RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of the autolyzed yeast (AY) Saccharomyces cerevisiae with or without an immunomodulator (1,3/1,6 ß-glucans) as a total/partial substitute for blood plasma (BP) in the diet of post-weaning piglets; zootechnical performance, intestinal health and microbiota, immune responses and energy metabolism were assessed. A total of 240 castrated male and female piglets, with a mean age of 22 days and mean initial weight of 5.24 ± 0.82 kg, were randomly divided into blocks of four treatments with 12 replicates. The dietary inclusions were blood plasma (BP), autolyzed yeast (AY), autolyzed yeast + immunomodulator (AYI) and 50% BP and 50% AY (BPAY). In pre-initial phase II (29-35 days), piglets fed AY showed better feed conversion (FCR = 1.358) than the piglets in the BP (1.484), AYI (1.379) and BPAY (1.442) groups, i.e., 8.49% (0.126), 1.52% (0.021) and 4.50% (0.084), respectively (p = 0.0293). In the total period (21-42 days), better FCR was observed in the AYI (1.458) group, i.e., 4.64% (0.071), 1.15% (0.017) and 4.58% (0.070), than in the BP (1.529), AY (1.475) and BPAY (1.528) groups, respectively (p = 0.0150). In piglets fed AY (n = 3) and BPAY (n = 2), there was a reduction in the number of medications, i.e., 82.35% (-14n) and 88.23% (-15n), respectively (p = 0.0001), compared with that in the BP group (n = 17). In the AY group (73.83 mg/dL), AYI group (69.92 mg/dL), and BPAY group (69.58 mg/dL), piglets exhibited increases in triglyceride levels of 79.32%, 69.83%, and 69.00%, respectively, in comparison to those in the BP group, which had triglyceride levels of 41.17 mg/dL (p = 0.0400). The beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in the AY group (79.96 ng/µL) was lower by 31.95%, 22.64%, and 5.89% compared to the BP group (117.50 ng/µL), AYI group (103.36 ng/µL), and BPAY group (84.67 ng/µL), respectively (p = 0.0072). In the AYI group, there was modulation of the microbiota, with an increase in the relative abundance of bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus, Collinsella and Bulleidia. AY, associated or not associated with an immunomodulator, is a potential substitute for BP in diets for piglets in the nursery phase, with positive effects on immune, metabolic, and intestinal microbial performance.

RESUMO

The effects of dietary ß-glucan on innate immune responses have been shown in a number of different vertebrate species. However, there is conflicting information about the period of administration (shorter vs. longer), and it is also unclear to what extent ß-glucan's effects can be observed post-treatment in fish. Thus, we fed Nile tilapia for 0 (control group; 45 days of control diet), 15 (30 days of control followed by 15 days of ß-glucan), 30 (15 days of control followed by 30 days of ß-glucan) or 45 days with a diet containing 0.1% of ß-glucan (MacroGard®). We evaluated the growth performance at the end of the ß-glucan feeding trial and the innate immune function immediately after the feeding trial and 7 and 14 days post-feeding trial. In addition, at day 10 post-feeding trial, we assessed the tilapia's resistance against a bacterial infection. No significant differences were observed in growth performance between the groups; however, fish fed with ß-glucan for 30 and 45 days had higher (approx. 8%) relative weight gain compared to the control. Regardless of the administration period, fish fed with ß-glucan had higher innate immune responses immediately after the feeding trial such as lysozyme activity in plasma, liver and intestine and respiratory burst compared to the control, and in general these differences were gradually reduced over the withdrawal period (up to 14 days). No differences were observed in the plasma hemolytic activity of the complement or myeloperoxidase activity in plasma or intestine. Moreover, fish from the control group had early mortalities (2 vs. 4-5 days post-infection, respectively) and a lower survival rate (60 vs. 80%, respectively) compared to fish fed with ß-glucan for 15 or 30 days, and, interestingly, fish fed for 45 days with ß-glucan had no mortality. This study indicates that regardless of the administration period (i.e., 15 up to 45 days), the ß-glucan improved the innate immune responses and the tilapia's resistance to disease, and this protection could be observed up to 10 days post-feeding trial, adding in vivo evidence that ß-glucan may contribute to a trained innate immunity. Additionally, we showed that a longer period of administration did not cause immunosuppression as previously hypothesized but promoted further growth and immune performance. These findings are relevant to the aquaculture industry and demonstrate that a longer ß-glucan feeding protocol may be considered to achieve better results.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A larvicultura é uma das fases mais importantes no cultivo de peixes, sendo responsável pela obtenção de animais em quantidade e qualidade para a produção. A variedade GIFT originou-se de rigoroso processo de seleção genética, apresentando rusticidade e excelente desempenho produtivo. Atualmente, a utilização de levedura íntegra, autolisada e seus derivados são recomendados para comporem rações para organismos aquáticos. A partir do exposto, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo, composição bromatológica e efetividade da masculinização de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo, variedade GIFT. A pesquisa foi realizada no laboratório de tilapicultura do Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal-SP. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado, composto por cinco tratamentos: 1,0 e 2,0% de levedura íntegra ou autolisada, além de um tratamento controle (ausente de suplementação de levedura), com quatro repetições. Os peixes foram alimentados cinco vezes ao dia, por 30 dias, sendo as dietas isoprotéicas, isoenergéticas e isoaminoacídicas para lisina, metionina, treonina e triptofano. Avaliou-se consumo de ração, biomassa final, peso e comprimento final, fator de condição corporal e sobrevivência; além da efetividade da masculinização e teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral e proteína bruta da carcaça. A suplementação da levedura íntegra ou autolisada em dietas de larvas de tilápia do Nilo durante a fase de masculinização sexual não beneficiou o desempenho produtivo, composição bromatológica e efetividade da masculinização.

