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INTRODUCTION: Identifying objective performance metrics for surgical training in orthopedic surgery is imperative for effective training and patient safety. The objective of this study was to determine if an internationally agreed, metric-based objective assessment of video recordings of an unstable pertrochanteric 31A2 intramedullary nailing procedure distinguished between the performance of experienced and novice orthopedic surgeons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Previously agreed procedure metrics (i.e., 15 phases of the procedure, 75 steps, 88 errors, and 28 sentinel errors) for a closed reduction and standard cephalomedullary nail fixation with a single cephalic element of an unstable pertrochanteric 31A2 fracture. Experienced surgeons trained to assess the performance metrics with an interrater reliability (IRR) > 0.8 assessed 14 videos from 10 novice surgeons (orthopaedic residents/trainees) and 20 videos from 14 experienced surgeons (orthopaedic surgeons) blinded to group and procedure order. RESULTS: The mean IRR of procedure assessments was 0.97. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups for Procedure Steps, Errors, Sentinel Errors, and Total Errors. A small number of Experienced surgeons made a similar number of Total Errors as the weakest performing Novices. When the scores of each group were divided at the median Total Error score, large differences were observed between the Experienced surgeons who made the fewest errors and the Novices making the most errors (p < 0.001). Experienced surgeons who made the most errors made significantly more than their Experienced peers (p < 0.003) and the best performing Novices (p < 0.001). Error metrics assessed with Area Under the Curve demonstrated good to excellent Sensitivity and Specificity (0.807-0.907). DISCUSSION: Binary performance metrics previously agreed by an international Delphi meeting discriminated between the objectively assessed video-recorded performance of Experienced and Novice orthopedic surgeons when group scores were sub-divided at the median for Total Errors. Error metrics discriminated best and also demonstrated good to excellent Sensitivity and Specificity. Some very experienced surgeons performed similar to the Novice group surgeons that made most errors. CONCLUSIONS: The procedure metrics used in this study reliably distinguish Novice and Experienced orthopaedic surgeons' performance and will underpin quality-assured novice training.

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Background: Acinetobacter baumannii complex is an increasingly important cause of osteomyelitis. It is considered a difficult to treat agent, due to increasing antimicrobial resistance and few available therapeutic options. Objective: To compare effectiveness and tolerability of tigecycline and colistin in patients with osteomyelitis caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii complex (CRABC). Methods: This retrospective review included all patients admitted to a 150-bed tertiary hospital from 2007 to 2015 with microbiologically confirmed CRABC osteomyelitis for which they received tigecycline or colistin. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics, adverse events, and outcomes 12 months after the end of antimicrobial treatment were analysed and stratified according to the antimicrobial used. Results: 65 patients were included, 34 treated with colistin and 31 with tigecycline. There were significantly more men (P = 0.028) in the colistin group, and more smokers (P = 0.021) and greater occurrence of chronic osteomyelitis (P = 0.036) in the tigecycline treatment group. Median duration of therapy was 42.5 days for colistin and 42 days for tigecycline, with no significant difference. Overall incidence of adverse events was higher in the colistin group (P = 0.047). In particular, incidence of renal impairment was also higher in this group (P = 0.003). Nausea and vomiting were more frequent with tigecycline (P = 0.046). There were no significant differences between groups in relapse, amputation, or death. Conclusions: Tigecycline had a better safety profile than colistin in the treatment of osteomyelitis due to CRABC, with no significant difference in outcomes after 12 months of follow-up.

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BACKGROUND: Diaphyseal fractures of femur and tibia are prominent due to its high incidence and high economic and social impact. Intramedullary nailing (IN) is the surgical procedure of choice. Surgical site infection (SSI) related to this procedure is considered a difficult to treat complication. AIMS: Determine the incidence of SSI after IN of femoral and tibial diaphyseal fractures and evaluate possible risk factors. METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study. SSI was defined according to CDC-NHSN criteria and surveillance period for the occurrence of infection was 12 months. Incidence of SSI was calculated as the ratio between the number of patients with SSI and total number of patients. Analysis of potential risk factors included patients-related factors (age, gender, body mass index, active foci of infection, immunosuppressive conditions, ASA score, alcohol or illicit drug abuse, smoking, polytrauma, etiology of fracture, type of fracture if closed or open, classification of fracture according to Müller AO, Tcherne classification for closed fractures, Gustilo-Anderson classification for open fractures, previous surgical manipulation, use of blood products); environmental and surgical-related factors (surgical wound classification, duration of surgery, hair removal, intraoperative contamination, antimicrobial use, presence of drains, hypothermia or hypoxia in the perioperative period, type of IN used, reaming, need for soft tissue reconstruction, use of negative pressure therapy) and microbiota-related factors (cultures of nasopharyngeal swabs forStaphylococcus aureus and axillary/inguinal/perineal swab for Acinetobacter baumannii). RESULTS: 221 patients were included and completed the 12-month follow-up period. Incidence of SSI was 11.8%. In the initial analysis by unadjusted logistic regression, following factors were associated SSI: Müller AO classification of the fracture morphology groups 2 or 3, previous use of external fixator, presence of drains, use of negative pressure therapy and need for muscle or skin flap repair. In the multiple logistic regression-adjusted analysis, previous use of external fixator and need for muscle or skin flap repair remained associated with SSI. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of SSI associated with IN for femoral and tibial diaphyseal fractures was 11.8%. Previous use of external fixators and need for muscle or skin flap repair were factors associated with occurrence of infection.

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BACKGROUND: There is controversy surrounding the reliability of radiographic measurements and existing classifications for proximal humeral fractures. METHODS: Ten orthopedists, divided into 2 groups by length of experience, evaluated radiographs in 3 views from 40 proximal humeral fractures. We evaluated 11 radiographic criteria (including the Neer and pathomorphologic classifications, head-shaft angle, displacement of the humeral shaft, and lesser and greater tuberosities) and treatment indication. We also analyzed the criteria that most influenced the choice of treatment. RESULTS: Interobserver reliability was substantial for the presence of fracture of the greater tuberosity (κ = 0.749) and medial metaphyseal comminution (κ = 0.627) and moderate for the pathomorphologic classification (κ = 0.504), displacement of the greater tuberosity (κ = 0.422), and treatment decision (κ = 0.565). Intraobserver reliability was substantial for treatment indication (κ = 0.620) and presence of displacement of the fracture of the greater tuberosity (κ = 0.627 and 0.611) and moderate for the Neer (κ = 0.490) and pathomorphologic (κ = 0.607) classifications. The results were influenced by the observer's experience. The surgical indication was influenced by the pathomorphologic classification in 50% of the evaluators (odds ratio, 4.85; range, 3.30-8.65). CONCLUSION: The pathomorphologic classification has higher reliability than the Neer classification and was the factor that most influenced the surgical decision. The determination of the presence of fracture and displacement of the greater tuberosity and medial metaphyseal comminution is reliable with the use of simple radiographs, and the results were influenced by the observer's experience.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the mechanical characteristics of four different moldings of the wave-plate, with and without a polyamide block under the plate simulating the corticocancellous bone graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different wave-plates were analyzed: (1) short-low (SL): wave length of four holes and 10 mm height; (2) short-high (SH): four holes length and 20 mm height; (3) long-low (LL): six holes length and 10 mm height; and (4) long-high (LH): six holes length and 20 mm height. The plate was assembled in a polyamide cylinder simulating a type B diaphyseal fracture, with the contact of one-third of the diameter, with and without a polyamide block under the plate, submitted to an application of an eccentric axial load (100 N/min). RESULTS: Without the polyamide block under the plate there were no statistical differences between the different wave-plates: SL 64.8 +/- 3.5 N; SH 62.4 +/- 3.4 N; LL 60.3 +/- 3.9 N; LH 52.1 +/- 5.9 N. There were no differences in the stiffness as well. All four different moldings of the wave-plates tested with the polyamide block showed higher maximum strength compared with the plates without the block. The configuration with higher maximum strength was the LH-B (2,195.3 +/- 252.2 N). The plate with highest stiffness was the LL-B (90.5 +/- 7.5 N/mm). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that without the usage of the polyamide block under the plate neither the length nor the height changed the maximum strength and the stiffness. With the polyamide block, the maximum strength and the stiffness were significantly higher. The long and high wave-plate with the block showed higher maximum strength while the long and low the highest stiffness.

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Os autores estudaram experimentalmente três grupos de 12 disparos de armas de fogo calibre 38. O grupo 1 utilizou muniçao comum sem nenhum preparo e serviu como controle; no grupo 2, provocou-se contaminaçao da muniçao com bactérias de E. coli e S. aureus padronizadas; e no grupo 3, utilizou-se muniçao comum, mas transfixando tecido contaminado pelas mesmas bactérias. Nos grupos 1 e 2, nao foi observado crescimento bacteriano em nenhum meio de cultura, fortalecendo a hipótese da esterilizaçao do projétil pelo disparo. No grupo 3, houve crescimento bacteriano tanto num meio de cultura sólido quanto num líquido, demonstrando que um projétil se contamina ao atravessar tecido contaminado, carreando bactérias no seu trajeto.

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Os autores discutem as indicaçöes da utilizaçäo do exame artrosocópico do punho e sugerem roteiro para sua realizaçäo. Apresentam a rotina utilizada no serviço e comentam a respeito das estruturas que devem ser analisadas em cada local

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Os autores propöem uma classificaçäo radiográfica das pseudartroses do escafóide carpiano. Sugerem uma sistematizaçäo do tratamento baseado nesta classificaçäo.

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Os autores estudaram experimentalmente 26 ossos semilunares de 13 cadáveres frescos, analisando medidas antropométricas e submetendo-os a ensaios de compressäo para verificar sua resistência. Obtiveram valores de resistência variando de 41 a 200kgf, com média de 102,1kgf, e correlacionaram com as medidas antropomêtricas.

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Os autores relatam um estudo subjetivo, objetivo e radiográfico de 21 pacientes com fraturas intra-articulares do calcâneo. O seguimento médio foi de 8,2 anos (3-16 anos). Todos foram tratados conservadoramente. Sessenta e seis por cento dos pacientes tiveram bom resultado, com sintomas leves que näo interferiram com seu trabalho. Dois terços dos pacientes alcançaram recuperaçäo máxima em torno de dois a três anos. Nem o grau de rigidez nem a degeneraçäo da subtalar correlacionaram-se com a gravidade dos sintomas ou incapacidade funcional.

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Os autores relatam a experiência do Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital da Polícia Militar do Estado de Säo Paulo no tratamento da pseudoartrose de rádio em uma paciente do sexo feminino de sete anos de idade empregando a técnica de Sofield. Conseguiram a reparaçäo da pseudartrose após 4,5 meses de pós-operatório e tecem consideraçöes sobre a etiologia

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