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The COVID-19 quarantine in Mexico has meant that household members spend more time inside the home, increasing the demand for direct and indirect care by minors, the elderly, chronically ill and disabled. This forced a reconfiguration of the provision of these services by household members. The aim of the document is twofold: first, to describe socioeconomic and demographic aspects of Mexican households around care activities during the quarantine and second, to estimate the determinants of the provision of care in the quarantine. The information was obtained from the Survey of Care and COVID-19 in Mexican Homes during Quarantine (SCCMHQ). The propensity score-matching technique is used as a quasi-experimental procedure to estimate the causal effects of a treatment variable (presence of minors, elderly, chronically ill, disability, or domestic service in the home) in Mexican households. The Probit model shows that age and economic dependency are determinants of caregiving for treatment groups with minors, disability and chronic disease. In addition, sex, home income, and current employment situation are significant for treatment groups with a disability, paid domestic work, and minors, respectively. A positive "net" effect of the treatment variables in the probability of care provision was also observed. Particularly, the existence of minors at home was highly effective to promote direct and indirect care. The confinement solution is characterized by a balance between genders, except in the case of households with disabilities. This shows that a cultural and functional change is possible in the distribution of care responsibilities, which can be consolidated through public policies.

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Objetivo: describir las causas de morbilidad y mortalidad perioperatorias en los pacientes afectos de endocarditis infecciosa activa y significar cómo pueden ser disminuidas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de las complicaciones posoperatorias y mortalidad en 139 pacientes operados por presentar endocarditis infecciosa en un período de 16 años. Se efectuaron 147 operaciones a los 139 pacientes de las cuales 83 (57,1 por ciento) fueron electivas y 64 (42,9 por ciento) fueron de urgencia. El 24 por ciento de los pacientes fueron remitidos de otros centros en los que habían sido sometidos a tratamiento médico no exitoso por más de 4 semanas. Resultados: las operaciones efectuadas fueron: Sustituciones valvulares aórticas,mitrales y tricuspídeas 75 (41,1 por ciento), extracción de electrodos de marcapasos o desfibriladores automáticos implantables del ventrículo derecho 57 (41 por ciento) , otras operaciones en número de 7 (4,9 por ciento)y 8 reintervenciones. La complicación más frecuente fue la sepsis generalizada (10,07 por ciento p< 0,01), seguidos en orden de frecuencia por el bajo gasto cardíaco y los sangramientos posoperatorios. Las principales causas de los decesos fueron la insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva (13 pacientes, 9,3 por cientop< 0,02) y la sepsis generalizada 5 (3,6 por ciento). La mortalidad en este estudio (16,4 por ciento) se relacionó con varios factores, entre ellos la clase funcional, ya que el 12,2 por ciento de los pacientes se encontraban en clase funcional (III-IV) de la clasificación de la New York Heart Association. La mortalidad fue mayor en los pacientes que tenían más de 4 semanas de tratamiento médico no exitoso (n= 13) 56,5 por ciento. Es notable la baja mortalidad (2,1 por ciento) que ocurrió en los pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa por cables o electrodos de marcapasos o desfibriladores automáticos implantables. Conclusiones: la realización de un diagnóstico temprano, la instauración de un de un tratamiento antibiótico intensivo, de una cirugía precoz unida a una hemostasia rigurosa dará por resultado una paulatina disminución de la mortalidad y morbilidad en las operaciones por endocarditis infecciosa(AU)

