RESUMO
Psychophysiology is the science that studies the physiological measurements that are related to mental functions. In this study several physiological measurements were performed in a group of psychotic patients and their results compared with those of a normal control group. Those variables were pulse and respiratory rate, oral temperature, blood pressure and skin conductance and their spontaneous fluctuations. We observed that when direct measurements were considered, without the use of complex machinery, the psychotic patients in general, and particularly the schizophrenics had their central nervous system less stimulated than their controls. On the contrary with more complex measurements, when the EKG and skin conductance apparatus were used, the patients arousal was greater than those of their controls. The patients, in particular the schizophrenics, also did not habituate their skin conductance. Those results are considered as indicative of a decrease in the orientation reflex of those patients in comparison with their controls.
Assuntos
Nível de Alerta , Resposta Galvânica da Pele , Hemodinâmica , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Psicofisiologia , Psicologia do EsquizofrênicoRESUMO
Psychophysiology is the science that studies the physiological measurements that are related to mental functions. In this study several physiological measurements were performed in a group of psychotic patients and their results compared with those of a normal control group. Those variables were pulse and respiratory rate, oral temperature, blood pressure and skin conductance and their spontaneous fluctuations. We observed that when direct measurements were considered, without the use of complex machinery, the psychotic patients in general, and particularly the schizophrenics had their central nervous system less stimulated than their controls. On the contrary with more complex measurements, when the EKG and skin conductance apparatus were used, the patients arousal was greater than those of their controls. The patients, in particular the schizophrenics, also did not habituate their skin conductance. Those results are considered as indicative of a decrease in the orientation reflex of those patients in comparison with their controls.
RESUMO
In a previous study we have shown that weight loss or animal death as a sign of toxicity due to chronic administration of lithium in rats is more intense among male than female adult animals (5 months old), and is not observed in growing male and female animals (2 months old) (Teixeira and Karniol, Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 51: 1-5, 1982). In this study we report the results obtained for the same animals in the open field test. The ip administration of 3.0 mEq/day of LiCl to female rats for 28 days produced a decrease in rearing (60- and 150-day old animals) and ambulation (150-day old animals) in relation to control animals. Male rats of both ages submitted to the same treatment showed no changes in rearing or ambulation. The low level of activity observed in the male control groups during the 2nd and 4th experimental week may probably explain the lack of lithium effect on the number of rearing (both age groups) and ambulation (older animals) activities. We conclude that, under the present experimental conditions, the behavioral effects of lithium on female rats are dissociated from the toxic action of this substance.
Assuntos
Lítio/toxicidade , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Etários , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Ratos , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Sais de litio vem sendo usados ha mais de 30 anos na clinica psiquiatrica, com grande sucesso na terapia preventiva dan psicose maniaco-depressiva. Ate o presente, se desconhece o mecanismo de açao dessa droga. A dose terapeutica aproxima-se da toxica e acresce-se o fato de ser necessario o uso diario e por tempo indeterminado dos sais de litio, o que poderia causar efeitos colaterais, dos quais, na literatura, os achados de diferentes grupos de investigadores sao contraditorios. Na nossa clinica, nossas observaçoes preliminares mostram a tendencia a uma diminuiçao da funçao renal, acompanhando-se os niveis de clearance de creatinina e os niveis sericos e urinarios dos ions sodio e potassio. Por outro lado, tambem foi observada uma predisposiçao a obesidade, dependente do sexo e idade. Recentemente, iniciamos a investigaçao sobre possiveis alteraçoes no metabolismo lipidico, causadas pelo uso cronico de sais de litio, em ratos. Nossos resultados preliminares sugerem que a composiçao de acidos poliinsaturados e alterada, tanto nos tecidos encefalico e hapatico como nas hemacias. Particularmente, acidos graxos da familia do acido linoleico sofrem alteraçoes mais acentuadas.
Assuntos
Lítio , Transtorno Bipolar , Lítio , Transtorno BipolarRESUMO
A fim de estudarem a influencia dos fatores sexo e idade na toxicidade cronica do litio, os autores submeteram ratos machos e femeas de varias idades (dois meses, cinco meses e um ano)ao uso cronico (28 dias) de cloreto de litio ou cloreto de sodio (placebo), tendo os animais acesso apenas a agua e a uma raçao padronizada. Diferenças significativas quanto aos efeitos toxicos (perda ponderal e morte) foram observadas para ambos os fatores envolvidos, tanto isoladamente como em associaçao. Sao fornecidas varias hipoteses para explicar essas diferenças, sugerindo-se novas linhas de pesquisa, com implicaçoes para melhor compreensao dos efeitos toxicos do litio no ser humano.
