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In recent years, domestic laundry has been recognized as a relevant source of microfiber (MF) pollution to aquatic environments. Nevertheless, the MF emissions from industrial washing processes in real world scenarios have not been quantified. The aim of this study was to quantify the MF emissions from 3 industrial washing processes (rinse wash, acid wash and enzymatic wash) commonly employed in the manufacturing process of blue jeans. The blue jeans were characterized by ATR-FT-IR, SEM and TGA to study the morphology, the polymer chemical identity and the proportion of synthetic and natural fibers, respectively. The MF emissions were quantified as the MF mass and number emitted per washed jean. All the industrial washing processes released a majority of synthetic MF. The enzymatic wash produced the highest amount of MF, with 1423 MF per gram of fabric (MF/g) equivalent to 381.7 MF grams per gram of fabric (MF g/g), followed by the acid wash with 253 MF/g equivalent to 142.7 MF g/g and lastly the rinse wash with 133 MF/g equivalent to 62.3 MF g/g. Statistically significant differences between the MF sizes for all washing processes were found when evaluating the emissions by MF/g, however, the previous trend was not found for MF g/g. Moreover, the total MF emissions of an industrial washing process of a pair of blue jeans during its manufacture process are up to 10.95 times higher than the reported domestic washing estimates performed by the consumer available in the published literature. We demonstrate that studying industrial washing procedures of textile garments will improve the accuracy of the current estimates of MF emissions available in published reports, which will ultimately aid in the development of regulations for MF emissions at an industrial level.

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Background: Venezuela has suffered a severe academic and research management crisis and funding opportunities for marine research and data management have been practically absent. This has worsened over the past five years and, as a result, libraries and other institutional spaces have been repeatedly vandalised, with hundreds of records, specimens and historical data stolen, destroyed or burned. To avoid the loss of irreplaceable data on Venezuelan biodiversity, an initiative was promoted, aimed at digitising information to create a rich dataset of biodiversity records, with emphasis on marine protected areas for the country, as well as to fill gaps in the distribution and status of marine biodiversity in Venezuela. Nighteen (19) institutions in the country focusing on marine science have consistently produced a wealth of information about Venezuela's marine biodiversity in the form of specimen collections, unpublished sampled data and research theses through the work of hundreds of researchers and students. An inventory of available data sources at these national institutions was conducted under the National Biodiversity Data Mobilization Grant and the Biodiversity Information for Development Program, together with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) support. All recovered and processed datasets were published in the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) repositories. New information: This occurrences data collection represents a major contribution to the marine biodiversity inventory in Venezuela. It is based on numerous published papers, reports, books and checklists provided by experts, covering a broad taxonomic collection from which we obtained species occurrences (present and absent), organised into 59 datasets containing 40,881 records. This represents a 28.49% contribution to the records of the Venezuelan marine biodiversity reported to the OBIS (143,513 records in the OBIS until November 2022). The extracted data showed 3,041 marine species, with representatives of each of the six kingdoms: Animalia, Chromista, Bacteria, Plantae, Fungi and Protozoa. The datasets provide information on occurrence since 1822, extending the temporal coverage of the species occurrence inventory for Venezuela, which was established in 1879 before this project. The number of records for Venezuela increased by 41.3% compared with the data available before the project. Most of the occurrences (63.47%) were registered in Marine Protected Areas. Data collection included records of non-native species, descriptions of new species and species listed under different IUCN categories.

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Invertivores fishes are an important component of neotropical streams and they represent a link between aquatic invertebrates and piscivorous species. This study evaluated the breadth diet and interspecific food overlap of nine invertivores fish species during three consecutive hydrological phases: falling (December/07, January/08, February/08 and March/08), low (April/08) and rising waters (June/08), in two sections of a Venezuelan neotropical stream, which were located at different elevation, high watershed (HW) and low watershed (LW). The fishes were collected with a beach seine (5mm mesh) between 8:00 and 11:00 hours. The diet of each species was evaluated using an index of relative importance (IRI), which includes as variables the number, weight and occurrence frequency of food items consumed. The Levin' index (B ) and Morisita (IM) were used to estimate the breadth diet and interspecific food overlap, respectively. All estimations were made using the numeric proportion of preys. Nine fish species were captured, eight Characiformes, of which three were captured in HW (Knodus deuteronoides, Creagrutus bolivari and C. melasma) and five in LW (Thoracocharax stellatus, Moenkhausia lepidura, Cheirodon pulcher, Ctenobrycon spilurus and Aphyocharax alburnus), and one Cyprinodontiformes (Poecilia reticulata), which was also found in HW. In HW aquatic insects were the main resource consumed by fishes while plant material and terrestrial arthropods were secondary resources. In LW the fishes ingested all of these items in addition to zooplankton (Copepoda, Cladocera and larval stages of Decapoda). However, there was a temporal replacement with a predominance of zooplankton in falling and low water. In general, the breadth diet decreased during the falling water in both sections and increased in rising water. However, the average breadth diet was higher in HW. The interspecific food overlap was high in HW while low values were more frequent in LW and its temporal variation was opposed in both sections during almost all the sampling period.