Objective: To describe the causes of perioperative morbidity and mortality of patients suffering active infectious endocarditis and to explain how both aspects can be reduced. Methods: A retrospective study of postoperative complications and mortality observed in 139 patients operated on from infectious endocarditis in 16 years. One hundred forty seven surgeries were performed, of which 83 (57.1 percent) were elective and 64 (42.9 percent) were emergency surgeries. In this group, 24 percent had been referred from other medical centers where they had been unsuccessfully treated for 4 weeks. Results: The performed surgeries comprised 15 aortic, mitral and tricuspid valve replacements, 57 (41 percent) removals of pacemaker electrodes or of implanted automatic defibrillators in the right ventricle, seven other types of surgeries and 8 reoperations. The most frequent complication was generalized sepsis ((10.07 percent p< 0.01), followed by the low heart output and postoperative bleeding. The main causes of death were congestive heart failure in 13 patients (9.3 percent, p< 0. 02) and generalized sepsis in 5 patients (3.6 percent). The mortality rates presented in this study (16.4 %) were associated to several factors such as functional class, since 12.2 percent of patients were classified into the functional class III-IV of the New York Heart Association. The mortality rate was higher in those patients who had been unsuccessfully treated for over 4 years (n= 13, 56.5 percent). Low mortality is noticeable (2.1 percent) in patients with infectious endocarditis as a result of pacemaker electrodes or cables, or of implanted automatic defibrillators. Conclusions: Early diagnosis, implementation of an intensive antibiotic treatment, early performance of surgery together with rigorous homeostasis results in a stagger reduction of mortality and morbidity in infectious endocarditis surgeries(AU)

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Objetivo: determinar cómo influyen diferentes factores de riesgo, sobre los eventos clínicos adversos más frecuentes en el posoperatorio inmediato de los pacientes tratados con cirugía de revascularización miocárdica con circulación extracorpórea. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, longitudinal y prospectivo en 60 pacientes del Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, durante el período 2008-2009. Resultados: se observó, un predominio de pacientes dislipidémicos (90 por ciento) e hipertensos (86,7 por ciento). Los pacientes con manifestación de eventos clínicos adversos demostraron una estrecha asociación con la dislipidemia (p< 0,01), una disminución significativa de la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (p< 0,05), un aumento significativo de los tiempos de circulación extracorpórea (p< 0,01), y paro isquémico (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: la dislipidemia basal, la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo deprimida y la prolongación del proceder quirúrgico, fueron los factores de riesgo más significativos para el desarrollo de eventos clínicos adversos, en el posoperatorio inmediato de los pacientes revascularizados(AU)

Objective: to determine how different risk factors influence on the more frequent adverse clinical events during the immediate postoperative period of patients operated on myocardial revascularization surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Methods: a prospective, longitudinal and observational study was conducted in 60 patients from the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery for 2008-2009. Results: there was predominance of dyslipemia patients (90 percent) and hypertensive patients (86.7 percent). Patients with manifestation of adverse clinical events showed a close association with dyslipemia (p< 0.01), a significant decrease of ejection fraction of left ventricle (p< 0.05), a significant increase of extracorporeal circulation times (p < 0.01) and ischemic arrest (p< 0.05). Conclusions: the basal dyslipemia, the depressed left ventricle ejection and the length of surgical procedure, were the more significant risk factors for development of adverse clinical events during the immediate postoperative period of revascularization patients(AU)

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Se realizó un estudio observacional, longitudinal y prospectivo en 60 pacientes, durante el período de enero 2008-2009, con el objetivo de determinar el valor pronóstico de estas fracciones lipídicas basales y su relación con la ocurrencia de eventos clínicos adversos, en el posoperatorio de pacientes con indicación de revascularización miocárdica con circulación extracorpórea. Como resultados obtuvimos, que las concentraciones basales del colesterol total, los triglicéridos, y el colesterol asociado a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad, a las lipoproteínas de baja densidad y a las lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad, se modificaron durante el proceder quirúrgico y en la sala de recuperación. Además, se demostró una disminución significativa de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad y una tendencia de aumentar el nivel de colesterol, en el grupo de pacientes que manifestó eventos clínicos adversos, y se observó también, una estrecha asociación entre estos eventos y estas 2 variables lipídicas (p< 0,05). Se concluyó que los pacientes que tienen de base un perfil lipídico alterado son más susceptibles a desarrollar eventos clínicos adversos, en el posoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía coronaria con circulación extracorpórea(AU)