The hatchery is one of the most important stages in the fish culture and it is responsible for obtaining animals in quantity and quality for production. GIFT variety originated of rigorous process of genetic selection, leading to a rustic fish an excellent growth performance. Currently, the use of full and autolyzed yeast and their derivatives have been recommended to compose aquatic organisms diets. Based on theses facts this research aimed to evaluate the productive performance, chemical composition and masculinization of Nile tilapia, GIFT variety. This study was conducted at the laboratório de tilapicultura do Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal-SP. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments: 1.0 and 2.0% full or autolyzed yeast, plus a control treatment (absent of yeast supplementation), with four replicates. The fish were fed five times a day for 30 days. The diets were isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and isoaminoacid for lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. The food intake, final biomass, weight and length, body condition factor and survival, beyond the effectiveness of masculinization and dry matter, crude protein and ash of the carcass were evaluated. The supplementation of full or autolyzed yeast in Nile tilapia larvae diets during the masculinization stage did not improve the productive performance, chemical composition and effectiveness of masculinization.

La fase de larva es una de las etapas más importantes en el cultivo de peces, siendo responsable por la obtención de animales en cantidad y calidad de la producción. La variedad GIFT se originó de un riguroso proceso de selección genética, con una excelente resistencia y características de desempeño productivo. Actualmente, se recomienda el uso de la levadura intacta, autolizada y sus derivados para componer dietas para los organismos acuáticos. De lo anteriormente expuesto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desempeño, la composición química y la efectividad del cambio de sexo de la tilapia del Nilo, la variedad GIFT. El estudio se realizó en el laboratorio del Centro de tilapicultura de la Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal. El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorizado, con cinco tratamientos: 1,0 y 2,0% de levadura intacta o autolizada, además de un tratamiento de control (ausencia de la suplementación con levadura), con cuatro repeticiones. Los peces fueron alimentados cinco veces al día, durante 30 días, con dietas isonitrogenadas, isocalórica y isoaminoacid de lisina, metionina, treonina y triptófano. Se evaluó la ingesta de alimentos, biomasa final, peso final y la longitud, el factor de condición corporal y la supervivencia, además de la eficacia de la inversión de sexos y la materia seca, proteína bruta y el contenido mineral de la carcasa. La suplementación de levaduras intacta o autolizada en dietas de alevines de tilapia del Nilo durante el cambio de sexo no se ha beneficiado el desempeño productivo, la composición y la eficacia de la inversión de sexos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

