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ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of including different doses of phytase in broiler diets with different levels of phytate and reduced levels of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP), on broilers performance, digestibility (CAID), and bone characteristics. One thousand four hundred and four Cobb®500 broilers were used, distributed in a complete randomized design, and a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with two phytate levels (4.25 kg/ton - MP and 6.0 kg/ton - HP) and three phytase levels (0, 750, and 1500 FTU/kg) totalizing six treatments with nine replicates each. The animals that received phytase in their diet showed higher average feed intake and weight gain, and higher bone weight, % mineral residue, % Ca, and % P, when compared to the treatment without phytase (P < 0.01). Animals that received a diet containing HP with the inclusion of 1500FTU/kg phytase had the best CAID of nutrients (P < 0.0001). Regarding phytate, animals that received the MP diet showed a higher CAID of dry matter, and higher %P in the tibia when compared to animals that received the HP diet. The addition of phytase to diets with reduced Ca and aP levels can improve the CAIDs and bone characteristics in the presence of high phytate levels. However, reducing Ca and aP levels in the diet without adding phytase impairs the performance of broilers and has no effect on their carcass and cuts yield.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inclusão de diferentes doses de fitase em rações para frangos de corte com diferentes níveis de fitato e níveis reduzidos de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo disponível (Pd) sobre seu desempenho. Foram utilizados 1.404 frangos machos Cobb®500, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x3, com dois níveis de fitato (4,25 kg / ton - MP e 6,0 kg / ton - HP) e três níveis de fitase (0, 750 e 1500 FTU / kg), com nove repetições por tratamento. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, e aos 21 dias de idade, quatro frangos por repetição foram abatidos para coleta do conteúdo ileal para análise do coeficiente de digestibilidade ileal aparente (CDIA), e foram removidas a tíbia direita de um frango por repetição para quantificar seu peso e porcentagem de resíduo mineral (% RM), Ca e P. Aos 42 dias de idade, uma ave por repetição foi abatida para medir o rendimento de carcaça e cortes. Os animais que receberam fitase na dieta apresentaram maior consumo médio de ração e ganho de peso médio, e maior peso ósseo, % RM, % Ca e % P, quando comparados ao tratamento sem fitase (P < 0,01). Os animais que receberam dieta contendo HP com inclusão de 1500FTU / kg de fitase apresentaram os melhores CDIAs de nutrientes (P < 0,0001). Em relação ao fitato, os animais que receberam a dieta MP apresentaram maior CDIA de matéria seca e maior %P na tíbia quando comparados aos animais que receberam a dieta HP. A adição de fitase a dietas com níveis reduzidos de Ca e Pd pode melhorar os CDIAs e as características ósseas na presença de níveis elevados de fitato. No entanto, a redução dos níveis de Ca e Pd na dieta sem adição de fitase prejudica o desempenho dos frangos de corte e não afeta o rendimento de carcaças e cortes.

