RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rhodosporidium toruloides is a promising host for the production of bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass. A key prerequisite for efficient pathway engineering is the availability of robust genetic tools and resources. However, there is a lack of characterized promoters to drive expression of heterologous genes for strain engineering in R. toruloides. RESULTS: This data describes a set of native R. toruloides promoters, characterized over time in four different media commonly used for cultivation of this yeast. The promoter sequences were selected using transcriptional analysis and several of them were found to drive expression bidirectionally. Promoter expression strength was determined by measurement of EGFP and mRuby2 reporters by flow cytometry. A total of 20 constitutive promoters (12 monodirectional and 8 bidirectional) were found, and are expected to be of potential value for genetic engineering of R. toruloides. CONCLUSIONS: A set of robust and constitutive promoters to facilitate genetic engineering of R. toruloides is presented here, ranging from a promoter previously used for this purpose (P7, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) to stronger monodirectional (e.g., P15, mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator, ANT) and bidirectional (e.g., P9 and P9R, histones H3 and H4, respectively) promoters. We also identified promoters that may be useful for specific applications such as late-stage expression (e.g., P3, voltage-dependent anion channel protein 2, VDAC2). This set of characterized promoters significantly expands the range of engineering tools available for this yeast and can be applied in future metabolic engineering studies.
Assuntos
Engenharia Metabólica , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Rhodotorula/genética , Sequência de Bases , Rhodotorula/metabolismo , Transformação GenéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A growing number of Latinos are moving to nonmetro areas, but little research has examined how this trend might affect the Latino-disadvantage in access to healthcare. OBJECTIVE: We investigate health care access disparities between non-Latino whites and Latinos of Mexican origin, and whether the disparities differ between metro and nonmetro areas. METHODS: A series of logistic regression models provide insight on whether individuals have a usual source of care and whether they have had any physician visits in the past year. Our analyses focus on the interaction between Mexican origin descent and nonmetro residence. SUBJECTS: Nationally representative data from the 2002-2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey are analyzed. The sample consists of working-aged adults age 18-64, yielding a sample size of 29,875. RESULTS: The Mexican disadvantage in having a usual source of care is much greater among nonmetro residents than among those living in metro areas. The Mexican disadvantage in the likelihood of seeing a physician at least 1 time during the year does not differ across locations. Although general and ethnicity-specific predictors explain the disadvantage of Mexicans in having a usual source of care, they do not explain the added disadvantage of being Mexican and living in nonmetro areas. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies a new challenge to the goal of eliminating health care disparities in the United States. The Latino population living in nonmetro areas is growing, and our findings suggest that Latinos in nonmetro areas face barriers to having a usual source of care that are greater than those faced by Latinos in other areas.
Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Cobertura do Seguro/estatística & dados numéricos , Seguro Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Idioma , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Suburbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
La embolectomía pulmonar es el último recurso usado en pacientes con embolia pulmonar cuando estos se encuentram severamente hipoxicos e hipotensos. La mortalidad es alta debido a la condición precaria en que se encuentran estos pacientes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 63 años, el cual sufrió cardiáco debido a embolia pulmonar 24 horas después de angiografía coronaria demostrara estrechez severa de la coronaria izquierda común y enfermedad de los tres sistemas coronarios. Usando circuito extracorporeo, coagulos fueron removidos de las arterias pulmonares derecha, izquierda y común seguído de revascularización al miocardio con vena safena. Después de un período post-operatorio crítico y prolongado, el paciente fue dado de alta a los 43 días. Hoy 5 años más tarde, vive una vida productiva y sin síntomas