RESUMO
Several neuropsychiatry disorders have shown a sexual dimorphism in their incidence, symptom profile and therapeutic response. A better understanding of the impact of sex hormones in emotional processing sexual dimorphism could bring light to this important clinical finding. Some studies have provided evidence of sex differences in the identification of emotional faces, however, results are inconsistent and such inconsistency could be related to the lack of experimental control of the sex hormone status of participants. More recently, a few studies evaluated the modulation of facial emotion recognition by the phase of the menstrual cycle and sex hormones, however, none of them directly compared these results with a group of men. We evaluated the accuracy of facial emotion recognition in 40 healthy volunteers. Eleven women were assigned to early follicular group, nine women to the ovulatory group and 10 women to luteal group, depending on the phase of menstrual cycle, and a group of 10 men were also evaluated. Estrogen, progesterone and testosterone levels were assessed. The performance of the groups in the identification of emotional faces varied depending on the emotion. Early follicular group were more accurate to perceive angry faces than all other groups. Sadness was more accurately recognized by early follicular group than by luteal group and regarding the recognition of fearful faces a trend to a better performance and a significantly higher accuracy was observed, respectively, in the early follicular group and in the ovulatory group, in comparison to men. In women, estrogen negatively correlated to the accuracy in perception of angry male faces. Our results indicate sex hormones to be implicated in a sexual dimorphism in facial emotion recognition, and highlight the importance of estrogen specifically in the recognition of negative emotions such as sadness, anger and fear.
Assuntos
Emoções , Expressão Facial , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/sangue , Ciclo Menstrual/sangue , Ciclo Menstrual/psicologia , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos , Adolescente , Adulto , Estrogênios/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Progesterona/sangue , Caracteres Sexuais , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
This work aimed at comparing the accuracy of the psychiatric diagnoses made under indirect supervision to the diagnoses obtained through Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). The study was conducted in 3 university services (outpatient, inpatient and emergency). Data from the emergency service were collected 3 years later, after changes in the training process of the medical staff in psychiatric diagnosis. The sensitivity for Major Depression (outpatient 10.0%; inpatients 60.0%, emergency 90.0%) and Schizophrenia (44.4%; 55.0%; 80.0%) improved over time. The reliability was poor in the outpatient service (Kw = 0.18), and at admission to the inpatient service (Kw = 0.38). The diagnosis elaborated in the discharge of the inpatient service (Kw = 0.55) and in the emergency service (Kw = 0.63) was good. Systematic training of supervisors and residents in operational diagnostic criteria increased the accuracy of psychiatric diagnoses elaborated under indirect supervision, although excellent reliability was not achieved.
Assuntos
Entrevista Psicológica/métodos , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Adulto , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Serviços de Emergência Psiquiátrica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a precisão do diagnóstico psiquiátrico elaborado sob supervisão indireta com o diagnóstico obtido por meio da Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-III-R (SCID). O estudo foi realizado em três serviços universitários (ambulatório, enfermaria e emergência). Os dados do serviço de emergência foram colhidos três anos mais tarde, após mudanças no treinamento da equipe médica em diagnóstico psiquiátrico. A sensibilidade do diagnóstico de Depressão Maior (ambulatório 10,0%; enfermaria 60,0%, emergência 90,0%) e de Esquizofrenia (44,4%; 55,0%; 80,0%) aumentou com o passar do tempo. A concordância diagnóstica foi insatisfatória no serviço ambulatorial (Kw = 0,18) e na admissão da enfermaria (Kw = 0,38), mas satisfatória na alta da enfermaria (Kw = 0,55) e na emergência psiquiátrica (Kw = 0,63). O treinamento sistemático de supervisores e médicos residentes em critérios diagnósticos e entrevistas estruturadas contribuiu para uma maior precisão do diagnóstico elaborado sob supervisão indireta, embora níveis excelentes de confiabilidade não tenham sido alcançados.