RESUMO

Introduction: The consumption of ultra-processed products has been associated with the etiology of various diseases, mainly metabolic diseases. On the other hand, physical activity acts as a protective factor that helps prevent the appearance of this type of disease. In addition to the physical effects, both the consumption of ultra-processed products (UPPs) and sedentary behaviors have been associated with a significant impact on people's mental health. These problems occur significantly in university students. Online internet interventions are an alternative that has the advantage of reaching a broader sample size and adapting to various problems. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical superiority trial with two independent groups will be developed with 176 participants. Participants in both groups will be evaluated in 5 steps: (1) pretest, (2) middle of the intervention, (3) post-test, (4) follow-up at 3 months, and (5) follow-up at 6 months. In the experimental group ("UNISALUD"), participants will receive an intervention composed of 11 sessions with interactive elements such as videos, audio, and infographics created through the user experience (UX) principles and based on the health action process approach (HAPA). The participants in the control group will be on the waiting list and will receive treatment 27 days after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Thus, participants will not receive the treatment immediately. Discussion: The study is expected to establish the feasibility of a self-help internet-based intervention created based on the user experience methodology and the health action process model, leading to a significant decrease and increase in the consumption of UPPs, ultra-healthy products, and physical activity, respectively. Conclusion: Internet-based interventions are scarce in Latin America. Due to their potential, this study will provide data about consumption of UPPs, physical activity, and mental health of the Mexican population, which will influence the reduction of health-related complications through prevention strategies or measures.Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05834842.

RESUMO

RESUMEN La aparición de los productos ultra-procesados y su incremento en las ventas, ha propiciado modificaciones en los entornos alimentarios, condiciones que se han asociado con repercusiones negativas en la salud de las personas. El objetivo de este ensayo fue analizar las implicancias del consumo de ultra-procesados, avances y retos en América Latina para la salud pública en adultos. Para ello, se buscó información en diferentes bases de datos lo que llevó a la revisión de documentos que presentaron datos sobre el consumo, implicancias, acciones y retos de políticas públicas en torno a los productos ultra-procesados. México y Chile registraron las ventas per cápita más altas de América Latina. Las altas ventas de estos productos, el incremento de establecimientos de comida rápida, así como de supermercados, se ha asociado con el aumento de la prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad y DM2 en la región; asimismo se detectaron avances en materia de políticas públicas y fiscales que han sido emitidas por los Estados para la mejora de la información la cual advierte de los riesgos a la salud de estos productos así como el incremento de impuestos a productos con perfiles nutrimentales inadecuados. Si bien, estas acciones han comenzado a evidenciar efectos positivos al registrarse decrementos en los consumos de productos ultra-procesados, es importante generar políticas y acciones que ofrezcan alternativas de consumo de alimentos mínimamente procesados, con perfiles nutrimentales adecuados y, económicamente asequibles que permitan a la población tener alternativas de consumo distintas a los ultra-procesados.

ABSTRACT The appearance of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and their increase in sales has led to changes in food environments; these conditions are associated with negative repercussions on people's health. Therefore, this essay aimed to analyze the implications of the consumption of UPF, advances, and challenges in Latin America for public health in adults. The information was collected in different databases, which led to the review of documents that revealed data on consumption, implications, actions, and public policy challenges around UPF. Mexico and Chile were the countries with the highest per capita sales in Latin America. In the region, the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with high sales of UPF and an increase in fast-food establishments and supermarkets. Several countries in the region have issued advances in public and fiscal policies as improving the information that warns of the health risks of these products and an increase in taxes on products with inadequate nutritional profiles. Although these actions have begun to show positive effects by registering decreases in the consumption of UPF, it is essential to generate policies and actions that offer alternatives for the consumption of minimally processed foods, with adequate nutritional profiles that are affordable and allow the population to have consumption alternatives to UPF.

