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INTRODUCTION: Orofacial pain and tension headache are symptoms that affect a large portion of the population, compromising productivity, social ability, and functional development. The treatment for reducing painful sensation should be chosen carefully, as pharmacological treatment may bring side effects and overload the organism of patients in pain. Low-level laser therapy has been used with local and systemic [vascular] applications for pain control. However, there is still uncertainty in the literature about the ideal dosimetric parameters for photobiomodulation treatment according to patient characteristics. METHODS: The objective of this project is to validate a dosimetry model based on the relationship between the effects of photobiomodulation with anthropometric and hemodynamic variables, both in local application and systemic application in patients with symptoms of orofacial pain and tension headache. For this purpose, 180 participants with orofacial pain post-covid eligible participants will be randomly assigned to Group 1-Local Photobiomodulation, Group 2-Vascular Photobiomodulation, Group 3-Placebo Local Photobiomodulation, or Group 4-Placebo Vascular Photobiomodulation [Therapy EC-DMC device, São Carlos, Brazil,- 660 nm, 100mW] using stratified block randomization. Before the application, sociodemographic information such as age, skin phototype [classified by the Fitzpatrick scale], weight, height, body mass index [BMI], oxygen saturation [SaO2], blood pressure [BP], heart rate [HR], and thickness of skin, fat, and facial muscles will be collected. During the application, we will collect local temperature, SaO2, BP, and HR. Before and after laser application, blood levels of lactate and hemoglobin, BP, and HR will be measured in the first and last session. In addition to demographic, anthropometric, and hemodynamic variables, the penetrated energy will be quantified using a power meter, and information from orofacial pain and headache symptom questionnaires will be analyzed. The Monte Carlo simulation technique will be used to systematically study the relationship between the light penetration profile into the target tissues and the most relevant variables, namely BMI, tissue layer thicknesses, and skin phototype. Light transmittance, measured in vivo and simulated, will be compared to validate a personalized dosimetry model. DISCUSSION: The results of this study contribute to validating a Monte Carlo Simulation model to calculate the appropriate dosimetry for photobiomodulation therapies in the control of patients with Post-Covid-19 orofacial pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration number: NCT06065969.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of contamination by hemostatic agents and rinsing with chlorhexidine on bond strength between dentin and resin composite. Ninety-six bovine teeth were sectioned to expose a flat dentin surface area. A standardized cavity with 2.0 mm in thickness, superficial diameter of 4.0 mm and bottom diameter of 3.0 mm was prepared with a diamond bur in each dentin specimen. The teeth were divided into four groups according to the hemostatic employed: G1: control; G2: use of ViscoStat, Ultradent; G3: Hemosthasegel, FGM; and G4: Hemostop, Dentsply. The groups were divided into two subgroups according to the cleaning protocol method (n=12): A: without any further cleaning; and B: cleaning with chlorhexidine at 0.2%. All cavities were filled using a dentin adhesive and a resin composite, following the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 h, the specimens were aged by thermal and mechanical cycling. The bond strength was determined by the push out bond test (MPa), Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). Statistically significant differences were detected among all groups treated with hemostatic agents and the control group. The post-hoc test showed that cleaning the cavity with chlorhexidine significantly improves the bond strength between dentin and resin composite. Our results suggested that the use of chlorhexidine can reestablish the bond strength between dentin and resin composite when a hemostatic agent was applied.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of contamination by hemostatic agents and rinsing with chlorhexidine on bond strength between dentin and resin composite. Ninety-six bovine teeth were sectioned to expose a flat dentin surface area. A standardized cavity with 2.0 mm in thickness, superficial diameter of 4.0 mm and bottom diameter of 3.0 mm was prepared with a diamond bur in each dentin specimen. The teeth were divided into four groups according to the hemostatic employed: G1: control; G2: use of ViscoStat, Ultradent; G3: Hemosthasegel, FGM; and G4: Hemostop, Dentsply. The groups were divided into two subgroups according to the cleaning protocol method (n=12): A: without any further cleaning; and B: cleaning with chlorhexidine at 0.2%. All cavities were filled using a dentin adhesive and a resin composite, following the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 h, the specimens were aged by thermal and mechanical cycling. The bond strength was determined by the push out bond test (MPa), Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). Statistically significant differences were detected among all groups treated with hemostatic agents and the control group. The post-hoc test showed that cleaning the cavity with chlorhexidine significantly improves the bond strength between dentin and resin composite. Our results suggested that the use of chlorhexidine can reestablish the bond strength between dentin and resin composite when a hemostatic agent was applied.