RESUMO

This study evaluated the effect of including different doses of phytase in broiler diets with different levels of phytate and reduced levels of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP), on broilers performance, digestibility (CAID), and bone characteristics. One thousand four hundred and four Cobb®500 broilers were used, distributed in a complete randomized design, and a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with two phytate levels (4.25 kg/ton - MP and 6.0 kg/ton - HP) and three phytase levels (0, 750, and 1500 FTU/kg) totalizing six treatments with nine replicates each. The animals that received phytase in their diet showed higher average feed intake and weight gain, and higher bone weight, % mineral residue, % Ca, and % P, when compared to the treatment without phytase (P < 0.01). Animals that received a diet containing HP with the inclusion of 1500FTU/kg phytase had the best CAID of nutrients (P < 0.0001). Regarding phytate, animals that received the MP diet showed a higher CAID of dry matter, and higher %P in the tibia when compared to animals that received the HP diet. The addition of phytase to diets with reduced Ca and aP levels can improve the CAIDs and bone characteristics in the presence of high phytate levels. However, reducing Ca and aP levels in the diet without adding phytase impairs the performance of broilers and has no effect on their carcass and cuts yield.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inclusão de diferentes doses de fitase em rações para frangos de corte com diferentes níveis de fitato e níveis reduzidos de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo disponível (Pd) sobre seu desempenho. Foram utilizados 1.404 frangos machos Cobb®500, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x3, com dois níveis de fitato (4,25 kg / ton - MP e 6,0 kg / ton - HP) e três níveis de fitase (0, 750 e 1500 FTU / kg), com nove repetições por tratamento. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, e aos 21 dias de idade, quatro frangos por repetição foram abatidos para coleta do conteúdo ileal para análise do coeficiente de digestibilidade ileal aparente (CDIA), e foram removidas a tíbia direita de um frango por repetição para quantificar seu peso e porcentagem de resíduo mineral (% RM), Ca e P. Aos 42 dias de idade, uma ave por repetição foi abatida para medir o rendimento de carcaça e cortes. Os animais que receberam fitase na dieta apresentaram maior consumo médio de ração e ganho de peso médio, e maior peso ósseo, % RM, % Ca e % P, quando comparados ao tratamento sem fitase (P < 0,01). Os animais que receberam dieta contendo HP com inclusão de 1500FTU / kg de fitase apresentaram os melhores CDIAs de nutrientes (P < 0,0001). Em relação ao fitato, os animais que receberam a dieta MP apresentaram maior CDIA de matéria seca e maior %P na tíbia quando comparados aos animais que receberam a dieta HP. A adição de fitase a dietas com níveis reduzidos de Ca e Pd pode melhorar os CDIAs e as características ósseas na presença de níveis elevados de fitato. No entanto, a redução dos níveis de Ca e Pd na dieta sem adição de fitase prejudica o desempenho dos frangos de corte e não afeta o rendimento de carcaças e cortes.

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RESUMO

We aimed to evaluate the effects of the reduction in dietary crude protein (CP) on blood urea, uric acid, performance, immunity, and intestinal histology of broilers. Four diets were formulated with 22.50%, 21.50%, 20.50%, and 19.50% of CP (1 to 21 days) and 19.20%, 18.20%, 17.20%, and 16.20% of CP (22 to 42 days), meeting the requirements of essential amino acids in all diets. A total of 800 male Ross chicks were randomly allocated to 32 pens, with 25 birds each (n = 8). Blood and intestines had been collected for analysis. Uric acid decreased and urea increased with the reduction of CP (p < 0.05). Reduction in performance and intestinal parameters (villus, crypt, and goblet cells) was observed with the reduction of CP (p < 0.05). Lower levels of CP resulted in alteration (p < 0.05) in CD4 and CD8 lineages (21 and 42 days). Broken-line models estimated (p < 0.05) the CP requirement for growth between 21% and 21.3% (1 to 21 days) and between 17.2% and 17.4% (22 to 42 days) and CP requirements between 17.2% and 18.2% for maximum response of immune cells (42 days). Reduction in dietary CP has a negative impact on performance, immune response, and intestinal histology of broilers, even with adequate levels of essential amino acids.

