RESUMO
Introduction: Pelvis, long bones, and skull are good indicators of sexual dimorphism. In the skull, the supraorbital region is considered a highly sexually dimorphic part. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the sexual dimorphism of Brazilian adult dry skulls using conventional and geometric morphometry. Materials and Methods: Conventional morphometry was performed on 179 skulls, through the analysis of six linear measurements. For geometric morphometry, 89 skulls (right side) were selected and seven landmarks were considered. Generalized procrustes analysis, principal component analysis, and linear discriminant analysis were then carried out. Results: All linear measurements presented differences between both sexes. Geometric morphometry showed that 77.05% of the sample variation could be explained by the first three principal components. Moreover, considering the centroid size, there was a difference in shape between the sexes. Geometric morphometry classified sex correctly in 77.32% of the skulls and conventional morphometry from 60.89% to 73.74%. Conclusions: According to the analyses, the supraorbital region presents significant sexual dimorphism in Brazilian adult dry skulls. Moreover, it can be analyzed efficiently by both conventional and geometric morphometry, although the latter seems to be slightly more accurate.
RESUMO
Introdução: Os músculos flexores da coxa e flexores da perna têm importante função nas atividades funcionais. Para avaliação do comprimento desses músculos são comumente descritos os testes de Thomas, ângulo poplíteo (AP) e ângulo poplíteo modificado (APmod). Objetivo: Avaliar se existem diferenças nas medidas entre os testes AP e APmod em indivíduos saudáveis e verificar se há correlação entre esta possível diferença com um encurtamento do músculo íliopsoas do membro contralateral. Métodos: Foram avaliados 30 indivíduos saudáveis de ambos os sexos com idade entre 18 e 25 anos, nos quais foram realizados os testes de Thomas, AP e APmod. Foi utilizada a fotogrametria computadorizada para quantificar os testes. Resultados: Após análise estatística, não foi observada diferença entre os valores obtidos nos testes AP e APmod (p > 0,05), nem correlações entre os testes AP e APmod versus o teste de Thomas do membro contra-lateral em ambos os membros. Conclusão: Constatamos que os flexores da coxa contralateral não influenciam na avaliação do comprimento muscular dos isquiotibiais e que não há diferença na medida entre AP e APmod, quando avaliamos indivíduos saudáveis. Sugerimos novos estudos que avaliem esta real influência em indivíduos adultos jovens que apresentem encurtamento do músculo íliopsoas.
Introduction: The hip and knee flexor muscles are important on functional activities. For assessment of these muscles length are commonly described the Thomas test, popliteal angle (AP) and modified popliteal angle tests (APmod). Aim: To asses whether there is differences on the values between AP and APmod tests in healthy subjects and to verify if there is any correlation between this possible difference and a shortening of the opposite limb iliopsoas muscle, and consequent posterior tilt of the pelvis. Methods: Were evaluated 30 healthy subjects of both genders 18 to 25 years old, at whom were performed the Thomas test, AP and APmod. We used computer photogrammetry for the quantification of these tests. Results: After statistical analysis, it was not observed significant difference between the values found on AP and APmod tests (p > 0,05), as well as difference between AP and APmod versus the opposite limb Thomas test in both genders. Conclusion: We evidenced that the opposite hip flexors do not influence on assessment of the hamstring muscles length and there is no difference between the measurement of AP and APmod tests, when healthy individuals are evaluated.