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PURPOSE: The composition of the fish parasite community depends on several factors related to the environment, the host and its biology. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of environmental factors in anthropized and conserved areas on the endoparasite community structure in fish at different trophic levels, in addition to verifying that some species of Digenea are indicators of conserved environments. METHODS: The study was carried out in the Upper Juruá River region, Western Amazon, Brazil. Six sampling sites were selected in this region and grouped in conserved and degraded environments. Fish were caught from periods of drought and flood, using passive and active sampling methods. Fish collected were measured, weighed, necropsied and the parasites found were counted, fixed, and subjected to morphological analysis. Physical and chemical variables and environmental characteristics were measured in all sites. RESULTS: The present study demonstrated that environmental variables in a floodplain system can influence the richness, diversity, composition and abundance of endoparasites in hosts at different trophic levels. In addition, anthropized environments may favor the abundance of some generalist parasites and present a more homogeneous biota between seasonal periods compared to conserved environments. CONCLUSION: Study contributed with information supporting the importance of conservation of aquatic environments, and demonstrated that fish parasites can be excellent indicators of environments.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The Respiratory Syndromes Surveillance System was created by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2000 to monitor influenza in this country. With the emergence of the new coronavirus pandemic, it became incorporated into the surveillance network for influenza and other respiratory viruses. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the state of Acre through its hierarchical urban network. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional, descriptive and ecological study, using a spatiotemporal approach and using secondary data. This study was conducted in the state of Acre, northern Brazil. METHODS: This study used secondary data, and epidemiological weeks and municipalities were taken to be the units of analysis. Incidence rates and kernel intensities were calculated for four study periods. Spatiotemporal analysis was performed using scan statistics to identify clusters of SARS cases and considering the population of each municipality. RESULTS: In general, it could be observed that there were higher kernel rates and intensities in municipalities located in the north and south of this state (i.e. its most populous municipalities). CONCLUSION: Priority areas for interventions to control transmission of COVID-19 were highlighted, with the aim of reducing the risks of transmission to more distant areas in the urban hierarchy of the state of Acre.

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BACKGROUND: The Respiratory Syndromes Surveillance System was created by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2000 to monitor influenza in this country. With the emergence of the new coronavirus pandemic, it became incorporated into the surveillance network for influenza and other respiratory viruses. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the state of Acre through its hierarchical urban network. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional, descriptive and ecological study, using a spatiotemporal approach and using secondary data. This study was conducted in the state of Acre, northern Brazil. METHODS: This study used secondary data, and epidemiological weeks and municipalities were taken to be the units of analysis. Incidence rates and kernel intensities were calculated for four study periods. Spatiotemporal analysis was performed using scan statistics to identify clusters of SARS cases and considering the population of each municipality. RESULTS: In general, it could be observed that there were higher kernel rates and intensities in municipalities located in the north and south of this state (i.e. its most populous municipalities). CONCLUSION: Priority areas for interventions to control transmission of COVID-19 were highlighted, with the aim of reducing the risks of transmission to more distant areas in the urban hierarchy of the state of Acre.

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Os igarapés são ecossistemas pequenose que são dependentes de seu entorno, onde há floresta e erosão, o que pode influenciar na distribuição, estrutura e variação temporal de Rotifera. Este trabalho foi realizado no Balneário do Canhoto que faz parte da microbacia hidrográfica do Rio Juruá, em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Esta região é ainda escassa em estudos de zooplâncton e devido a essa deficiência, o presente estudo tem como objetivo principal estudar a variação temporal em termos de riqueza e abundância, do zooplâncton, com ênfase em Rotifera. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente entre novembro de 2011 e outubro de 2012. O material foi coletado com rede de plâncton com abertura de 55 μm de malha. Os Rotifera apresentaram uma riqueza de 38 espécies. Os Cladocera também estiveram presentes com 10 espécies. Foram registradas 6 (seis) novas ocorrências para espécies e 2 (duas) novas ocorrências para gênero para o Estado do Acre.(AU)

The creeks are small ecosystems and that are dependent on their surroundings, where there is forest and erosion, that can influence the distribution, structure and temporal variation of rotifers. This work was performed inhealth-resort of the canhoto that is part of the sub-basin of the River Juruá in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre State. This region is still scarce studies of zooplankton and due to this deficiency, the present study aimed to study temporal variation in richness and abundance, with emphasis in Rotifera. Samples were collected monthly between november 2011 and october 2012. The material was collected with plankton net with an opening of 55 μm in mesh. Rotifera were those with the highest species richness (38). The Cladocera were also presentwith 10 species. We recorded six (6) new records for species and two (2) new recorded for genera.(AU)

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Os igarapés são ecossistemas pequenose que são dependentes de seu entorno, onde há floresta e erosão, o que pode influenciar na distribuição, estrutura e variação temporal de Rotifera. Este trabalho foi realizado no Balneário do Canhoto que faz parte da microbacia hidrográfica do Rio Juruá, em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Esta região é ainda escassa em estudos de zooplâncton e devido a essa deficiência, o presente estudo tem como objetivo principal estudar a variação temporal em termos de riqueza e abundância, do zooplâncton, com ênfase em Rotifera. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente entre novembro de 2011 e outubro de 2012. O material foi coletado com rede de plâncton com abertura de 55 μm de malha. Os Rotifera apresentaram uma riqueza de 38 espécies. Os Cladocera também estiveram presentes com 10 espécies. Foram registradas 6 (seis) novas ocorrências para espécies e 2 (duas) novas ocorrências para gênero para o Estado do Acre.

The creeks are small ecosystems and that are dependent on their surroundings, where there is forest and erosion, that can influence the distribution, structure and temporal variation of rotifers. This work was performed inhealth-resort of the canhoto that is part of the sub-basin of the River Juruá in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre State. This region is still scarce studies of zooplankton and due to this deficiency, the present study aimed to study temporal variation in richness and abundance, with emphasis in Rotifera. Samples were collected monthly between november 2011 and october 2012. The material was collected with plankton net with an opening of 55 μm in mesh. Rotifera were those with the highest species richness (38). The Cladocera were also presentwith 10 species. We recorded six (6) new records for species and two (2) new recorded for genera.

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BACKGROUND: In the past decade fish farming has become an important economic activity in the Occidental Brazilian Amazon, where the number of new fish farms is rapidly increasing. One of the primary concerns with this phenomenon is the contribution of fishponds to the maintenance and increase of the anopheline mosquito population, and the subsequent increase in human malaria burden. This study reports the results of a 2-year anopheline abundance survey in fishponds and natural water bodies in a malaria-endemic area in northwest Brazil. The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of natural water bodies (rivers, streams, creeks, ponds, and puddles) and artificial fishponds as breeding sites for Anopheles spp. in Mâncio Lima, Acre and to investigate the effect of limnological and environmental variables on Anopheles spp. larval abundance. METHODS: Natural water bodies and fishponds were sampled at eight different times over 2 years (early, mid and late rainy season, dry season) in the Amazonian town of Mâncio Lima, Acre. Anopheline larvae were collected with an entomological dipper, and physical, chemical and ecological characteristics of each water body were measured. Management practices of fishpond owners were ascertained with a systematic questionnaire. RESULTS: Fishponds were four times more infested with anopheline larvae than natural water bodies. Electrical conductivity and the distance to the nearest house were both significant inverse predictors of larval abundance in natural water bodies. The density of larvae in fishponds raised with increasing border vegetation. Fishponds owned by different farmers varied in the extent of anopheline larval infestation but ponds owned by the same individual had similar infestation patterns over time. Commercial fishponds were 1.7-times more infested with anopheline larvae compared to fishponds for family use. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that fishponds are important breeding sites for anopheline larvae, and that adequate management activities, such as removal of border vegetation could reduce the abundance of mosquito larvae, most importantly Anopheles darlingi.

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Fish farming in the Amazon has been stimulated as a solution to increase economic development. However, poorly managed fish ponds have been sometimes associated with the presence of Anopheles spp. and consequently, with malaria transmission. In this study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria in the state of Acre (and more closely within a single county) to investigate the potential links between aquaculture and malaria transmission in this region. At the state level, we classified the 22 counties into three malaria endemicity patterns, based on the correlation between notification time series. Furthermore, the study period (2003-2013) was divided into two phases (epidemic and post-epidemic). Higher fish pond construction coincided both spatially and temporally with increased rate of malaria notification. Within one malaria endemic county, we investigated the relationship between the geolocation of malaria cases (2011-2012) and their distance to fish ponds. Entomological surveys carried out in these ponds provided measurements of anopheline abundance that were significantly associated with the abundance of malaria cases within 100 m of the ponds (P < 0.005; r = 0.39). These results taken together suggest that fish farming contributes to the maintenance of high transmission levels of malaria in this region.

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