We evaluated the economic responses of Nile tilapia in the final stage (450 to 800 g) fed diets containing five levels of digestible protein (DP): 20, 23, 26, 29 and 32% and two digestible energy levels (DE): 3,000 and 3,300 kcal kg-1 based on the sale of whole animals or fillet. This experiment was carried out into 50 m3 net cages in an aquaculture area located in Paranapanema River, Palmital - São Paulo State, Brazil, from November 21st, 2010 to January 21st. Economic performance indicators were: gross revenue, partial production cost, net revenue, leveling point, balance point, benefit cost ratio and cost of feed kg-1 gain. Twenty-nine percent of DP and 3,000 kcal DE kg-1 diet provided better economic performance for sale of whole fish, meaning higher net revenue (R$ 23.09 net cage-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.08), besides the lowest balance point (R$ 3.91 kg-1). Thirty-two percent of DP and 3,000 kcal DE kg-1 diet provided the lowest cost of feed kg-1 (R$ 2.53), leveling point (17.35 kg net cage-1) and balance point (R$ 13.63 kg-1), besides the highest benefit cost ratio (1.54) when the fish were sold in fillet form. Diets with 29% and diet with 32% digestible protein, both of them with 3,000 kcal of digestible energy kg-1 diet provides better economic responses in Nile tilapia reared in net cages (450 to 800 g), to be sold, respectively, whole or fillets form.

Avaliaram-se as respostas econômicas da produção de tilápia-do-nilo na fase de terminação (450 a 800 g), alimentadas com dietas contendo cinco níveis de proteína digestível (PD): 20, 23, 26, 29 e 32% e dois de energia digestível (ED): 3.000 e 3.300 kcal kg-1 de dieta, com base na venda de animais inteiros ou filés. A pesquisa foi conduzida em 50 tanques-rede (1 m3), em área aquícola localizada no rio Paranapanema, Palmital-SP, Brasil, de 21 de novembro de 2010 à 21 de janeiro de 2011. Os indicadores de desempenho econômico calculados foram: receita bruta, custo de produção parcial, receita líquida, ponto de nivelamento, ponto de equilíbrio, relação benefício custo e custo da ração kg-1. A dieta contendo 29% de PD e 3.000 kcal de ED kg-1 proporcionou melhor desempenho econômico para venda de peixes inteiros, ou seja, maior receita líquida (R$ 23,09 tanque-rede-1) e relação benefício custo (1,08), além do menor ponto de equilíbrio (R$ 3,91 kg-1). A dieta com 32% de PD e 3.000 kcal de ED kg-1 possibilitou para a venda de filés o menor custo da ração kg-1 (R$ 2,53), menor ponto de nivelamento (17,35 kg tanque-rede-1) e de equilíbrio (R$ 13,63 kg-1), além da mais alta relação benefício custo (1,54). A dieta contendo 29% e a dieta contendo 32% de proteína digestível, ambas com 3.000 kcal de energia digestível kg-1 proporcionam melhores respostas econômicas de tilápias-do-nilo recriadas em tanques-rede (450 a 800 g), ao serem vendidas, respectivamente, inteiras e na forma de filés.

Assuntos

RESUMO

We evaluated the economic responses of Nile tilapia in the final stage (450 to 800 g) fed diets containing five levels of digestible protein (DP): 20, 23, 26, 29 and 32% and two digestible energy levels (DE): 3,000 and 3,300 kcal kg-1 based on the sale of whole animals or fillet. This experiment was carried out into 50 m3 net cages in an aquaculture area located in Paranapanema River, Palmital - São Paulo State, Brazil, from November 21st, 2010 to January 21st. Economic performance indicators were: gross revenue, partial production cost, net revenue, leveling point, balance point, benefit cost ratio and cost of feed kg-1 gain. Twenty-nine percent of DP and 3,000 kcal DE kg-1 diet provided better economic performance for sale of whole fish, meaning higher net revenue (R$ 23.09 net cage-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.08), besides the lowest balance point (R$ 3.91 kg-1). Thirty-two percent of DP and 3,000 kcal DE kg-1 diet provided the lowest cost of feed kg-1 (R$ 2.53), leveling point (17.35 kg net cage-1) and balance point (R$ 13.63 kg-1), besides the highest benefit cost ratio (1.54) when the fish were sold in fillet form. Diets with 29% and diet with 32% digestible protein, both of them with 3,000 kcal of digestible energy kg-1 diet provides better economic responses in Nile tilapia reared in net cages (450 to 800 g), to be sold, respectively, whole or fillets form.(AU)