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência da contaminação por agentes hemostáticos e da lavagem com clorexidina na resistência de união entre dentina e resina composta. 96 dentes bovinos foram seccionados para a exposição de uma área plana de dentina. Em cada bloco, uma cavidade cônica de 2 mm de espessura, diâmetro externo de 4 mm e diâmetro interno de 3 mm, foi confeccionado com uma ponta diamantada. Os dentes foram divididos em 4 grupos de acordo com o hemostático empregado, como descrito: G1- controle, G2- uso de ViscoStat - Ultradent, G3- uso de Hemosthasegel - FGM, G4- uso de Hemostop - Dentsply. Os grupos foram divididos em 2 subgrupos de acordo com o protocolo de limpeza utilizado (n=12): A - nenhum agente de limpeza; B - limpeza com clorexidina 0.2%. Todas as cavidades foram preenchidas utilizando adesivo dentinário e resina composta, seguindo as instruções dos fabricantes. Após 24 h, os espécimes foram submetidos a protocolo de envelhecimento em cicladora termomecânica. A resistência de união foi determinada pelo teste mecânico de push-out (MPa), as análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando ANOVA 2-fatores e teste de Tukey (p<0.05). Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram detectadas entre todos os grupos tratados com agentes hemostáticos e o grupo controle. O teste post-hoc mostrou que a limpeza da cavidade com clorexidina aumenta significativamente a resistência de união entre dentina e resina composta. Os resultados sugerem que o uso da clorexidina pode restabelecer a resistência de união entre dentina e resina composta quando um agente hemostático é aplicado.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the bonding behavior of resin composite and different adhesives applied to demineralized or remineralized enamel. METHODS: Bovine tooth crowns were polished to prepare a 5 mm2 enamel bonding area, and divided into five groups (n= 48) according to the surface treatment: CONT (sound enamel control), DEM (demineralized with acid to create white spot lesions), REMS (DEM remineralized with artificial saliva), REMF (DEM remineralized with sodium fluoride) and INF (DEM infiltrated with Icon resin infiltrant). The surface-treated teeth were divided into two subgroups (n= 24) according to adhesive type: ER (etch-and-rinse; Single Bond Universal) and SE (self-etching; Clearfill S3 Bond), and further subdivided into two categories (n= 12) according to aging process: Thermo (thermocycling) and NA (no aging). Composite blocks were made over bonded enamel and sectioned for microtensile bond strength (MTBS) testing. Data were analyzed with three-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test (α= 0.05). RESULTS: Significant differences were observed for enamel surface treatment (P< 0.0001), adhesive type (P< 0.0001) and aging (P< 0.0001). CONT and INF groups had higher MTBS than the other groups; Single Bond Universal had higher MTBS than Clearfil S3 Bond; thermo-aging resulted in lower MTBS irrespective of adhesive type and surface treatment condition. The predominant failure mode was mixed for all groups. Enamel surface infiltrated with Icon does not interfere with adhesive resin bonding procedures. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Treatment of enamel surface containing white spot lesions or cavities with cavosurface margins in partially-demineralized enamel can benefit from infiltration with a low viscosity resin infiltrant prior to adhesive bonding of resin composites.

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Objetivo: Avaliar a resistência de união entre a resina composta e diferentes substratos de esmalte: hígido, esmalte desmineralizado submetido ou não a remineralização, e desmineralizado infiltrado com Icon (DMG). Material e Métodos: 120 dentes bovinos, cujas raízes foram removidas e o esmalte vestibular foi lixado. Os espécimes foram divididos em: Grupo A, controle, (n=24) que recebeu os procedimentos adesivos e restauradores para posterior teste de microtração; Grupo B (n=96), onde os corpos de prova (cdps) permaneceram imersos em solução desmineralizadora para produzir lesões subsuperficiais de cárie artificial, sendo subdividido em 4: B1, cdps somente desmineralizados; B2, cdps imersos em saliva artificial (8 semanas); B3, cdps imersos em solução de fluoreto 0,05% (1 minuto diariamente por 8 semanas); B4, cdps infiltrados com material resinoso (Icon, DMG). Todos os grupos receberam aplicação do sistema adesivo Clearfil S3 Bond Plus (Kuraray) ou Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE), seguida da resina composta Filtek Z 350 XT (3M ESPE). Os espécimes foram submetidos a ciclagem térmica e seccionados em prismas com dimensões aproximadas de 1mm² de base e submetidos ao teste de microtração. Resultados: os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao Teste de Tukey (α= 5%).As médias em Mpa (±desvio padrão) foram: Clearfill S3 Bond Plus: Grupo Controle (17,17±3,52); B1 (11,60±0,74); B2 (6,83±1,87); B3 (8,38±1,59) e B4 (27,00±1,76); Single Bond Universal: Grupo Controle (26,26±3,19); B1 (10,94±2,00); B2 (11,05±1,74); B3 (15,63±1,25) e B4 (22,60±2,29). Conclusão: a superfície infiltrada com Icon não interferiu negativamente na resistência de união da resina composta ao esmalte e os grupos que foram desmineralizados e remineralizados com flúor e saliva artificial apresentaram valores estatisticamente inferiores aos demais.

Objective: To evaluate the bond strength between resin composite and differentenamel substrates: sound enamel; demineralized enamel submitted or not to remineralization; and demineralized enamel infiltrated with an infiltrating resin. Materials and Methods: 120 bovine teeth were selected, the root portion was removed and the enamel finished. Specimens were divided into the following groups:(A) Control (n=24): adhesively treated and restored; (B) (n=96): the samples were immersed in a demineralization solution to create white spot lesions and divided into four subgroups: (B1)demineralized enamel; (B2) samples were stored in artificial saliva (8 weeks); (B3) samples were stored in a 0.05% sodium fluoride solution (1 minday/8 weeks); (B4) samples were treated with an infiltrantresin (Icon, DMG). The groups were treated with one of the following adhesives: Clearfil S3 Bond Plus (Kuraray) or Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE), followed by the resin composite application (Filtek Z 350 XT, 3M ESPE). The specimens were submitted to thermalcycling aging (10,000 ×; 2±5ºC, 50±55ºCand 37°±2°C). The specimens were sectioned into prism shapes with ~1mm² of base and submitted tomicrotensile test. The collected data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey´s test (α= 5%). Results: The Means (±SD) in MPawere: Clearfill S3 BondPlus: Control (17.17±3.52); B1 (11.60±0.74); B2 (6.83±1.87); B3 (8.38±1.59) and B4 (27.00±1.76);Single Bond Universal: Control (26.26±3.19); B1 (10.94±2.00); B2 (11.05±1.74); B3 (15.63±1.25) and B4 (22.60±2.29). Conclusion: The surfaceinfiltrated withaninfiltrating resin(Icon) did not negatively affect the bond strength between resin composite and enamel. The demineralized and remineralized groups with sodium fluoride and artificial saliva presented statistically lower results when compared to the other groups

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O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, por meio de teste de microtração, a resistência de união de restaurações de resina composta confeccionadas em esmalte hígido, desmineralizado, remineralizado com saliva, remineralizado com flúor e infiltratado com material resinoso, associado a dois tipos de sistemas adesivos: condicionamento total (Single Bond Universal – AS) e autocondicionante (Clearfil S3 Bond – AC) e a ausência ou presença do envelhecimento por ciclagem térmica. Foram utilizados 240 dentes bovinos com superfícies de esmalte planificadas, que foram divididos em 10 grupos (n = 12) de acordo com o tipo de substrato e sistema adesivo utilizado: G1 - (Sem Tratamento) Esmalte Íntegro + AS; G2 - (Sem tratamento) Esmalte Íntegro + AC; G3 - Desmineralizado + AS; G4 - Desmineralizado + AC; G5 - Desmineralizado + Remineralizado com Saliva + AS; G6 - Desmineralizado + Remineralizado com Saliva + AC; G7 - Desmineralizado + Remineralizado com Flúor + AS; G8 - Desmineralizado + Remineralizado com Flúor + AC; G9 - Desmineralizado + Infiltrado com resina (ICON) + AS; G10 - Desmineralizado + Infiltrado com resina (ICON) + AC. Foram confeccionadas restaurações de resina composta Z-350 e metade dos espécimes foram submetidos a ciclagem térmica e o grupo não ciclado foi apenas armazenado durante 24 h em água destilada à 37 ºC. Para o teste de microtração foram realizadas as secções nos dentes para obtenção de amostras com área adesiva de aproximadamente 1 mm2. Foi realizada MEV para análise complementar da interface adesiva. Utilizou-se o teste estatístico ANOVA três fatores (Tratamento do Esmalte x Sistema Adesivo x Ciclagem Térmica), seguido do Teste de Tukey (α = 5%). Foram observadas diferenças significantes para os três fatores: Tratamento do Esmalte, Sistema Adesivo e Ciclagem Térmica. Os valores de média em MPa (± Desvio-padrão) para o fator Tratamento do Esmalte: Controle = 27,34 (±7,45)a; Desmineralizado = 11,76 (± 6,69)b; Saliva = 13,78 (± 7,63)b; = Flúor 15,10 ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate, through microtensile test, the bond strength of composite resin restorations made of sound enamel, demineralized, remineralized with saliva, fluoride and infiltratado with resin material, associated with two types of adhesive systems: Total conditioning (Single Bond Universal - AS) and self-etching (Clearfil S3 Bond - AC) and the absence or presence of aging by thermal cycling. We used 240 bovine teeth with enamel surfaces planned, which were divided into 10 groups (n = 12) according to the type of substrate and adhesive system used: G1: (No Treatment) Enamel Healthy + AS; G2: (No treatment) Enamel Healthy + AC; G3: demineralized + AS; G4: demineralized + AC; G5: demineralized + remineralized with Saliva + AS; G6: demineralized + remineralized with Saliva + AC; G7: demineralized + remineralized Fluoride + AS; G8: demineralized + remineralized Fluoride + AC; G9: demineralized + infiltrate with resin (ICON) + AS; G10: demineralized + infiltrate with resin (ICON) + AC. Composite restorations Z-350 and half of the specimens were prepared were subjected to thermal cycling and non-cycling group was only stored for 24 h in distilled water at 37 ºC. For the microtensile test were carried out sections in the teeth to obtain samples adhesive area of about 1 mm2. SEM was performed for further analysis of the adhesive interface. We used the ANOVA three factors (Treatment of Adhesive System Enamel X X Thermal Cycling), followed by the Tukey test (α = 5%). Significant differences were observed for the three factors: treatment of enamel, Adhesive System and Thermal Cycling. The average values in MPa (± standard deviation) for the treatment of enamel factor: Control = 27.34 (± 7.45) a; Demineralized = 11.76 (± 6.69) b; Saliva = 13.78 (± 7.63) b; Fluoride = 15.10 (± 6.86) be ICON = 24.03 (± 7.63) a. For System factor Adhesive: AS = 21.75 (± 13.95) to and AC = 15.05 (± 11.04) b. For Cycling Thermal factor: Absence = 21.10 (± 14.52) to...

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Objective: Assessment of the influence of the ultrasound and irrigant solutions on the bond strength (BS) of glass fiber posts. Material and Methods: Sixty-six roots of bovine teeth standardized at 16 mm were used. The roots were submitted to a biomechanical preparation up to size #80 Kerr file, with irrigation of 5 ml of saline solution at every file change and then filled. The canals underwent partial desobturation and were divided into 6 groups according to the irrigant solution and the use of ultrasound prior to the post cementation: S – saline solution; C – 2% chlorhexidine solution; H –2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution; US – saline solution + ultrasound; UC – 2% chlorhexidine solution + ultrasound; UH – 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution + ultrasound. After the cementation of the posts, the specimens were cut into 3 slices of 2 mm of thickness, perpendicular to its long axis. The samples were submitted to push-out test with crosshead speed of 1 mm/min and load of 50kgf. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (level of significance of 5%). Results: Groups C 7.77(±1.8)a, UC 7.82(±1.6)a, S 7.33(±2.2)a, US 6.16(±2.3)a, H 5.43(±1.3)b, UH 5.01(±2.3)b values in Mpa. Only the irrigant solutions showed statistically significant differences (<0.05). Tukey test revealed smaller bond strength for the specimens treated with Sodium Hypochlorite (b). Conclusions: The ultrasound treatment did not show significant difference compared with the other groups; therefore, its use can be indicated prior to the cementation of glass fiber posts without damage to the bond strength. The sodium hypochlorite solution showed the smallest BS values compared with the other groups

Objetivo: Avaliação da influência do ultrassom e de soluções irrigadoras sobre a resistência de união (RU) de pinos de fibra de vidro. Material e Métodos: Utilizou-se 66 raízes de dentes bovinos, padronizadas em 16 mm. As raízes foram submetidas a preparo biomecânico até Lima Kerr #80, com irrigação de 5ml de solução salina fisiológica a cada troca de lima, e foi realizada a obturação. Os espécimes foram parcialmente desobturados e divididos em 6 grupos de acordo com a solução irrigadora e a utilização de ultrassom antes da cimentação do pino: S – solução salina; C – solução de clorexidina 2%; H – solução de hipoclorito de sódio 2,5%; US – solução salina + ultrassom; UC – solução de clorexidina 2% + ultrassom; UH – solução de hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% + ultrassom. Após a cimentação dos pinos, os espécimes foram seccionados em 3 fatias de 2 mm de espessura, perpendiculares ao seu longo eixo. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao teste de push-out com velocidade 1 mm/min e carga de 50 kgf. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos aos testes de ANOVA e Tukey (nível de significância 5%). Resultados: Grupos C 7,77(±1,8)a, UC 7,82(±1,6)a, S 7,33(±2,2)a, US 6,16(±2,3)a, H 5,43(±1,3)b, UH 5,01(±2,3)b valores em Mpa. Apenas as soluções irrigadoras apresentaram diferença estatística relevante (<0,05). Ao teste de Tukey, percebeu-se uma resistência menor aos espécimes tratados com Hipoclorito de Sódio (b). Conclusões: O tratamento com ultrassom não demonstrou diferença significante em relação aos demais grupos, portanto pode ser indicado antes da cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro sem prejuízo na resistência de união. A solução de hipoclorito de sódio apresentou os menores valores de RU comparados aos demais grupos.

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