RESUMO

Resumen Antecedentes: por lo general, y entre otras consideraciones, las personas declaran tomar en cuenta el valor de la salud cuando eligen sus alimentos. Objetivo: comprender, desde la perspectiva de un grupo de mujeres, lo que constituye una alimentación saludable y sus implicaciones en las prácticas culinarias cotidianas. Materiales y métodos: con orientación fenomenológica y metodologías cualitativas, guiadas por el criterio de saturación de la información, se realizaron cuatro grupos de discusión (n=22) y 10 entrevistas en profundidad (n=12) a 31 mujeres residentes en Cataluña, España. Resultados: las percepciones sobre "lo saludable" son diversas y complejas. Además de identificarse la reproducción de discursos que denotan la nutricionalización de la alimentación, también se encontraron procesos de asimilación y resignificación que influencian la percepción de "lo saludable" y las prácticas culinarias. Antes que la salud, se consideran las preferencias, los gustos, el costo y la conveniencia en las elecciones alimentarias. Conclusión: las resignificaciones sobre lo que es considerado como "saludable" permite a las entrevistadas integrar estrategias mediante las cuales legitiman los discursos sobre salud en sus prácticas culinarias, aunque dichas estrategias no necesariamente se correspondan con las normas dietéticas.

Abstract Background: In general, and among various factors, most people declare that they take into account the importance of health when they are choosing their foods. Objective: Understand from the perspective of a group of women what constitutes healthy eating and the implications for daily cooking practices. Objective: Understand from the perspective of a group of women what constitutes healthy eating and the implications for daily cooking practices. Materials and Methods: With phenomenological orientation and qualitative methodologies, guided by the information saturation criterion, four discussion groups (n = 22) and 10 in-depth interviews (n = 12) were conducted with 31 women residing in Catalonia, Spain. Results: Perceptions around what is "healthy" are diverse and complicated. In addition to identifying how discourse denotes whether foods are healthy or not, it was also found that assimilation and redefinition processes influence perceptions of "healthy" foods and culinary practices. Before considering health, preferences, tastes, cost, and convenience were considered when selecting food and making purchases. Conclusion: Helping the participants to identify how they label and consider "healthy" foods enabled the integration by interviewees of strategies to legitimize their discussions about health and culinary practices, although said strategies do not necessarily correspond with dietetic norms.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Antecedentes: ante la creciente incidencia y prevalencia de obesidad, por recomendación de organismos como la OMS y la OCDE, diversos países han emitido instrumentos regulatorios para normar la oferta alimentaria en las instituciones educativas. Objetivo: comparar el instrumento mexicano para el expendio de productos preparados y procesados en escuelas con instrumentos regulatorios en el ámbito internacional, y reflexionar sobre su aplicabilidad práctica. Materiales y métodos: en esta revisión documental se recolectaron instrumentos de 20 países para distintos niveles educativos, y se seleccionaron aquellos aplicables al nivel medio superior y superior. Resultados: se identificaron instrumentos heterogéneos y con distinto nivel de obligatoriedad, que dictaminan criterios nutricionales y otros elementos de la alimentación. En el nivel medio superior, 17 países regulan expendios, mientras que en el superior solo lo hacen tres. Así mismo, se muestran incrementos graduales en operatividad y cumplimiento de dichos instrumentos en los distintos países. Para el caso de México, se identificaron puntos de mejora en la aplicabilidad, monitoreo y evaluación del instrumento regulador. Conclusiones: las políticas influyen en la disponibilidad y accesibilidad de alimentos y bebidas; por lo anterior, su cumplimiento y estrecha vigilancia tendría un impacto positivo en los consumos alimentarios y los patrones dietéticos.

Background: Due to the rising incidence and prevalence of obesity and the issuance of WHO and OECD recommendations, various countries have developed regulatory instruments to standardize food offerings in educational institutions. Objective: Compare the Mexican instrument for sales of prepared and processed food products in secondary schools and universities with other international regulatory instruments, and reflect on its application and practicality. Materials and Methods: For this document revision, instruments from 20 countries were collected for various education levels, of which were selected those that apply to secondary school and universities. Results: Diverse instruments were identified with various levels of regulation, which dictate nutritional criteria and other dietary elements. At the secondary school level, 17 countries regulate sales, while at the university level only 3 countries do so. Likewise, there are gradual increases in operability and requirements among countries. In the case of Mexico, benchmarks for the applicability, monitoring, and evaluation of the regulatory tool(s) were outlined. Conclusion: Policies influence the availability and accessibility of foods and drinks; as such, compliance and close monitoring would have a positive impact on the consumption of food products and dietary patterns.

Assuntos