RESUMO
Glucocorticoids influence post-natal mammary gland development by sequentially controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the mammary gland, it has been demonstrated that glucocorticoid treatment inhibits epithelial apoptosis in post-lactating glands. In this study, our first goal was to identify new glucocorticoid target genes that could be involved in generating this effect. Expression profiling, by microarray analysis, revealed that expression of several cell-cycle control genes was altered by dexamethasone (DEX) treatment after lactation. Importantly, it was determined that not only the exogenous synthetic hormone, but also the endogenous glucocorticoids regulated the expression of these genes. Particularly, we found that the expression of cell cycle inhibitors p21CIP1, p18INK4c, and Atm was differentially regulated by glucocorticoids through the successive stages of mammary gland development. In undifferentiated cells, DEX treatment induced their expression and reduced cell proliferation, while in differentiated cells this hormone repressed expression of those cell cycle inhibitors and promoted survival. Therefore, differentiation status determined the effect of glucocorticoids on mammary cell fate. Particularly, we have determined that p21CIP1 inhibition would mediate the activity of these hormones in differentiated mammary cells because over-expression of this protein blocked DEX-induced apoptosis protection. Together, our data suggest that the multiple roles played by glucocorticoids in mammary gland development and function might be at least partially due to the alternative roles that these hormones play on the expression of cell cycle regulators.
Assuntos
Dexametasona/farmacologia , Glucocorticoides/farmacologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/citologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p18/genética , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactação/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactação/genética , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genéticaRESUMO
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of human tuberculosis. The nitric oxide reaction with oxy-truncated hemoglobin N (trHbN) has been proposed to be responsible for the resistance mechanism by which this microorganism can evade the toxic effects of NO. In this work, we explore the molecular basis of the NO detoxification mechanism using a combination of classical and hybrid quantum-classical (QM-MM) simulation techniques. We have investigated the structural flexibility of the protein, the ligand affinity properties, and the nitric oxide reaction with coordinated O2. The analysis of the classical MD trajectory allowed us to identify Phe62 as the gate of the main channel for ligand diffusion to the active site. Moreover, the opening of the channel stems from the interplay between collective backbone motions and local rearrangements in the side chains of the residues that form the bottleneck of the tunnel. Even though the protein environment is not found to make a significant contribution to the heme moiety catalyzed reaction, the binding site influences the physiological function of the enzyme at three different levels. First, by isolating the intermediates formed in the reaction, it prevents nondesired reactions from proceeding. Second, it modulates the ligand (O2, NO) affinity of the protein, which can be ascribed to both distal and proximal effects. Finally, the stabilization of the Tyr33-Gln58 pair upon O2 binding might alter the essential dynamics of the protein, leading in turn to a mechanism for ligand-induced regulation.