Avaliaram-se as respostas econômicas da produção de tilápia-do-nilo na fase de terminação (450 a 800 g), alimentadas com dietas contendo cinco níveis de proteína digestível (PD): 20, 23, 26, 29 e 32% e dois de energia digestível (ED): 3.000 e 3.300 kcal kg-1 de dieta, com base na venda de animais inteiros ou filés. A pesquisa foi conduzida em 50 tanques-rede (1 m3), em área aquícola localizada no rio Paranapanema, Palmital-SP, Brasil, de 21 de novembro de 2010 à 21 de janeiro de 2011. Os indicadores de desempenho econômico calculados foram: receita bruta, custo de produção parcial, receita líquida, ponto de nivelamento, ponto de equilíbrio, relação benefício custo e custo da ração kg-1. A dieta contendo 29% de PD e 3.000 kcal de ED kg-1 proporcionou melhor desempenho econômico para venda de peixes inteiros, ou seja, maior receita líquida (R$ 23,09 tanque-rede-1) e relação benefício custo (1,08), além do menor ponto de equilíbrio (R$ 3,91 kg-1). A dieta com 32% de PD e 3.000 kcal de ED kg-1 possibilitou para a venda de filés o menor custo da ração kg-1 (R$ 2,53), menor ponto de nivelamento (17,35 kg tanque-rede-1) e de equilíbrio (R$ 13,63 kg-1), além da mais alta relação benefício custo (1,54). A dieta contendo 29% e a dieta contendo 32% de proteína digestível, ambas com 3.000 kcal de energia digestível kg-1 proporcionam melhores respostas econômicas de tilápias-do-nilo recriadas em tanques-rede (450 a 800 g), ao serem vendidas, respectivamente, inteiras e na forma de filés.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este estudo foi realizado na Unesp - FMVZ - Botucatu, para determinar a composição química e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), aminoácidos (AA) e a disponibilidade do fósforo do farelo de nabo forrageiro, pela tilápia do Nilo. Empregouse uma ração purificada (referência) e uma ração composta de 60% da ração referência e 40% do farelo de nabo forrageiro. O farelo de nabo forrageiro apresentou 91,28% de MS; 42,07% de PB, 4256 kcal/kg de EB, 3,47% de extrato etéreo, 7,37% de fibra bruta, 1,25% de cálcio e 1,0% de fósforo. Os CDA foram de 55,92% para MS, 82,10% para PB, 75,26% para EB e 85,23% do fósforo. Os CDA dos AA estiveram entre 81,12% para a glicina e 95,11% para o ácido glutâmico. Os resultados demonstram que o farelo de nabo forrageiro apresenta potencial para ser usado como fonte proteica alternativa para compor a ração da tilápia do Nilo.(AU)

This study was conduced at the FMVZ Unesp - Botucatu, to determine the Chemical composition and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), raw energy (RE), amino acids (AA) and phosphorus availability. The fish were fed with a purified feed (base diet) and a 60% base diet plus 40% of fodder radish meal feed. Radish meal presented 91.28% DM, 42,07% CP, 4256 kcal/kg RE, 3.47% Ether extract, 7.37% crude fiber, 1.25% calcium and 1.0% phosphorus. The ADC values were DM: 55.92%, CP: 82.10%, RE: 75.26% and phosphorus: 85.23%. The ADC value for AA was 81.12% for glycine and 95.11% for glutamic acid. The results presented a potential utility for radish meal as an alternative protein source in Nile tilapia feeds.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este estudo foi realizado na Unesp - FMVZ - Botucatu, para determinar a composição química e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), aminoácidos (AA) e a disponibilidade do fósforo do farelo de nabo forrageiro, pela tilápia do Nilo. Empregouse uma ração purificada (referência) e uma ração composta de 60% da ração referência e 40% do farelo de nabo forrageiro. O farelo de nabo forrageiro apresentou 91,28% de MS; 42,07% de PB, 4256 kcal/kg de EB, 3,47% de extrato etéreo, 7,37% de fibra bruta, 1,25% de cálcio e 1,0% de fósforo. Os CDA foram de 55,92% para MS, 82,10% para PB, 75,26% para EB e 85,23% do fósforo. Os CDA dos AA estiveram entre 81,12% para a glicina e 95,11% para o ácido glutâmico. Os resultados demonstram que o farelo de nabo forrageiro apresenta potencial para ser usado como fonte proteica alternativa para compor a ração da tilápia do Nilo.

