RESUMO
The application of an effective and ready-to-use tool for discovering clandestine graves is crucial for solving a number of cases where disappearance of people is involved. This is the case in Mexico, where the government drug war has resulted in a large number of missing people that has been estimated to be over 40,000 since the year 2006. In this article, we report results from an experimental study on simulated animal graves detection using several techniques from optical remote sensing. Results showed that several spectral indices from hyperspectral and/or multispectral sensors may be used to detect N-enriched vegetation. Thermal imagery was also effective to detect underground voids through differential thermography, although this was only effective for detecting large graves with bare terrain. Lastly, while dense pointclouds reconstructed from oblique aerial photography was able to detect vegetation regrowth over the pits, the terrain subsidence was not sufficiently large to be detected with this technique, even in the case of mechanical removal of vegetation.
Assuntos
Sepultamento , Fotografação , Tecnologia de Sensoriamento Remoto , Animais , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: fibrous dysplasia is characterized by the formation of fibrous tissue that generates immature malformed trabeculae. Their involvement may be monostotic or poliostotic. CASE REPORT: Thirty years old female with fibrous dysplasia of the left hip. At age 15 suffered hip fracture without apparent trauma, she was managed conservatively and significant shortening of the same limb was observed. At 30 years old, is pregnant, it had left hip pain, deformity and shortening is exacerbated. Simple radiography showed «shepherds crook deformity¼, she was treated with bisphosphonates. Computed axial tomography corroborates previous findings. She subsequently underwent subtrochanteric fracture fall with left hip dysplasia site, ground glass image of cystic appearance involving the femoral neck, trochanteric and subtrochanteric area. Tumor prosthesis of the left hip was implanted, four months evolution was favorable. CONCLUSION: Modular hip prosthesis system, reduces deformity, improves length and reduces pain in patients with resection of fibrous dysplasia of the hip.
ANTECEDENTES: La displasia fibrosa se caracteriza por la formación de tejido fibroso inmaduro que genera trabéculas mal formadas. Su afectación puede ser monostótica o poliostótica. CASO CLÍNICO: Femenino de 30 años con displasia fibrosa de cadera izquierda. A los 15 años sufre fractura de la misma cadera sin trauma aparente, manejada conservadoramente y con acortamiento importante de la misma extremidad. A los 30 años de edad se embaraza, presenta dolor en cadera izquierda y se exacerba la deformidad y el acortamiento. La radiografía simple muestra deformidad en «cayado de pastor¼, se manejó con bifosfonatos y la tomografía corrobora los hallazgos anteriores. Posteriormente sufrió caída con fractura subtrocantérica de cadera izquierda en sitio de displasia, imagen de vidrio despulido de apariencia quística que involucra el cuello femoral, zona trocantérica y subtrocantérica. Se colocó prótesis tumoral de cadera izquierda, a los cuatro meses mostró evolución favorable. CONCLUSIÓN: La prótesis tumoral femoral reduce la deformidad, mejora la longitud y disminuye el dolor en pacientes con resección de displasia fibrosa de cadera.
Assuntos
Artroplastia de Quadril , Displasia Fibrosa Óssea , Prótese de Quadril , Neoplasias , Adulto , Feminino , Fêmur , Displasia Fibrosa Óssea/cirurgia , Humanos , RadiografiaRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN La autonomía que adquiere un Centro de Atención Primaria de Salud (CAPS) puede ir desde la descentralización parcial de competencias hasta una autogestión, con plena capacidad y responsabilidad jurídica para gestionar los recursos de manera autónoma y aceptando el riesgo de una trayectoria deficiente. La Red de Servicios de Atención Primaria de Salud de Tucumán no ha realizado estudios que permitan evaluar la eficiencia de los CAPS, ni la opinión que poseen sus usuarios internos sobre la implementación de medidas de autogestión. OBJETIVOS Conocer y evaluar la eficiencia, autonomía clínica y de gestión en CAPS de Tucumán. MÉTODOS La investigación fue observacional, analítica y de corte transversal. Se realizó un muestreo por conglomerados, y la selección de los CAPS fue aleatoria. De los servicios de salud seleccionados se obtuvieron datos de población, horas de personal contratado, gasto anual y producción de controles médicos y de enfermería. La muestra de CAPS fue de 50 efectores, y para medir la eficiencia se utilizó el índice de correlación de Pearson. Para obtener la opinión sobre autogestión, se enviaron los cuestionarios a todos los efectores, y se recibió para análisis el 18% (59/336). RESULTADOS Los resultados de la investigación muestran una fuerte relación entre la producción y las horas contratadas de R²=0,965 para conglomerado 1; y de R²=0,627 para conglomerado 4. La opinión de los jefes de servicio en relación con la flexibilidad laboral, la gestión de incentivos y la gestión autónoma de los recursos humanos fue fundamental para identificar aspectos relevantes y lograr mayor autonomía. Estos resultados, junto a su aversión al riesgo y pérdida de estabilidad, aportan información que debe ayudar a dirigir las futuras líneas de acción para una autonomía profesional. DISCUSIÓN Es necesario realizar mediciones de eficiencia, permitir flexibilidad a los jefes respecto a personal e incentivos, y presentar los resultados en la sala de situación de los CAPS.
