevant questions in this field requiring a revision, there can be found the following: is hearing voices patognomonic of a mental disorder? is having a psychotic symptom the previous step to a clinical disorder?; do non-auditory hallucination have the same mechanism than the auditory ones?; can the same hallucinatory phenomenon be found in diagnosed and in non-diagnosed people?.