A prospective, longitudinal and observational study was conducted in 60 patients from January 2000-2009 to determine the prognostic value of these basal lipid fractions and its relation to occurrence of adverse clinical events in postoperative period of patients with an extracorporeal circulation myocardial revascularization indication. As result, the basal concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides and the cholesterol associated with high density lipoproteins (HDL) were modified during the surgical procedure and in the recovery unit. Also, it was shown a significant decrease of HDL and a trend to increase the cholesterol level as well as a close association among these events and these lipid variables (p <0,05). We conclude that patients with an altered lipid profile basis are more liable to develop adverse clinical events in the immediate postoperative period of coronary surgery with extracorporeal circulation(AU)

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We report the case of a male, 80-year-old resident in the City of Buenos Aires, with a diagnosis of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) during a countrywide dengue outbreak, from January to May 2009. The patient had a chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with chlorambucil, prostate cancer (hormone therapy and radiotherapy) and images consistent with bone metastases. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed pleocytosis with a predominance of mononuclear cells and high protein concentration. Bacteria, fungi and mycobacteria cultures, as well as the PCR for herpes virus, HSV, CMV and EBV, were negative. We confirmed the diagnosis of SLE by detection of IgM antibodies in both CSF and serum sample with IgG seroconversion by neutralization in cell cultures and negative results for other flaviviruses with known circulation in Argentina. We review the evidence for the presence of the St. Louis virus in our country and point to the importance of the diagnosis and the search of other Flavivirus in suspected dengue cases with severe or atypical presentation. This work emphasizes the need to strengthen both the epidemiological surveillance of SLE, and vector control to prevent different infections transmitted by mosquitoes and to understand their true impact on public health in Argentina.

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Se presenta un paciente de 80 años de edad, residente en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, con diagnóstico serológico para el virus de la encefalitis de San Luis (SLE) durante el brote de dengue ocurrido entre enero y mayo de 2009. Presentaba leucemia linfoide crónica en tratamiento con clorambucilo, cáncer de próstata tratado con hormonoterapia y radioterapia, e imágenes óseas compatibles con metástasis. El estudio del líquido cefalorraquídeo demostró pleocitosis con predominio de mononucleares y proteinorraquia elevada. El resultado de los cultivos para bacterias, hongos y micobacterias, así como el PCR en LCR para herpes virus, HSV, CMV y EBV, fue negativo. Se detectaron anticuerpos IgM para virus SLE tanto en LCR como en muestra de suero, con seroconversión IgG por neutralización en cultivos celulares y resultados negativos para los demás Flavivirus con circulación en Argentina. Se revisan evidencias sobre la presencia de virus de San Luis en nuestro país, y se señala la importancia de la confirmación diagnóstica y el estudio de otros Flavivirus en casos sospechosos de dengue con presentación grave o atípica. Este trabajo remarca la necesidad de fortalecer tanto la vigilancia epidemiológica del virus SLE, como el control vectorial para prevenir las diferentes infecciones transmitidas por mosquitos y conocer su efecto en Salud Pública en la Argentina.

We report the case of a male, 80-year-old resident in the City of Buenos Aires, with a diagnosis of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) during a countrywide dengue outbreak, from January to May 2009. The patient had a chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with chlorambucil, prostate cancer (hormone therapy and radiotherapy) and images consistent with bone metastases. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed pleocytosis with a predominance of mononuclear cells and high protein concentration. Bacteria, fungi and mycobacteria cultures, as well as the PCR for herpes virus, HSV, CMV and EBV, were negative. We confirmed the diagnosis of SLE by detection of IgM antibodies in both CSF and serum sample with IgG seroconversion by neutralization in cell cultures and negative results for other flaviviruses with known circulation in Argentina. We review the evidence for the presence of the St. Louis virus in our country and point to the importance of the diagnosis and the search of other Flavivirus in suspected dengue cases with severe or atypical presentation. This work emphasizes the need to strengthen both the epidemiological surveillance of SLE, and vector control to prevent different infections transmitted by mosquitoes and to understand their true impact on public health in Argentina.