Assuntos
Atenção Primária à Saúde , AutogestãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the size and clinical features of the optical disc in healthy term infants. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective study based on complete medical records of newborns at the Angeles Pedregal Hospital, Mexico DF, from May to August 2015. The measurements of the optical disc and clinical features were obtained from digital photographs and evaluated by 2experts. Frequencies, means and standard deviation were calculated using the SPSS version 17.0 for Windows. RESULTS: The study included a total of 121 patients and 121 eyes. There were 65 males. The mean vertical diameter was 1.60±0.17mm, horizontal diameter 1.31±0.13mm, optical disc area 1.43±0.26mm2, and cup to disc ratio 0.25±0.11. The neuroretinal ring colour was orange in 116 (95.9%) eyes. The cribriform plate was not visible in any patient, and in 90 (74.4%) eyes the appearance of the vessels in the papilla was central, and nasal in the rest. The cilioretinal artery was present in 38 (31.4%) eyes. A hyper- and hypo-pigmented peripapillary ring was observed in 114 eyes (94.2%). CONCLUSION: The mean area of the optic nerve is 1.43±0.26mm2, slightly higher than previously reported. The mean cup to disc ratio is less than 0.3, as reported in the literature, and it is noteworthy that all eyes have a hyper-pigmented and hypo-pigmented peripapillary ring.
Assuntos
Disco Óptico/anatomia & histologia , Antropometria , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México , Valores de Referência , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
En el presente estudio se buscó describir las prácticas de control de calidad interno usadas por los centros de investigación cínica en el Perú para la conducción de ensayos cínicos; así como, describir el rol del Químico Farmacéutico dentro del equipo de investigación. Para este propósito, se envió una encuesta a investigadores que realizaron ensayos clínicos en el periodo enero 2011 a agosto 2013 y que estén registrados en la base de datos del Instituto Nacional de Salud. De 134 investigadores contactados, 75 respondieron a la encuesta. Los resultados de las encuestas indican que los centros tienen implementados procedimientos o actividades de control de calidad en la conducción de los ensayos clínicos. Entre los métodos más comunes para supervisar las actividades realizadas en un centro de investigación, el 86,1 % tiene procedimientos estandarizados, paralelamente el investigador realiza reuniones periódicas con el personal del centro. Además, se observe que el Químico Farmacéutico actúa como parte del personal del centro de Investigación asumiendo las responsabilidades de coordinador, dispensación y almacenamiento de la medicación de estudio.
The purpose of this study is to describe the internal quality control practices implemented by Research centers in Peru in order to conduct clinical trials. It also describes the role of the pharmacist as part of the research team. An electronic survey was distributed to investigators that conducted clinical trials in the period between January 2011 and August 2013 and that were registered in the Instituto Nacional de Salud database. Seventy five surveys were answered from 134 investigators contacted. Data from the surveys indicate that investigational centers have implemented standard operative procedures (SOPs) or quality control activities in their clinical trials processes. Among the most common processes for clinical trials oversight in investigational centers 86,1 % of them have SOPs, also, the investigators have routine meetings with staff to review trial progress. Besides, it was observed that the pharmacist acts as part of the research team assuming the responsibilities of study coordinator, dispense and storage of investigational product.
Assuntos
Controle de Qualidade , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Avaliação de Medicamentos , Farmacêuticos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , PeruRESUMO
Introducción: La osteoartritis (OA) es una artropatía degenerativa que modifica las propiedades mecánicas y biológicas, del cartílago articular y del hueso subcondral, su tratamiento va encaminado hacia el alivio del dolor, mantener la función articular y reducir la progresión de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar los resultados quirúrgicos de la limpieza articular artroscópica y adelantamiento rotuliano utilizando la escala WOMAC. Metodología: Estudio transversal en el que se compara el resultado funcional del tratamiento de la OA patelofemoral en pacientes operados por limpieza articular artroscópica y pacientes operados por adelantamiento rotuliano con técnica de Bandi. Las variables fueron, género, edad, lado afectado, técnica quirúrgica e índice de WOMAC prequirúrgico y a los 12 meses de seguimiento. Utilizamos estadística descriptiva así como t de Student para la diferencia de promedios de WOMAC entre ambos grupos de pacientes. Resultados: n = 37 pacientes, la edad promedio fue 53.48 años (28-82), ± 12.55, el género 11 (29.7%) hombres y 26 (70.3%) mujeres, el lado afectado: 19 (51.35%) derecho y 18 (48.65%) izquierdo. Técnica quirúrgica: 45.9% artroscópico y 54.1% con técnica de Bandi. Los pacientes operados mediante Bandi y adelantamiento rotuliano tuvieron mejoría del dolor, rigidez articular y de la función física (p = 0.00); la comparación del puntaje global de WOMAC para ambas técnicas al año no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.78). Conclusión: Ambas técnicas (Bandi y limpieza artroscópica) ofrecen buenos resultados a los 365 días de operados, sin embargo, los pacientes manejados por limpieza artroscópica presentan menor dolor comparados con los de adelantamiento rotuliano tipo Bandi.
Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that modifies the mechanical and biological properties of articular cartilage and subchondral bone, treatment is aimed at relieving pain, maintain joint and reduce disease progression function. The aim of this paper is to compare the surgical outcomes of the arthroscopic articular cleaning and Bandi procedure by using the WOMAC scale. Methods: Cross-sectional study, functional outcome of treatment of patellofemoral ostheoarthritis by arthroscopic articular cleaning and Bandi procedure are compared. Variables were gender, age, affected side, surgical technique and preoperative and 12 months follow up WOMAC evaluation. We used descriptive statistics and t-test for mean difference in WOMAC between both groups of patients. Results: n = 37 patients, the mean age was 53.48 (28-82), ± 12.55 years; 11 (29.7%) males and 26 (70.3%) women, the affected side: 19 (51.35%) right and 18 (48.65%) left. Surgical technique: 45.9% arthroscopic articular cleaning and 54.1% Bandi procedure. Patients operated by both technics: Bandi and arthroscopic articular cleaning had improvement in pain, stiffness and physical function (p = 0.00); comparison of global WOMAC score for both techniques a year after showed no statistically significant differences (p = 0.78). Conclusion: Both techniques (Bandi and arthroscopic articular cleaning) offer good results at 365 days of surgery, however patients managed by arthroscopic articular cleaning have less pain compared with Bandi procedure.
Assuntos
Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Avaliação Geriátrica , Saúde Mental , Casas de Saúde , Instituições Residenciais , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Satisfação do Paciente , Reino UnidoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that modifies the mechanical and biological properties of articular cartilage and subchondral bone, treatment is aimed at relieving pain, maintain joint and reduce disease progression function. The aim of this paper is to compare the surgical outcomes of the arthroscopic articular cleaning and Bandi procedure by using the WOMAC scale. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, functional outcome of treatment of patellofemoral ostheoarthritis by arthroscopic articular cleaning and Bandi procedure are compared. Variables were gender, age, affected side, surgical technique and preoperative and 12 months follow up WOMAC evaluation. We used descriptive statistics and t-test for mean difference in WOMAC between both groups of patients. RESULTS: n = 37 patients, the mean age was 53.48 (28-82), ± 12.55 years; 11 (29.7%) males and 26 (70.3%) women, the affected side: 19 (51.35%) right and 18 (48.65%) left. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: 45.9% arthroscopic articular cleaning and 54.1% Bandi procedure. Patients operated by both technics: Bandi and arthroscopic articular cleaning had improvement in pain, stiffness and physical function (p = 0.00); comparison of global WOMAC score for both techniques a year after showed no statistically significant differences (p = 0.78). CONCLUSION: Both techniques (Bandi and arthroscopic articular cleaning) offer good results at 365 days of surgery, however patients managed by arthroscopic articular cleaning have less pain compared with Bandi procedure.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La osteoartritis (OA) es una artropatía degenerativa que modifica las propiedades mecánicas y biológicas, del cartílago articular y del hueso subcondral, su tratamiento va encaminado hacia el alivio del dolor, mantener la función articular y reducir la progresión de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar los resultados quirúrgicos de la limpieza articular artroscópica y adelantamiento rotuliano utilizando la escala WOMAC. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio transversal en el que se compara el resultado funcional del tratamiento de la OA patelofemoral en pacientes operados por limpieza articular artroscópica y pacientes operados por adelantamiento rotuliano con técnica de Bandi. Las variables fueron, género, edad, lado afectado, técnica quirúrgica e índice de WOMAC prequirúrgico y a los 12 meses de seguimiento. Utilizamos estadística descriptiva así como t de Student para la diferencia de promedios de WOMAC entre ambos grupos de pacientes. RESULTADOS: n = 37 pacientes, la edad promedio fue 53.48 años (28-82), ± 12.55, el género 11 (29.7%) hombres y 26 (70.3%) mujeres, el lado afectado: 19 (51.35%) derecho y 18 (48.65%) izquierdo. Técnica quirúrgica: 45.9% artroscópico y 54.1% con técnica de Bandi. Los pacientes operados mediante Bandi y adelantamiento rotuliano tuvieron mejoría del dolor, rigidez articular y de la función física (p = 0.00); la comparación del puntaje global de WOMAC para ambas técnicas al año no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.78). CONCLUSIÓN: Ambas técnicas (Bandi y limpieza artroscópica) ofrecen buenos resultados a los 365 días de operados, sin embargo, los pacientes manejados por limpieza artroscópica presentan menor dolor comparados con los de adelantamiento rotuliano tipo Bandi.