RESUMO
Las Infecciones Respiratorias Altas son las enfermedades más comunes en la infancia. Es posible contraerlas aún sin factores de riesgo; aunque, sí existen mayor número de factores, más alta es la probabilidad de enfermar. Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo asociados a las Infecciones Respiratorias Altas Recurrentes en menores de 5 años de la Habana Vieja. Método: Se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles para identificar factores de riesgo asociados a las Infecciones Respiratorias Altas Recurrentes en menores de 5 años de la Habana Vieja entre enero y junio del 2008, se estudiaron 40 niños con IRAR seleccionados por muestreo por conveniencia y 40 controles. Se aplicaron encuestas a los familiares. Resultados: La IRAR más frecuente fue la Adenoiditis con 18 casos (45%). Todos los casos tenían antecedentes personales y familiares de alergia, contra un 37,5% y un 62,5% respectivamente en los controles. La lactancia adecuada fue más frecuente en los controles. El 70% de los casos estuvo expuesto al humo del tabaco, y los controles solo el 25%. El 92,5% de las viviendas de los casos y el 70% de los controles tenían animales, principalmente perros. El frío (92,5%), los cambios de temperatura (80%) y la humedad (80%) se consideraron factores de riesgo ambientales en este estudio. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo que inciden en las IRAR son: los antecedentes personales y familiares de alergia, la lactancia materna inadecuada, la exposición al humo del tabaco y la presencia de animales domésticos, el frío, el cambio de tiempo y la humedad
The Upper Respiratory Infections are the most common diseases in childhood. It is possible to get it even with no risk factors; although, if there are more factors, the higher it is the probability of illness. Objective: to identify risk factors associated with Recurrent Upper Respiratory Infections (RURI) in children under 5 years old from Habana Vieja municipality. Method: It was carried out an analytic study of cases and controls to identify risk factors associated with Recurrent Upper Respiratory Infections (RURI) in children under 5 years old from Habana Vieja municipality between January and June of the 2008; 40 children with RURI were studied selected by convenience sampling and 40 controls. The relatives were also surveyed. The group of cases was compared with the control group and then it was analyzed if the exhibition factor was associated to the RURI by means of the test of chi square, for that which was considered as significant a p<0.05 in which case the test of odds ratio was applied to determine if really the factor or characteristic is or not of risk. Results: the most common of RURI was Adenoiditis with 18 cases (45%). All the cases had personal and family history of allergy, compared with 37.5% and 62.5% respectively in controls. The adequate breastfeeding was more frequent in controls. 70% of the cases were exposed to tobacco smoke, and controls only 25%. 92.5% of the homes of the cases and 70% of the controls had animals, especially dogs. Cold weather (92.5%), temperature changes (80%) and humidity (80%) were considered environmental risk factors in this study. Conclusions: risk factors affecting the RURI were: personal and family history of allergy, inadequate breastfeeding, exposure to the smoke of tobacco and the presence of domestic animals, cold weather, changing weather and humidity
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Infecções Respiratórias , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: There has been described some exacerbating factors for atopic dermatitis, including foods. Several investigations have reported controversial results about the influence of foods on atopic dermatitis. But there is scarce information about the nutritional status of patients with atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the nutritional condition in a sample of children with atopic dermatitis in Old Havana, Cuba. METHODS: In this descriptive study, were included 60 children, aged between 2 and 14 years, with the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis from the Allergy Department in the municipality Havana, from January to April of 2008. For every patient we evaluated anthropometrics, biochemical and immunologic measurements, as well the frequency of meals ingestion and the types of foods. RESULTS: We found that 83.3% of the patients were younger than 6 years, with a slight prevalence of females (53.3%). Ninety-seven percent of the children had a normal height for its age and 48.3% had a normal weight for their height, and 20% of the patients had malnutrition. It was detected mild and moderate anemia in 63.3%. The daily frequency of taking breakfast was carried out in 55%, the lunch in 100% and dinner in 95%. The products of regular consumption are carbohydrates, candies nd sodas in 76.6%. Fish and shellfish are consumed only for 16% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied sample of children with atopic dermatitis we found a high prevalence of malnutrition associated with poor dietary habits. Breast milk feeding was related to a less malnutrition percentage in children with atopic dermatitis.