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Spatial and temporal variation in diet composition of invertivore fishes in a tropical stream, Venezuela. Invertivores fishes are an important component of neotropical streams and they represent a link between aquatic invertebrates and piscivorous species. This study evaluated the breadth diet and interspecific food overlap of nine invertivores fish species during three consecutive hydrological phases: falling (December/07, January/08, February/08 and March/08), low (April/08) and rising waters (June/08), in two sections of a Venezuelan neotropical stream, which were located at different elevation, high watershed (HW) and low watershed (LW). The fishes were collected with a beach seine (5mm mesh) between 8:00 and 11:00 hours. The diet of each species was evaluated using an index of relative importance (IRI), which includes as variables the number, weight and occurrence frequency of food items consumed. The Levin’ index (Bi) and Morisita (IM) were used to estimate the breadth diet and interspecific food overlap, respectively. All estimations were made using the numeric proportion of preys. Nine fish species were captured, eight Characiformes, of which three were captured in HW (Knodus deuteronoides, Creagrutus bolivari and C. melasma) and five in LW (Thoracocharax stellatus, Moenkhausia lepidura, Cheirodon pulcher, Ctenobrycon spilurus and Aphyocharax alburnus), and one Cyprinodontiformes (Poecilia reticulata), which was also found in HW. In HW aquatic insects were the main resource consumed by fishes while plant material and terrestrial arthropods were secondary resources. In LW the fishes ingested all of these items in addition to zooplankton (Copepoda, Cladocera and larval stages of Decapoda). However, there was a temporal replacement with a predominance of zooplankton in falling and low water. In general, the breadth diet decreased during the falling water in both sections and increased in rising water. However, the average breadth diet was higher in HW. The interspecific food overlap was high in HW while low values were more frequent in LW and its temporal variation was opposed in both sections during almost all the sampling period. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1217-1231. Epub 2011 September 01.

La ictiofauna invertívora es un componente importante en los ríos neotropicales y representa un enlace entre los invertebrados acuáticos y los piscívoros. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la amplitud y sobreposición interespecífica de dieta de nueve especies de peces invertívoros durante tres fases hidrológicas consecutivas: descenso (diciembre/07, enero/08, febrero/08, marzo/08), aguas bajas (abril/08) y ascenso de aguas (junio/08) en dos secciones de un río venezolano ubicadas a distinta altitud (subcuenca alta, SA y subcuenca baja, SB). Los peces se recolectaron con una red de cerco (0.5cm entrenudos) entre las 8:00 y 11:00 horas. La dieta de cada especie se evaluó usando un índice de importancia relativa (IIR) que incluyó el número, peso y frecuencia de ocurrencia de los items consumidos. Para estimar la amplitud y sobreposición interespecífica de dieta se emplearon los índices de Levín (Bi) y Morisita (IM), respectivamente. Todas las estimaciones se realizaron con la frecuencia numérica de las presas consumidas. Se capturaron nueve especies, ocho Characiformes, tres en SA (Knodus deuteronoides, Creagrutus bolivari y C. melasma) y cinco en SB (Thoracocharax stellatus, Moenkhausia lepidura, Cheirodon pulcher, Ctenobrycon spilurus y Aphyocharax alburnus) y un Cyprinodontiformes (Poecilia reticulata), capturada en SA. En SA el principal recurso consumido fueron insectos acuáticos mientras que el material vegetal y los artrópodos terrestres fueron recursos secundarios. En SB, las especies consumieron estos items además de zooplancton (Copepoda, Cladocera y estadios larvales de crustáceos Decapoda), pero hubo una sustitución temporal con un predominio de zooplancton en descenso y aguas bajas. En general, la amplitud de la dieta disminuyó en descenso de aguas en ambas secciones e incrementó en ascenso de aguas. Sin embargo, la amplitud promedio fue mayor en SA. La sobreposición interespecífica de dieta fue alta en SA mientras que en SB fueron más frecuentes los valores bajos y en casi todo el registro su variación temporal fue opuesta en ambas secciones.