Assuntos
Lítio , Ratos , Terapêutica , Lítio , Ratos , TerapêuticaRESUMO
Em prosseguimento ao estudo apresentado no artigo anterior, os autores submeteram cada um dos grupos ali descritos, formados a partir de sexo e idade, ao teste do campo aberto, cujos parametros (deambulaçao e levantar-se nas patas posteriores) encontram-se entre os mais empregados na mensuraçao dos efeitos comportamentais do litio em animais. Verificaram que nao havia correlaçao entre os efeitos toxicos e os comportamentais. Observou-se ainda que, em condiçoes semelhantes, os ratos machos monstraram-se menos sensiveis aos efeitos comportamentais do litio do que as femeas.
Assuntos
Lítio , Ratos , Terapêutica , Lítio , Ratos , TerapêuticaRESUMO
Os beta-bloqueadores em altas doses tem sido usados como tratamento alternativo na esquizofrenia. Quando empregados em conjunto com antipsicoticos em baixas doses, eles chegam a beneficiar pacientes que ate entao nao estavam melhorando com o uso isolado destas ultimas substancias. Neste trabalho, apos uma revisao da literatura, onde em particular nossos trabalhos sao focalizados, procuramos uma formulacao teorica que explique a acao conjunto destes dois tipos de drogas
Assuntos
Humanos , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta , Antipsicóticos , EsquizofreniaRESUMO
O possivel relacionamento entre doenca mental e o uso ou abuso de drogas psicotropicas e muito complexo envolvendo a interferencia de inumeras variaveis. Neste trabalho, os autores discutem o problema, trazendo a experiencia adquirida pela realizacao de investigacoes, onde uma possivel relacao entre sintomas como depressao ou ansiedade e o uso de alcool e canabis e enfocada
Assuntos
Humanos , Transtornos Mentais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de SubstânciasRESUMO
Apesar do delta9 trans tetrahidrocanabinol (Delta9 THC) ser comumente aceito como o principal constituinte ativo da Cannabis sativa, relatos recentes tem demonstrado que o canabidiol (CBD), outro constituinte da planta, influencia a atividade farmacologica do Delta9 THC em animais e no homem. Diferentes grupos tem estudado a interacao entre o Delta9 THC e o CBD com resultados aparentemente contraditorios. Os autores discutem neste artigo, no qual sao incluidos seus trabalhos previos, a imporancia dos provaveis mecanismos farmacocineticos e farmacodinamicos que influenciam a interacao complexa entre essas duas drogas
Assuntos
Humanos , Canabidiol , Cannabis , DronabinolAssuntos
Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Masculino , Alcoolismo , Hospitais Psiquiátricos , BrasilRESUMO
Existe uma vasta literatura que tenta estudar as variaveis relacionadas a una possivel associacao entre alcoolismo e depressao. Neste trabalho, 18 pacientes com o diagnostico de alcoolismo, internados num hospital psiquiatrico, foram avaliados em relacao a presenca de sintomatologia depressiva quatro e 28 dias apos a internacao. Eles tambem foram avaliados atraves de uma bateria de exames laboratoriais.Verificamos que a maioria dos pacientes melhorava da depressao com o correr da internacao, apesar de nenhum tratamento antidepressivo ter sido utilizado. Isto se acompanhava de uma tendencia de normalizacao dos resultados laboratoriais. Os resultados sao discutidos
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Alcoolismo , DepressãoRESUMO
Appropriate manipulation of dopaminergic systems, that probably contribute to tardive dyskinesia, may bring about a reduction in its intensity. In this study various, increasing doses of L-dopa, which is converted to dopamine in the CNS, was administered over the relatively long period of time of one month, in double-blind conditions, to psychiatric patients with stabilized psychotic symptoms, with tardive dyskinesia. With the one gram daily dose group, there was a reduction of the intensity of the involuntary movements, when compared to that of the patients who received placebo.
