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There is limited data regarding the cognitive profile from screening tests of older adults with bipolar disorder (BD) with dementia. Objective To investigate the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) among older adults with BD with and without Alzheimer's disease (AD). Method 209 older adults (79 with BD without dementia and 70 controls; 60 with AD, being 27 with BD) were included to evaluate the performance of three CDT scoring scales, beyond the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and verbal fluency (VFT). Results Patients with BD without dementia presented with lower scores in MMSE, VF and one CDT scoring scale than controls. Patients with BD and AD presented with lower scores in VF and CDT scoring scales than patients with only AD. All CDT scales presented similar sensitivity and specificity for BD and non-BD groups. Conclusion Elderly subjects with BD showed greater impairment in CDT in both groups of normal cognition and AD.

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There is limited data regarding the cognitive profile from screening tests of older adults with bipolar disorder (BD) with dementia. Objective To investigate the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) among older adults with BD with and without Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Method 209 older adults (79 with BD without dementia and 70 controls; 60 with AD, being 27 with BD) were included to evaluate the performance of three CDT scoring scales, beyond the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and verbal fluency (VFT). Results Patients with BD without dementia presented with lower scores in MMSE, VF and one CDT scoring scale than controls. Patients with BD and AD presented with lower scores in VF and CDT scoring scales than patients with only AD. All CDT scales presented similar sensitivity and specificity for BD and non-BD groups. Conclusion Elderly subjects with BD showed greater impairment in CDT in both groups of normal cognition and AD. .

Há dados limitados sobre o perfil cognitivo de idosos com transtorno bipolar (TAB) e demência. Previamente, testes de rastreio cognitivo comuns foram pouco estudados. Objetivo Investigar o Teste do Desenho do Relógio (CDT) entre idosos com TAB com e sem doença de Alzheimer (DA). Método Foram incluídos 209 idosos (79 pacientes com TAB sem demência e 70 controles; 60 indivíduos com DA leve, sendo 27 com TAB) para avaliar três escalas de pontuação do TDR, além do Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) e fluência verbal (FV). Resultados Pacientes com TAB sem demência apresentaram menores escores no MMSE, FV e uma escala de TDR que controles. Pacientes com TAB e DA apresentaram escores mais baixos na FV e em todos os TDR comparados aos apenas com DA. As escalas de CDT apresentaram sensibilidade e especificidade semelhantes para os grupos com e sem TAB. Conclusão Idosos com TAB apresentaram maior comprometimento no TDR em ambos grupos com cognição normal e DA. .

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OBJECTIVE: It has been postulated that mood stabilizers inhibit glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (Gsk3ß) activity, mainly through its phosphorylation on serine-9 (Ser9). However, in vivo studies addressing Gsk3ß activity in patients with bipolar disorder are scarce. Here, we compare Gsk3ß inactivation (as indicated by Ser9-phosphorylation) in platelets of elderly patients with bipolar disorder undergoing clinical treatment and healthy elderly adults not taking medication. METHODS: Platelet samples were obtained from 37 elderly adults (bipolar disorder = 19, controls = 18). Relative changes in Gsk3ß inactivation was estimated by comparing the ratios of phosphorylated Gsk3ß to total Gsk3ß (p-Gsk3ß Ser9/Gsk3ß) between the disease and control groups. RESULTS: Phosphorylated-Gsk3ß (p < 0.001) and the p-Gsk3ß Ser9/Gsk3ß ratio (p = 0.006) were elevated in bipolar patients. In the bipolar disorder group, p-Gsk3ß Ser9/Gsk3ß was positively correlated with serum lithium levels (r = 0.478, p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Gsk3ß inactivation is higher in this group of elderly adults undergoing treatment for bipolar disorder. However, whether the treatment or the disease causes Gsk3ß inactivation was confounded by the lack of an unmedicated, bipolar control group and the non-uniform treatment regimens of the bipolar disorder group. Thus, further studies should help distinguish whether Gsk3ß inactivation is an effect of drug treatment or an intrinsic characteristic of bipolar disorder.

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Na classificação de Gralnick, de 1942, a folie à deux é dividida em quatro subtipos básicos: folie imposée, folie communiquée, folie simultannée e folie induite. O último termo se refere à adição de novas idéias delirantes por paciente previamente psicótico sob influência de outro paciente. Relatamos um caso de folie induite ocorrido entre mãe e filho primariamente psicóticos (transtorno delirante e esquizofrenia, respectivamente), que passaram a compartilhar delírios de natureza persecutória e sexual. Casos de folie à deux geralmente correspondem ao transtorno psicótico induzido (DSM-IV-TR) ou transtorno delirante induzido (CID-10). No entanto, o paciente deste relato não pode receber tais diagnósticos, já que nos critérios validados atualmente percebe-se a exigência de que o parceiro induzido não possua um transtorno psicótico anterior ao início do compartilhamento do delírio. Consideramos que o presente relato exemplifica a insuficiência das modernas classificações nesta área. Casos de folie induite podem necessitar de manejo distinto dos demais casos de psicose compartilhada ou não compartilhada. Sugerimos que os critérios diagnósticos correntes poderiam ser revisados para incluir condições psiquiátricas como essa.

In the Gralnick classification of 1942 the term folie à deux is classically divided into four basic subtypes: folie imposée, folie communiquée, folie simultannée and folie induite. This last one refers to the addiction of new delusions in a previous psychotic patient, under the influence of another patient. We report a case of folie induite that occurred between mother and son, both diagnosed previously with psychotic disorders (delusional disorder and schizophrenia, respectively), who started to share persecutory and sexual delusions. Cases of folie à deux generally correspond to the induced psychotic disorder in the DSM-IV-TR or the induced delusional disorder in the ICD-10. However, our patient do not meet neither diagnosis, since, in both, it is necessary that the induced delusional patient do not have any previous psychotic disorder. We think that our report underscores the insufficiency of the modern classifications in this area. Cases of folie induite may require a management different from those used in other cases of shared or non-shared psychosis. We suggest that modern criteria should be revised to include cases such as the present one.

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