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La cirugía constituye un ataque vigoroso a la incompetencia valvular que ocasiona las graves complicaciones hemodinámicas que se observan en la endocarditis infecciosa. Se presenta una breve revisión de las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas que se emplean para el tratamiento de la endocarditis infecciosa de la válvula mitral nativa, utilización de homoinjertos mitrales, tratamiento quirúrgico de la endocarditis infecciosa de la válvula aórtica y de la endocarditis infecciosa de prótesis valvular aórtica, homoinjertos criopreservados, prótesis sin soporte valvular y otros tipos de prótesis, así como de otras técnicas que se pueden emplear en caso de no contar con homoinjertos. Se revisan las técnicas que se utilizan en la endocarditis infecciosa de la válvula tricúspide y la conducta quirúrgica en la endocarditis por cables de marcapasos o desfibriladores automáticos implantables(AU)

Surgery is a strong attack to valvular incompetence causing the severe hemodynamic complications seen in infective endocarditis. This is a brief review of the different surgical techniques used in the treatment of infective endocarditis of native mitral valve, utilization of mitral homografts, surgical treatment of the infective endocarditis of the aortic valve and the infective endocarditis of the aortic valvular prosthesis, cryopreservation of the homografts, prosthesis without valvular support and other types of prostheses, as well as of other techniques that could be used if the homografts are not available. Techniques used in the infective endocarditis of tricuspid valve are reviewed and the surgical behavior in the endocarditis provoked by the pacemakers cables or implanted automated defibrillators(AU)

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Existe un creciente interés por realizar revascularizaciones miocárdicas y otras operaciones de cirugía cardíaca con el corazón latiendo, sin pinzamiento aórtico y siempre que sea posible sin el uso de la máquina de circulación extracorpórea (CEC), ya que se pueden obtener mejores resultados que los que se observan con las técnicas tradicionales de protección miocárdica con soluciones cardiopléjicas. Evaluar la seguridad, eficacia y los beneficios posoperatorios obtenidos en pacientes sometidos a la técnica de sustitución valvular mitral (SVM) con perfusión coronaria continua y el corazón latiendo, en relación con los operados mediante la técnica de SVM con parada cardíaca tradicional en el Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, durante el período comprendido entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2002. Se diseñó un estudio de tipo prospectivo, controlado y aleatorizado, que fue sometido a evaluación y aprobación por el comité de ética de nuestra Institución, en el cual 64 pacientes de uno y otro sexos referidos a nuestro departamento para realizarles SVM aislada fueron seleccionados al azar para conformar dos grupos comparativos. Al grupo A se le realizó SVM mediante el método tradicional, y al grupo B se le realizó SVM con el corazón latiendo. La t de Student y el test de Wilcoxon Mann Whitney se utilizaron para comparar las medias de las variables cuantitativas estudiadas. En los pacientes del grupo B se observó una disminución de las concentraciones séricas de creatin-Kinasa total, creatin-kinasa MB y lactato, de las pérdidas totales de sangre y de la necesidad de transfusiones, del tiempo de soporte ventilatorio mecánico, de la estancia en el hospital y de la incidencia de complicaciones posoperatorias, entre otras variables, en relación con los pacientes del grupo A. La técnica quirúrgica evaluada constituye un método alternativo de protección miocárdica, seguro, eficaz y fácilmente reproducible, con el que se pueden alcanzar resultados...

A growing interest exists to carry out myocardial revascularisations and other beating heart surgeries, without aortic clamping and whenever it is possible without the use of the extracorporeal circulation machine (ECM), since it is possible to obtain better results than those observed with the traditional techniques of myocardial protection with cardioplegic solutions. To valuate the safety, effectiveness and the postoperative benefits obtained in patients undergoing the technique of mitral valve replacement (MVR) with continuous coronary perfusion and beating heart compared with those operated by the technique of MVR with traditional heart stop in the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery between January 2001 and December 2002. A prospective, controlled and randomized study was designed and subjected to evaluation and approval by the committee of ethics of our Institution. i 64 patients of both sexes referred to our department for isolated MVR were selected at random and divided into two comparative groups. In the group A, MVR was performed by means of the traditional method, whereas in group B it was carried out with the heart beating. The Student's t test and Wilcoxon Mann Whitney's test were used to compare the means of the studied quantitative variables. In the patients of the group B, it was observed a decrease of the serum concentrations of total creatin-kinase, creatin-kinase, lactate, the total losses of blood, the need of transfusions, the time of mechanical ventilatory support, the stay in the hospital and the incidence of postoperative complications, among other variables, compared with the patients of group A. The evaluated surgical technique is an alternative method of myocardial protection, safe, effective and easily reproducible with which satisfactory clinical results can be attained.

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INTRODUCCIÓN. La cirugía de revascularización miocárdica es la más frecuente de las cirugías cardíacas. Para conocer la prevalencia de eventos adversos mayores en esta cirugía y sus factores de riesgo, se estudiaron prospectivamente 1264 pacientes revascularizados consecutivamente entre enero de 1990 y del 2006 en el Instituto de Cardiología de La Habana. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un análisis multivariado de las variables de riesgo. Se obtuvieron las probabilidades de Bayes. El nivel de significación estadística fue de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS. En 398 casos (32,1 por ciento) se presentaron eventos mayores. Los eventos más frecuentes fueron la reintervención quirúrgica (234; 18,9 por ciento) y el bajo gasto cardíaco (190; 15,0 por ciento). Las mayores probabilidades de Bayes positivas para la aparición de eventos adversos se comportaron como sigue: fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo < 40 por ciento (probabilidad: 66,2 por ciento) e insuficiencia vascular arterial periférica (probabilidad: 58,8 por ciento) (preoperatorios); bajo gasto cardíaco (probabilidad: 82,3 por ciento) y accidentes quirúrgicos (probabilidad: 73,1 por ciento) (transoperatorios); y ritmos no sinusales (probabilidad: 88,9 por ciento) y uso de cuatro o más unidades de hemoderivados (probabilidad: 59,6 por ciento) (posoperatorios). CONCLUSIONES. Los eventos adversos se comportaron dentro de los rangos reportados internacionalmente(AU)

INTRODUCTION. Myocardial revascularization surgery is the most common of heart surgeries.To know the prevalence of major adverse events in this surgery and their risk factors, 1264 patients that were consecutively revascularized were prospectively studied between January 1990 and January 1996 in the Cardiology Institute of Havana City. METHODS. A multivariate analysis of the risk variables was made. Bayes' probabilities were obtained. The statistical significance level was p < 0.05. RESULTS. Major events were reported in 398 cases (32.1 percent). The most frequent events were surgical reintervention (234; 18.9 percent) and low cardiac output (190; 15.0 percent). Most of Bayes' positive probabilities for the appearance of adverse events behaved as follows: left ventricular ejection fraction < 40 percent (probability: 66.2 percent) and peripheral arterial vascular insufficiency (probability: 58.8 percent) (preoperative); low cardiac output (probability: 82.3 percent) and surgical accidents (probability: 73.1 percent) (transoperative); non-sinusal rhythms (probability: 88.9 percent) and use of four or more units of hemoderivatives (probability: 59.6 percent) (postoperative). CONCLUSIONS. The adverse events behaved according to the ranges reported at the international level(AU)

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La cirugía de revascularización miocárdica es la más frecuente de las cirugías cardíacas y uno de los mayores logros obtenidos en la cirugía. Su historia puede dividirse en cuatro etapas. Las ideas relacionadas con ella surgen ya a finales del siglo XIX y tienen un desarrollo vertiginoso en el siglo XX. Como muchos de los descubrimientos de la humanidad y la medicina, la cirugía cardíaca y la revascularización miocárdica tienen paternidades discutidas y fechas controvertibles. Se hace una revisión bibliográfica de su desarrollo y avances, así como de algunos aspectos de la circulación extracorpórea, la protección miocárdica y la cirugía cardíaca en general, necesarios para su progreso.

Myocaridal revascularization surgery is the most common of the heart surgeries and one of the greatest achievements attained in surgery. Its history may be divided into 4 stages. The ideas related to it appeared at the end of the XIX century and had a quick development in the XX century. As many of the discoveries of mankind and medicine, heart surgery and myocardial revascularization have disputed paternities and controvertible dates. A bibliographic review of their development and advances, as well as of some aspects of extracorporeal circulation, myocardial protection and heart surgery in general, which are necessary for their progress, was made.

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En los últimos años ha habido un interés creciente por las operaciones de cirugía cardíaca (principalmente revascularizaciones miocárdicas) con el corazón latiendo, sin pinzamiento aórtico y, siempre que sea posible, sin el uso de la máquina de circulación extracorpórea, porque se ha demostrado que se pueden obtener mejores resultados que con las técnicas tradicionales de protección miocárdica con soluciones cardiopléjicas. Este método nos condujo a considerar también la posibilidad de realizar cirugía de la válvula mitral con perfusión coronaria continua y el corazón latiendo. En el presente trabajo nos propusimos exponer la forma en la que se realizó esta técnica quirúrgica de protección miocárdica en el período comprendido entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2001 en esta institución y evaluar su seguridad y eficacia. Se halló que la cirugía de la válvula mitral realizada con el corazón latiendo constituye un método alternativo de protección del miocardio, seguro y fácilmente reproducible con el que se pueden alcanzar resultados clínicos satisfactorios.

In the last years there has been a growing interest to carry out cardiac surgery operations (mainly coronary artery bypass grafting) with the beating heart, without aortic cross clamp and whenever it is possible without the use of extracorporeal circulation, because it has been demonstrated that better results can be obtained that those are observed with the traditional techniques of myocardial protection with cardioplegic solutions. This method led us to also consider the possibility to carry out surgery of the mitral valve with continuous coronary perfusion and the beating heart. In the presently work we proposed as objective to expose the form in that we have carried out this surgical technique of myocardial protection in the period understood between January of the 2000 and December of the 2001 in our Institution, as well as to evaluate its security and effectiveness. The results of our study suggest that the mitral valve surgery carried out with the beating heart constitutes an alternative method of myocardial protection, sure and easily reproduce with which satisfactory clinical results can be reached.