Assuntos
Discinesia Induzida por Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Levodopa/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Psicóticos/fisiopatologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Levodopa/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Placebos , Transtornos Psicóticos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The use of lithium, in the treatment and prevention of affective disorders, is considered to be one of the most important break through in modern Psychopharmacology. Side effects are frequently associated with its short and long term use. One of those side-effects, which is common after chronic lithium salt treatment, is a considerable increase in body weight. This side-effect appears to be an important factor in prompting some patients, particularly women, to suspend treatment. In this study, confirming our previous work with an animal model, we found a statistically greater weight increase in women treated chronically with lithium than in men. Our results were apparently not explained by abnormalities in thyroid function. The literature describes those thyroid abnormalities, due to lithium, as being more frequent in women than in men. In an animal model, we now found that higher plasma lithium levels are produced in male, when compared to female rats, when this drug is administered for long periods. If the some tendency is present in men, we could expect a greater probability of toxicity in men than in women. Thus, a lower weigh increase in men. Such could be a possible explanation for our clinical results.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Lítio/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Hipotireoidismo/induzido quimicamente , Lítio/administração & dosagem , Lítio/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Fatores Sexuais , Tri-Iodotironina/sangueRESUMO
The objective of this investigation was to study the influence of the dose ratio between cannabidiol (CBD) and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) on the effects of mixtures of the two cannabinoids on variable-interval (VI) schedule performance in rats. The effect on VI performance of a control solution, 10 mg/kg CBD, delta 9-THC (0.125, 0.5, 2 and 8 mg/kg) and a mixture of 10 mg/kg CBD + delta 9-THC (0.125, 0.5, 2 and 8 mg/kg) was investigated in 10 rats, with a different sequence of treatments for each animal. The results were expressed in terms of rate-dependency. The control solution, 10 mg/kg CBD, 0.125 mg/kg delta 9-THC, or 10 mg/kg CBD + delta 9-THC (0.125 mg/kg) did not cause rate-dependent effects. Delta 9-THC (0.5 and 2 mg/kg) produced rate-dependent effects. The dose of 8 mg/kg delta 9-THC almost suppressed responding. The combination of 10 mg/kg CBD + 0.5 mg/kg delta 9-THC did not cause rate-dependent effects but produced a response pattern similar to that obtained with 0.125 mg/kg delta 9-THC. At these doses CBD antagonized delta 9-THC. The combination of 10 mg/kg CBD + 2 mg/kg delta 9-THC caused rate-dependent effects. The rate-dependent regression line determined by this mixture was parallel to that produced by 2 mg/kg delta 9-THC. However, the lower intercept of the mixture with the y axis suggested potentiation of the depressant effects of delta 9-THC by CBD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Canabidiol/farmacologia , Canabinoides/farmacologia , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Dronabinol/farmacologia , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Combinação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de SubstânciasRESUMO
The use of lithium, in the treatment and prevention of affective disorders, is considered to be one of the most important break through in modern Psychopharmacology. Side effects are frequently associated with its short and long term use. One of those side-effects, which is common after chronic lithium salt treatment, is a considerable increase in body weight. This side-effect appears to be an important factor in prompting some patients, particularly women, to suspend treatment. In this study, confirming our previous work with an animal model, we found a statistically greater weight increase in women treated chronically with lithium than in men. Our results were apparently not explained by abnormalities in thyroid function. The literature describes those thyroid abnormalities, due to lithium, as being more frequent in women than in men. In an animal model, we now found that higher plasma lithium levels are produced in male, when compared to female rats, when this drug is administered for long periods. If the some tendency is present in men, we could expect a greater probability of toxicity in men than in women. Thus, a lower weigh increase in men. Such could be a possible explanation for our clinical results.
RESUMO
Appropriate manipulation of dopaminergic systems, that probably contribute to tardive dyskinesia, may bring about a reduction in its intensity. In this study various, increasing doses of L-dopa, which is converted to dopamine in the CNS, was administered over the relatively long period of time of one month, in double-blind conditions, to psychiatric patients with stabilized psychotic symptoms, with tardive dyskinesia. With the one gram daily dose group, there was a reduction of the intensity of the involuntary movements, when compared to that of the patients who received placebo.
RESUMO
Eficacia terapeutica e producao de efeitos colaterais, por vezes preocupantes, tem acompanhado o uso dos sais de litio em Psiquiatria. Neste trabalho, o aumento de peso causado pelo uso cronico da droga e focalizado. Verificamos que mulheres tendem a aumentar significantemente mais de peso do que homens. Uma tendencia ao hipotiroidismo pelo litio, mais frequente em mulheres, referido na literatura, parece nao explicar os nossos resultados. Num modelo animal usando ratos, verificamos recentemente, que animais do sexo masculino tendem a sofrer mais as acoes toxicas desta droga. Neste trabalho constatamos que ratos machos tendem a apresentar litemias mais elevadas que ratas femeas. Esta mesma tendencia, se presente no homem, poderia explicar os nossos resultados