RESUMO
In Colombia, the cultivation of deciduous fruit trees such as pear is expanding for socio-economic reasons and is becoming more and more important for the local population. Since organized cultivation is slowly replacing sustenance cultivation, scientific information on the present agro-environment is needed to proceed in this change in an organic and environmentally friendly way. In particular, this study is an accurate description of the mycobiota present in the bulk soil of two different high altitude pear orchards in the Colombian Andes. The metabarcoding of soil samples allowed an in-depth analysis of the whole fungal community. The fungal assemblage was generally dominated by Ascomycota and secondly by Mortierellomycota. As observed in other studies in Colombia, the genus Mortierella was found to be especially abundant. The soil of the different pear orchards appeared to host quite different fungal communities according to the soil physico-chemical properties. The common mycobiota contained 35 fungal species, including several species of Mortierella, Humicola, Solicoccozyma and Exophiala. Moreover, most of the identified fungal species (79%) were recorded for the first time in Colombian soils, thus adding important information on soil biodiversity regarding both Colombia and pear orchards.
RESUMO
Although Colombia was one of the first tropical countries where an effort was made to gather mycological flora, contributions to the taxonomy, diversity, and ecology of soil microfungi are still scarce. In this study, the diversity of soil microfungi was studied collecting data from literature according to the Colombian natural regions: Andean, Amazonian, Caribbean, Orinoquía, Pacific, and Insular. The majority of the records comes from the Andean region, the most accessible to research. The other regions have been much less studied, with the Insular one with no data at all. International literature reported, up to now, ca. 300 different species of soil microfungi belonging to 126 different genera and 6 phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota Mucoromycota, Glomeromycota, Mortierellomycota, and Olpidiomycota). Vescicular-Arbuscular fungi were widely investigated with Acaulospora and Glomus, the most recorded genera with ca. 20 species each. Ascomycota was the most diverse phylum with Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium representing the majority. Mortierella is strongly present in Mortierellomycota, and in the panorama of all recorded fungi, too. The other phyla and genera were less recorded. It is, therefore, evident the need to continue studying the soil microfungi in Colombia to have a better understanding of soil functioning and its ecosystem services.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Fungos , Microbiologia do Solo , Região do Caribe , Colômbia , Ecossistema , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/fisiologiaRESUMO
Resumen El presente artículo de reflexión analiza las problemáticas relacionadas con las prácticas de apropiación del suelo en la zona sur de la amazonia colombiana. La propuesta considera tanto a nivel biológico como cultural, las formas de uso y manejo del recurso suelo en los contextos indígena y urbano, en razón a que dichas actividades constituyen una base fundamental para la definición de lineamientos estratégicos para la gestión de la biodiversidad en Colombia. De esta manera, representa una forma de integración que permite el abordaje de escenarios ambientales conflictivos, considerando tanto factores biológicos como culturales en diversos ámbitos con el fin de apoyar las disposiciones que se tomen y permitir un tratamiento razonable de la información para implementar mecanismos de regulación ambiental, en una zona biológica estratégica como la amazonia colombiana. Finalmente, se plantea la importancia de facilitar el análisis de las interrelaciones de los componentes ecosistémicos, incluido el elemento humano, a través de una mirada bioética, que conlleve a proyectar lineamientos biológicos y sociales para el aprovechamiento sostenible de la diversidad biológica.
RESUMO
El presente estudio analiza la participación de los principios bioéticos, en el abordaje de los conflictos que emergen de las prácticas de uso y manejo de los recursos forestales en la amazonia colombiana, en los contextos indígena y urbano. La propuesta de corte teórico caracteriza a nivel biológico y cultural las formas de apropiación forestal, además de describir y analizar las problemáticas asociadas con dicha actividad. Los resultados se sistematizan en una matriz comentada para cada uno de los contextos de estudio, desde dos elementos, el YO (Estructura): aspectos culturales, cosmovisión, formas de conocimiento y el OTRO (Interacciones): relaciones ecológicas y tecnológicas. Asimismo, identifica a la ética convergente, propuesta por Maliandi y Thüer, como una valiosa herramienta en la resolución de este tipo de problemas ambientales, dado que considera las estructuras conflictivas: diacrónica y sincrónica; la bidimensionalidad de la razón: fundamentación y crítica, así como los principios biotecnoéticos: precaución, exploración, no discriminación y respeto a la diversidad genética. Finalmente, propone el diálogo de saberes, interdisciplinario y plural, como una importante forma de armonización y plantea los principios bioecoéticos, que incluyen a las entidades y los sistemas no humanos, como útil instrumento en el tratamiento de la conflictividad en esta área.
This study analyzes the participation of bioethical principles, in the approach of conflicts that emerge from the use practices and management of forest resources in the Colombian Amazon, on the indigenous and urban contexts. The proposal of theoretical court, characterize on a biological and cultural level, ways of forest appropriation and describe and analyze the problems associated with such activity. The results are systematized in a matrix discussed for each of the contexts of study, from two elements, the I (Structure): cultural aspects, worldview, forms of knowledge and the OTHER (Interactions): ecological and technological relations. It also identifies the ethical convergent proposed by Thüer and Maliandi as a valuable tool in solving these kind of environmental problems, since it considers the conflicting structures: diachronic and synchronic, the two-dimensionality of reason: grounds and criticism, so as biotechnoéthical principles: precaution, exploration, non-discrimination and respect for genetic diversity. Finally, it proposes a dialogue of knowledge, interdisciplinary, and plural, as an important form of harmonization and presents bioecoethical principles, including entities and non-human systems, as a useful tool in the treatment of conflict in this area.