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Background: Salmonella control in poultry industry is of great importance to prevent foodborne diseases in humans. Theintense control of Salmonella Enteritidis caused an increased isolation of other serotypes as Salmonella Minnesota (SM),and it cannot be affi rmed that additives used to control Salmonella Enteritidis showed the same effi cacy to control of otherserovars. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of SM in challenged broilers and the use ofdifferent organic acids for SM control in broilers.Materials, Methods & Results: In the present study, three experiments were conducted. In the fi rst experiment an in vivostudy to evaluate the pathogenesis of the SM in broilers where the birds were divided into 4 treatments with 15 animalseach: T1 - animals inoculated orally with SM, T2 - animals inoculated through feed with SM, T3 - “in-contact” birds cagedwith SM challenged birds and T4 - negative control. At 12, 24 and 48 h after the challenge, the crop, duodenum, cecumand liver were collected to detect SM. It was also collected fragments of jejunum, ileum and cecum for histopathologicaland immunohistochemistry analysis. At the microbiological evaluation 12 h after inoculation, it has already been possibleto observe the presence of SM in the crop, duodenum and cecum of birds challenged orally and through feed. Twentyfour h after contact with the challenged birds, the in-contact group have already shown the presence of SM in crop andduodenum. It was observed a signifi cant increase of goblet cells in the jejunum 24 h post inoculation (PI) in the orallyinoculated birds, and in the ileum 48 h PI in the feed challenged birds. In immunohistochemical evaluation, 12 h PI thebirds challenged orally have already shown a signifi cant increase in the number of CD3+ cells in the jejunum and 24 h PIa signifi cant increase of these cells in the ileum and cecum. In the second experiment an in vitro study was also performedto...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Salmonella control in poultry industry is of great importance to prevent foodborne diseases in humans. Theintense control of Salmonella Enteritidis caused an increased isolation of other serotypes as Salmonella Minnesota (SM),and it cannot be affi rmed that additives used to control Salmonella Enteritidis showed the same effi cacy to control of otherserovars. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of SM in challenged broilers and the use ofdifferent organic acids for SM control in broilers.Materials, Methods & Results: In the present study, three experiments were conducted. In the fi rst experiment an in vivostudy to evaluate the pathogenesis of the SM in broilers where the birds were divided into 4 treatments with 15 animalseach: T1 - animals inoculated orally with SM, T2 - animals inoculated through feed with SM, T3 - “in-contact” birds cagedwith SM challenged birds and T4 - negative control. At 12, 24 and 48 h after the challenge, the crop, duodenum, cecumand liver were collected to detect SM. It was also collected fragments of jejunum, ileum and cecum for histopathologicaland immunohistochemistry analysis. At the microbiological evaluation 12 h after inoculation, it has already been possibleto observe the presence of SM in the crop, duodenum and cecum of birds challenged orally and through feed. Twentyfour h after contact with the challenged birds, the in-contact group have already shown the presence of SM in crop andduodenum. It was observed a signifi cant increase of goblet cells in the jejunum 24 h post inoculation (PI) in the orallyinoculated birds, and in the ileum 48 h PI in the feed challenged birds. In immunohistochemical evaluation, 12 h PI thebirds challenged orally have already shown a signifi cant increase in the number of CD3+ cells in the jejunum and 24 h PIa signifi cant increase of these cells in the ileum and cecum. In the second experiment an in vitro study was also performedto...(AU)

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Com a proibição do uso de antibióticos como melhoradores de desempenho, aumentaram as pesquisas para desenvolver produtos alternativos que fossem eficientes para melhorar o desempenho zootécnico dos animais de produção e manter a saúde intestinal deles, por meio da redução de patógenos e da imuno modulação do trato gastrointestinal. O uso de probióticos já é conhecido há muito tempo, entretanto os mecanismos de ação destes produtos e a interação deles com o organismo animal hospedeiro estão sendo mais profundamente pesquisados agora. Sabe-se que os probióticos auxiliam no equilíbrio da microbiota intestinal, podendo, por meio deste efeito, melhorar o desempenho dos animais. Esta atividade se dá pela produção de diferentes metabólitos com ação antimicrobiana e também pela competição por sítios de ligação com bactérias patogênicas na mucosa do trato gastrointestinal ou através de imunomodulação no organismo animal. Devido a todas as ações dos probióticos, eles são utilizados como melhoradores de desempenho animal e também podem ser uma ferramenta para controle de enterobactérias de importância em saúde pública.

As antibiotics growth promoters have been banned from animal feed, probiotics have received special attention as alternative products to enhance performance from livestock and keep their gastrointestinal health. Probiotics benefits are known since long time ago, however, the mechanisms of action of these products are being better researched now. Is known that probiotics could balance intestinal microbiot and due to this, they can improve animal performance. This activity is due to the production of different metabolites with antimicrobial activity and competition by bind sites on gastrointestinal mucosal. Due to all this probiotic actions, they are recommended as animal growth promoters and also may be an important tool to control enterobacterias considered risky to public health.

