RESUMO
Abstract Suitability of developing Spirulina incorporated cereal based low cost nutritious extrudates was analysed against extrusion processing parameters. Most significant extrusion processing parameters considered for present study were feed moisture (20-25%), die temperature (100-120 °C) and screw speed (50-100 rpm). Different extrusion conditions were used to obtain most acceptable rice: Spirulina blend extrudates. In present study before extrusion processing different additives (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate) were added in rice: Spirulina blend and checked its effect on colour degradation kinetics at varied packaging and storage conditions. Higher screw speed (100 rpm) indicating less residence time of feed material inside the barrel resulted in higher colour retention of rice: Spirulina (97:03) blend extrudates. Kinetics for rice: Spirulina (97:03) blend extrudates indicates faster rate of colour degradation in terms of lightness (half-life of 4 days) when packed in metalized polyethylene at 50°C with 65% relative humidity. Increased concentration of Spirulina (1-3%) in raw formulations resulted in increase in concentration of all amino acids. Impact of extrusion processing has shown non-significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on amino acid concentrations of rice: Spirulina blend extrudates. Also, all the spirulina added samples showed good consumer acceptability with the score of 6.7
Assuntos
Grão Comestível/classificação , Biomassa , Microalgas/classificação , Aminoácidos/efeitos adversos , Oryza/classificação , Tecnologia de Baixo Custo , Embalagem de Produtos/instrumentação , Tempo de Permanência , Spirulina/metabolismo , Meia-Vida , Umidade/efeitos adversosRESUMO
During the last few years enterococci have emerged as an important cause of nosocomial and community acquired infection. They have acquired resistance to commonly used antibiotics including glycopeptides posing challenge to therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and sensitivity of VRE to newer drugs. A total of 250 strains of E. faecalis were isolated using conventional scheme of Facklam and Collins. High level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) was detected by disc diffusion method using 120 ìg gentamicin disc and confirmed by agar dilution screen method. Screening for vancomycin resistance was done by disc diffusion and the agar screen method, and was further confirmed by broth dilution method for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The strains which were resistant to vancomycin were further tested for sensitivity to newer and commonly available antibiotics. Maximum number of enterococcal isolates were recovered from urine (32.8 por cento) followed by blood (25.6 por cento) and pus (18.4 por cento). Penicillin (83.6 por cento) and cotrimoxazole (77.9 por cento) were found to be least effective drugs against the E. faecalis whereas; cefuroxime (76.8 por cento) and vancomycin (98 por cento) were most effective drugs in vitro. About two percent isolates of enterococci were resistant to vancomycin. All the VRE isolates were sensitive to quinupristin/dalfopristin. Linezolid and chloramphenicols were the two other in vitro effective drugs with 80 por cento sensitive isolates. MIC of all the VRE isolates was found to be in range of 64-512ìg/mL. So, quinupristin/dalfopristin can be used for infections caused by VRE. Continuous surveillance is necessary to detect early outbreak, and spread of VRE.