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Trophic network of a fish community in a seagrass bed in the Venezuelan Caribbean. Seagrass beds are considered important feeding places for a variety of fish species characterized with complex trophic interactions. In this paper we described the trophic network of a fish community inhabiting a seagrass bed in the Venezuelan Caribbean. In addition, a consumption index (CI) for each prey ingested is proposed using two variables: abundance and consumption frequency. Eight samplings (at four time intervals: 6:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00 hours) were done in August 2005 and January 2006. Fifty one fish species in 29 families were captured; Haemulidae was the most abundant. Crustacea was the most important food resource of the 28 food items identified. The relative importance of trophic guilds, considering abundance and taxonomic species richness, was: benthophagous>herbivorous>piscivorous. The features of the trophic network were: 1) high proportion of short chains (two links), 2) high number of intermediate species, 3) high consumption of benthos, 4) low CI values and 5) few species with a high number of linkages. Temporal (hourly and monthly) differences were obtained in fish species number (total, intermediate and top), total linkages, connectivity and maximal chain lengths. The connectance did not show significant temporal variation and it was similar to other environments with different species richness. In contrast, the connectivity was lower than the one reported for environments with low species richness. As in other reports, the temporal variation of the trophic parameters and the community structure was different. The values of CI for the different preys were low except for harpacticoid copepods and crustacean larvaes. The cluster value of CI was high for benthos (>80 %) and, in general, low for plankton and nekton preys. The seagrass bed studied was an important feeding place where the configuration of trophic network changed in different temporal scales and reflected the dynamic of the feeding relationships this fish community. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 963-975. Epub 2009 December 01.

Las praderas marinas son consideradas sitios importantes de alimentación para una variedad de especies de peces, por lo que en estos sistemas son frecuentes las interacciones tróficas complejas. En el presente trabajo se describió la trama trófica de la ictiofauna en una pradera marina ubicada en el Caribe Venezolano. Adicionalmente, se propuso una medida de la intensidad de consumo de cada presa (IC), considerando dos variables: la abundancia y la frecuencia de uso. Se realizaron ocho muestreos (en 4 horarios: 6:00, 12:00, 18:00 y 24:00 horas) en agosto 2005 y enero 2006. Se capturaron 51 especies pertenecientes a 29 familias siendo Haemulidae la más abundante y se identificaron 28 items alimenticios dentro de los cuales, Crustácea fue el más importante como recurso alimenticio. La importancia de los gremios tróficos considerando la abundancia y la riqueza taxonómica de especies fue: bentófago>herbívoro>piscívoro. Las características de la trama trófica fueron las siguientes: 1) una mayor proporción de cadenas cortas (dos eslabones), 2) un elevado número de especies intermedias. 3) un elevado consumo de bentos, 4) unas bajas intensidades de consumo y 5) un reducido número de especies involucradas en el mayor número de uniones tróficas estimadas. Se obtuvieron diferencias temporales (horarias y mensuales) en el número de especies (totales, intermedias y topes), de uniones totales, en la conectividad y en la longitud máxima de cadena. No se observó una variación temporal en la conectancia y sus valores resultaron parecidos a los reportados para otros ambientes marinos con distinta riqueza de especies. Por el contrario, los valores de conectividad resultaron menores a los obtenidos en ambientes con menor riqueza de especies. Como en otros reportes, los parámetros tróficos estimados fueron poco sensibles a los cambios intracomunitarios. IC resultó bajo, a excepción de lo obtenido para los copépodos harpacticoides y las larvas de crustáceos, mientras que, los valores de IC agrupados resultaron altos para las presas del bentos (>80 %) y, en general, bajos para las presas del plancton y necton. La pradera evaluada fue un importante sitio de alimentación en el que cambió la configuración de la trama trófica a distintas escalas temporales, reflejando la dinámica de las relaciones alimentarias de la comunidad de peces.

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Seagrass beds are considered important feeding places for a variety of fish species characterized with complex trophic interactions. In this paper we described the trophic network of a fish community inhabiting a seagrass bed in the Venezuelan Caribbean. In addition, a consumption index (CI) for each prey ingested is proposed using two variables: abundance and consumption frequency. Eight samplings (at four time intervals: 6:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00 hours) were done in August 2005 and January 2006. Fifty one fish species in 29 families were captured; Haemulidae was the most abundant. Crustacea was the most important food resource of the 28 food items identified. The relative importance of trophic guilds, considering abundance and taxonomic species richness, was: benthophagous>herbivorous>piscivorous. The features of the trophic network were: 1) high proportion of short chains (two links), 2) high number of intermediate species, 3) high consumption of benthos, 4) low CI values and 5) few species with a high number of linkages. Temporal (hourly and monthly) differences were obtained in fish species number (total, intermediate and top), total linkages, connectivity and maximal chain lengths. The connectance did not show significant temporal variation and it was similar to other environments with different species richness. In contrast, the connectivity was lower than the one reported for environments with low species richness. As in other reports, the temporal variation of the trophic parameters and the community structure was different. The values of CI for the different preys were low except for harpacticoid copepods and crustacean larvaes. The cluster value of CI was high for benthos (>80 %) and, in general, low for plankton and nekton preys. The seagrass bed studied was an important feeding place where the configuration of trophic network changed in different temporal scales and reflected the dynamic of the feeding relationships this fish community.

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