RESUMO

Com a proibição do uso de antibióticos como melhoradores de desempenho, aumentaram as pesquisas para desenvolver produtos alternativos que fossem eficientes para melhorar o desempenho zootécnico dos animais de produção e manter a saúde intestinal deles, por meio da redução de patógenos e da imuno modulação do trato gastrointestinal. O uso de probióticos já é conhecido há muito tempo, entretanto os mecanismos de ação destes produtos e a interação deles com o organismo animal hospedeiro estão sendo mais profundamente pesquisados agora. Sabe-se que os probióticos auxiliam no equilíbrio da microbiota intestinal, podendo, por meio deste efeito, melhorar o desempenho dos animais. Esta atividade se dá pela produção de diferentes metabólitos com ação antimicrobiana e também pela competição por sítios de ligação com bactérias patogênicas na mucosa do trato gastrointestinal ou através de imunomodulação no organismo animal. Devido a todas as ações dos probióticos, eles são utilizados como melhoradores de desempenho animal e também podem ser uma ferramenta para controle de enterobactérias de importância em saúde pública.(AU)

As antibiotics growth promoters have been banned from animal feed, probiotics have received special attention as alternative products to enhance performance from livestock and keep their gastrointestinal health. Probiotics benefits are known since long time ago, however, the mechanisms of action of these products are being better researched now. Is known that probiotics could balance intestinal microbiot and due to this, they can improve animal performance. This activity is due to the production of different metabolites with antimicrobial activity and competition by bind sites on gastrointestinal mucosal. Due to all this probiotic actions, they are recommended as animal growth promoters and also may be an important tool to control enterobacterias considered risky to public health.(AU)

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RESUMO

Dog bites are the third most common cause of absenteeism among postal workers of the Brazilian National Postal Service in Southern Brazil, with an average off-work time of approximately two days for each biting episode. The objective of this study was to evaluate the neighborhood characteristics involving dog bites that occurred during work time in postal workers, its impact on work and consequent preventive alternatives. A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was designed for all Curitiba postal workers. Data were descriptively analyzed and the hypothesis of correlation between median monthly income, population density and occurrence of dog bites was tested. A total of 34.9% of the postal workers answered the questionnaire and 64.6% of them had been bitten while working. The odds of bites occurring in a neighborhood increase by 1.035 times for every increase in one unit in the population density and decrease by 0.998 times for every increase of US$ 1.00 in the neighborhood median monthly income of the head of the family. The occurrence of dog bites among postal workers in Curitiba is related to income and population density and prevention strategies should address mailbox position and adequate fencing to provide protection for postal workers.

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RESUMO

Dog bites are the third most common cause of absenteeism among postal workers of the Brazilian National Postal Service in Southern Brazil, with an average off-work time of approximately two days for each biting episode. The objective of this study was to evaluate the neighborhood characteristics involving dog bites that occurred during work time in postal workers, its impact on work and consequent preventive alternatives. A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was designed for all Curitiba postal workers. Data were descriptively analyzed and the hypothesis of correlation between median monthly income, population density and occurrence of dog bites was tested. A total of 34.9% of the postal workers answered the questionnaire and 64.6% of them had been bitten while working. The odds of bites occurring in a neighborhood increase by 1.035 times for every increase in one unit in the population density and decrease by 0.998 times for every increase of US$ 1.00 in the neighborhood median monthly income of the head of the family. The occurrence of dog bites among postal workers in Curitiba is related to income and population density and prevention strategies should address mailbox position and adequate fencing to provide protection for postal workers.

Mordidas de cães são a terceira causa mais frequente de absenteísmo ao trabalho em carteiros do Correio no sul do Brasil, com uma média de dois dias de ausência a cada episódio de mordida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características de bairros onde ocorreram mordidas de cães em carteiros durante o período de serviço, o impacto disto no trabalho e desenvolver alternativas preventivas. Um corte-transversal descritivo e analítico foi desenhado e aplicado a todos os carteiros de Curitiba. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e foi testada a hipótese de que renda mediana mensal, densidade populacional e ocorrência de mordidas em cada bairro estão correlacionadas. Um total de 34,9% dos carteiros de Curitiba respondeu ao questionário e 64,6% deles já haviam sido mordidos enquanto trabalhavam. A chance de ocorrerem mordidas em um bairro aumenta em 1,035 vezes a cada aumento em uma unidade na densidade populacional e diminui 0,998 vezes para cada aumento de US$ 1,00 na renda mediana mensal do chefe de família. A ocorrência de mordidas de cães em carteiros de Curitiba está correlacionada com renda e densidade populacional. Estratégias de prevenção devem visar um adequado posicionamento da caixa de correio e a instalação de cercas adequadas para proteger os carteiros.

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