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La detección precoz de la infección por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) asintomática (70-75%) reduce la incidencia de complicaciones, sobre todo las relacionadas a la infertilidad y esterilidad en ambos sexos siendo relevante en las mujeres. Objetivos: Conocer la prevalencia de CT en la población asintomática de jóvenes y adolescente (JA) de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina); evaluar los factores de riesgo y proponer un programa de detección adecuado a nuestro medio. Métodos: Se estudiaron, entre enero de 2004 y enero de 2006, 427 JA de ambos sexos entre 18 y 24 años (221 estudiantes universitarios (GU) y 206 adolescentes no universitarios (GNU) con nivel socio económico bajo). Se realizó PCR en orina con dos técnicas: plásmido y proteína de la membrana externa de CT; cultivo en líneas celulares para las muestras positivas; y tratamiento de los individuos positivos y control posterior. Resultados: La prevalencia global fue 8,7% (37/427) siendo mayor en las mujeres (13,7% vs. 4,1%; p = 0.0004), en el GNU (13.1 vs. 4.5%; p = 0.001) y en aquellos con las necesidades básicas (NB) insatisfechas (14.8% vs. 6.1%; p = 0.0006). No hubo diferencias significativas (DS) con respecto al comportamiento sexual y al uso de diferentes métodos anticonceptivos. Los antecedentes previos de exudado vaginal o uretral y adenomegalias inguinales tuvieron un elevado valor predictivo negativo (93,01% y 94,2%, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Es recomendable efectuar tamizaje de jóvenes en diferentes escenarios con técnicas sensibles. Los programas basados en los factores de riesgo son inadecuados en nuestro medio. La información y la educación general y sexual deben ser consideradas herramientas imprescindibles para controlar esta infección.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Valvular thrombosis is a serious complication in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Traditional treatment is emergency surgery, but thrombolysis provides a non invasive alternative. In this paper we evaluate the efficacy and safety of thrombolysis in prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. METHODS: Data of 68 patients diagnosed of prosthetic valve thrombosis, treated at the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Havana during a 6-years period were analyzed. They received thrombolysis with a recombinant streptokinase infusion at 250,000 IU in 30 minutes followed by 100,000 IU/hour during 72 hours or less if the thrombosis resolved before. The evaluation was based on clinical and echocardiographic findings. RESULTS: Affected sites were mitral (50 cases), tricuspid (9), and aortic (9). Mean time of prosthesis implantation was 6.8 years. The presentation form was generally heart failure (NYHA functional class III-IV) in 64 (94.1%) patients. Mean time interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 10.6 days. There was total response to treatment in 58 (85.3%) patients, partial in 4 (5.9%) and failure in 6 (8.8%). Recombinant streptokinase overall dose was 5.1 x 10(6) IU and mean infusion time 50 hours. Major hemorrhagic complications were observed in two patients. Five embolic events occurred during thrombolysis. Four patients died. Rethrombosis was noted in 11 patients; 10 were retreated successfully with thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Thrombolysis with recombinant streptokinase is efficacious and safe for the treatment of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. It does not contraindicate surgical treatment if there is no total response, because patient goes to surgery in better hemodynamic conditions with lower risk. Nowadays it can be considered as first-line treatment in all patients with prosthetic heart valve thrombosis regardless of functional class unless specific contraindications exist.

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Thrombosis of a prosthetic valve is one of the most severe complications of cardiac valve replacement. The incidence is 0.5% in the aortic and mitral positions and up to 20% in the tricuspid position. The presenting clinical picture ranges from the absence of symptoms to cardiogenic shock. The traditional treatment of this complication has been emergency surgery, but thrombolysis, which has been available for many years, is being considered as the first line of treatment more and more every day. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis of prosthetic heart valves are reviewed here. Thrombolysis, which has an efficacy of over 80%, is emphasized in this review. Embolic complications associated with this therapeutic approach remain a great concern with rates of 3% to 10%, and some authors reporting rates up to 20%.

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This report describes the current status of avian infuenza. Three major classes of influenza viruses are recognized: A,B and C. Influenza C is a relatively minor cause of respiratory illness, but influenza A (mainly) and B strains (less severe) are major cases of morbidity and mortality. Each tends to occur in well-circumscribed epidemies. Spread of influenza is virtually worldwide after introduction of a new variant. Pandemia of influenza is one of the more important woldwide event of public health, in which the majority of the populations present the risk of infection and thus become sick. Vaccination constitutes the main medical intervention to protect people against the pandemic strain. These considerations are describes in the article

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This report describes the current status of avian infuenza. Three major classes of influenza viruses are recognized: A,B and C. Influenza C is a relatively minor cause of respiratory illness, but influenza A (mainly) and B strains (less severe) are major cases of morbidity and mortality. Each tends to occur in well-circumscribed epidemies. Spread of influenza is virtually worldwide after introduction of a new variant. Pandemia of influenza is one of the more important woldwide event of public health, in which the majority of the populations present the risk of infection and thus become sick. Vaccination constitutes the main medical intervention to protect people against the pandemic strain. These considerations are describes in the article

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Ebstein's anomaly is the most frequent cause of congenital tricuspid regurgitation. The coexistence of a mechanical heart prosthesis in a low-pressure circuit and poor compliance in the anticoagulant therapy contributed decisively to the appearance of recurrent mechanical heart valve thrombosis in these patients. A 49 years old female patient is reported where thrombolytic therapy with recombinant Streptokinase (TT-rSK) was the first treatment choice in seven recurrent episodes of prosthetic valve thrombosis.

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