This study was conduced at the FMVZ – Unesp - Botucatu, to determine the Chemical composition and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), raw energy (RE), amino acids (AA) and phosphorus availability. The fish were fed with a purified feed (base diet) and a 60% base diet plus 40% of fodder radish meal feed. Radish meal presented 91.28% DM, 42,07% CP, 4256 kcal/kg RE, 3.47% Ether extract, 7.37% crude fiber, 1.25% calcium and 1.0% phosphorus. The ADC values were DM: 55.92%, CP: 82.10%, RE: 75.26% and phosphorus: 85.23%. The ADC value for AA was 81.12% for glycine and 95.11% for glutamic acid. The results presented a potential utility for radish meal as an alternative protein source in Nile tilapia feeds.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Alternative protein sources have been studied in order to reduce feed costs. In a completely random experimental design (five treatments and six replicates) 180 Nile tilapia fingerlings were distributed in 30 aquaria (50 L). The fish were fed isoprotein (28% digestible protein) and isoenergetic (3000 kcal digestible energy kg-1) diets where soybean meal was substituted by fodder radish meal at the following levels: 0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 75%. Performance and chemical composition of the fillet were determined after 90 days. It was conclude that fodder radish meal can substitute soybean meal up to 25% without any interference on performance and fillet composition of Nile tilapia fingerlings.

Fontes proteicas alternativas têm sido estudadas com o intuito de reduzir o custo da ração. Foram distribuídos 180 alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo (2,0 g) em 30 aquários (50 L), submetidos a um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (cinco tratamentos e seis repetições). Os peixes foram arraçoados com dietas isoproteicas (28,0% proteína digestível) e isoenergéticas (3.000 kcal de energia digestível kg-1 de ração), em que a proteína do farelo de soja foi substituída pela proteína do farelo de nabo forrageiro em 0; 12,5; 25; 50 e 75%. Após 90 dias foram determinados o desempenho produtivo e a composição química do filé. Conclui-se que o farelo de nabo forrageiro pode substituir até 25,0% da proteína do farelo de soja, sem prejuízos ao desempenho produtivo e à composição bromatológica do filé de alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo.

RESUMO

Alternative protein sources have been studied in order to reduce feed costs. In a completely random experimental design (five treatments and six replicates) 180 Nile tilapia fingerlings were distributed in 30 aquaria (50 L). The fish were fed isoprotein (28% digestible protein) and isoenergetic (3000 kcal digestible energy kg-1) diets where soybean meal was substituted by fodder radish meal at the following levels: 0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 75%. Performance and chemical composition of the fillet were determined after 90 days. It was conclude that fodder radish meal can substitute soybean meal up to 25% without any interference on performance and fillet composition of Nile tilapia fingerlings.

Fontes proteicas alternativas têm sido estudadas com o intuito de reduzir o custo da ração. Foram distribuídos 180 alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo (2,0 g) em 30 aquários (50 L), submetidos a um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (cinco tratamentos e seis repetições). Os peixes foram arraçoados com dietas isoproteicas (28,0% proteína digestível) e isoenergéticas (3.000 kcal de energia digestível kg-1 de ração), em que a proteína do farelo de soja foi substituída pela proteína do farelo de nabo forrageiro em 0; 12,5; 25; 50 e 75%. Após 90 dias foram determinados o desempenho produtivo e a composição química do filé. Conclui-se que o farelo de nabo forrageiro pode substituir até 25,0% da proteína do farelo de soja, sem prejuízos ao desempenho produtivo e à composição bromatológica do filé de alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo.