RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Reproductive success is determined by the interplay between mating and fertilization success. In social insect species with male-biased sex ratios and queen monogamy, males face particularly strong pre-copulatory sexual selection since they must compete with thousands of other males for a unique mating opportunity. Ejaculate quality is also expected to be under selection, because queens are long-lived and store sperm for life, so males with higher quality ejaculates are expected to provide queens with larger and longer-lived colonies, which in turn may produce more daughter queens (the only direct fitness gains of haplodiploid males). Considering the action of pre and post-copulatory sexual selection on male traits, three scenarios might thus be expected: positive, negative or no association between male mating ability and fertilization success. Here we explored these scenarios in the stingless bee Scaptotrigona aff. depilis, where males gather in large aggregations and queens mate with a single male. Male mating ability was assessed through the capacity of a male to reach an aggregation and persist on it; while sperm viability, sperm number, and sperm morphology were used as proxies for sperm quality. RESULTS: Sperm viability was associated with persistence time in the aggregation, and males that persisted longer presented shorter spermatozoa and higher variation in sperm length than recently arrived males. However, sperm traits of males that reached aggregations did not differ from those of males collected inside their colonies. In addition, males that persisted longer in aggregations were smaller than other males. Male size and sperm viability were not correlated, suggesting that the observed patterns were not due to trade-offs in male resource allocation. CONCLUSIONS: Persistence in male aggregations thus seems to select more competitive males with higher quality sperm. Our work is the first one to reveal an association between male competitive ability and fertilization success in a monogamous social insect. This finding sheds important light on the evolution of male traits in social insects and the general mechanisms of sexual selection.
RESUMO
Even though stingless beekeeping has a great potential as a sustainable development tool, the activity remains essentially informal, technical knowledge is scarce, and management practices lack the sophistication and standardization found in apiculture. Here, we contributed to the further development of stingless beekeeping by investigating the long-term impact of management and climate on honey production and colony survival in the stingless bee Melipona subnitida Ducke (1910). We analyzed a 10-yr record of 155 M. subnitida colonies kept by a commercial honey producer of northeastern Brazil. This constitutes the longest and most accurate record available for a stingless bee. We modeled honey production in relation to time (years), age, management practices (colony division and food supplementation), and climatic factors (temperature and precipitation), and used a model selection approach to identify which factors best explained honey production. We also modeled colony mortality in relation to climatic factors. Although the amount of honey produced by each colony decreased over time, we found that the probability of producing honey increased over the years. Colony divisions decreased honey production, but did not affect honey presence, while supplementary feeding positively affected honey production. In warmer years, the probability of producing honey decreased and the amount of honey produced was lower. In years with lower precipitation, fewer colonies produced honey. In contrast, colony mortality was not affected by climatic factors, and some colonies lived up to nine years, enduring extreme climatic conditions. Our findings provide useful guidelines to improve management and honey production in stingless bees.
Assuntos
Criação de Abelhas/métodos , Abelhas/fisiologia , Clima , Mel/análise , Animais , Brasil , Longevidade , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Para este trabalho, foram considerados os resultados de quatro estudos que amostraram abelhas nas flores nos dois principais biomas do Estado de São Paulo: Mata Atlântica (3 localidades) e cerrado (4 localidades). Foram coletadas 276 espécies de abelhas, pertencentes a 88 gêneros: 207 espécies e 78 gêneros na Mata Atlântica e 105 espécies e 40 gêneros no cerrado. Apidae foi a família mais representada nos dois biomas. Nas áreas amostradas, as abelhas visitaram 433 espécies de plantas: 361 na Mata Atlântica e 75 no cerrado.
For this work, we considered the results of four studies that sampled bees on flowers in the two main biomes of São Paulo State: Atlantic forest (3 locations) and 'cerrado' (4 locations). We found 276 species of bees belonging to 88 genera: 207 species and 78 genera in the Atlantic forest and 105 genera and 40 species in the 'cerrado' biome. Apidae family was the most represented in both biomes. In the sampled areas, bees visited 433 plant species: 361 in the Atlantic forest and 75 in the 'cerrado'.
RESUMO
Aspectos da estrutura da comunidade de Apoidea de uma área restrita de dunas com vegetação de restinga em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, foram analisados. Amostragens, com metodologia padronizada, foram realizadas durante 1 ano, 3 vezes por mês, das 6:00h às 18:00h. Um total de 3983 indivíduos (3770 fêmeas e 213 machos) de 49 espécies, agrupadas em 13 categorias morfo-funcionais, pertencentes a 5 famílias, foram coletados nas flores. Em sua maioria, a fauna de Abaeté é composta por abelhas solitárias de porte grande, cuja maior representatividade, tanto em espécies quanto em indivíduos, é de Anthophoridae, seguida por Apidae; Halictidae; Megachilidae e Colletidae. As abelhas estiveram ativas durante todo o ano, apresentando picos de abundância no período de menor precipitação pluviométrica. A atividade diária foi maior entre 8:00h e 14:00h, compreendendo o período em que a umidade relativa decrescia e a temperatura aumentava. O padrão de abundância e a riqueza foram bastante semelhantes ao de outros habitats no nordeste brasileiro. 49% das espécies amostradas foram representadas por menos de 8 indivíduos e apenas 6 espécies predominaram, representando 84% do total de indivíduos coletados. A disponibilidade de recursos parece ser o principal fator regulador da atividade de vôo das abelhas em Abaeté, ao longo do ano. A atividade de forrageamento foi relacionada positivamente com a intensidade de flores no campo.