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Culture is defined by the Webster's dictionary as acquaintance with and taste in fine arts, humanities, and broad aspects of science as distinguished from vocational and technical skills. AIM: To assess the general cultural knowledge of university students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A test containing 58 questions about art, national and universal literature, national and universal history, mythology science and trivial national issues was designed and applied to 251 medical students in Santiago (149 from first year and 86 from fifth year, Universidad de Chile) and 138 agronomy students in Valdivia (61 from first year and 77 from fifth year, Universidad Austral de Chile). RESULTS: All students answered the test. Medical students from first and fifth year omitted 19 and 15% of questions respectively The figures for first and fifth year agronomy students were 23% each. The percentage of cored answers among first and fifth year medical students was 50 and 59% respectively. The figures for first and fifth year agronomy students were 39 and 44% respectively. The questions with higher rates of cored answers were those about trivial issues. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high rate of omissions and wrong answers about general cultural issues among university students particularly in national cultural subjects.
Assuntos
Cultura , Conhecimento , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Agricultura/educação , Agricultura/estatística & dados numéricos , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , UniversidadesRESUMO
Background: Culture is defined by the Webster's dictionary as acquaintance with and taste infine arts, humanities, and broad aspects ofscience as distinguished from vocational and technical skills. Aim: To assess the general cultural knowledge of university students. Material andMethods: A test containing 58 questions about art, national and universal literature, national and universal history, mythology science and trivial national issues was designed and applied to 251 medical students in Santiago (149 from first year and 86 from fifth year, Universidad de Chile) and 138 agronomy students in Valdivia (61 from first year and 77 from fifth year, Universidad Austral de Chile). Results: All students answered the test. Medical students from first and fifth year omitted 19 and 15 percent of questions respectively The figures for first and fifth year agronomy students were 23 percent each. The percentage of corred answers among first and fifth year medical students was 50 and 59 percent respectively. The figures for first and fifth year agronomy students were 39 and 44 percent respectively. The questions with higher rates of corred answers were those about trivial issues. Conclusions: There was a high rate of omissions and wrong answers about general cultural issues among university students particularly in national cultural subjects.
Assuntos
Humanos , Cultura , Conhecimento , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Agricultura/educação , Agricultura/estatística & dados numéricos , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , UniversidadesRESUMO
Activation of protein-activated receptor (PAR-1) by thrombin potentiates the hyposmotic efflux of (3)H-D-aspartate and (3)H-taurine from cultured cerebellar astrocytes. This effect is mediated by a thrombin-elicited increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) levels [Ca(2+)](i) and the activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K). These signalling pathways operate independently showing additive effects if prevented simultaneously. The contribution of the Ca(2+)-mediated pathway to thrombin-increased D-aspartate or taurine efflux, evaluated by the inhibitory effect of preventing [Ca(2+)](i) rise, was higher for D-aspartate (64% efflux decrease) than for taurine (40% decrease). The PI3K blocker decreased 48% and 36% D-aspartate and taurine efflux, respectively. Hyposmolarity increases phosphorylation of EGFR and c-src, but thrombin did not enhance this effect. Blockade of EGFR/src phosphorylation marginally reduced (11-14%) the hyposmolarity plus thrombin efflux of D-aspartate; taurine efflux was more sensitive to these blockers (18-26%). Since thrombin has no effect increasing EGFR/src phosphorylation in astrocytes, the contribution of this transactivation pathway may represent the inhibition of the hyposmotic efflux solely.
Assuntos
Astrócitos/metabolismo , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Taurina/metabolismo , Trombina/metabolismo , Animais , Astrócitos/citologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Humanos , Concentração Osmolar , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Quinases da Família src/metabolismoRESUMO
The present study in Swiss3T3 fibroblasts examines the effect of thrombin on hyposmolarity-induced osmolyte fluxes and RVD, and the contribution of the src/EGFR pathway. Thrombin (5 U/ml) added to a 30% hyposmotic medium markedly increased hyposmotic 3H-taurine efflux (285%), accelerated the volume-sensitive Cl- current (ICI-swell) and increased RVD rate. These effects were reduced (50-65%) by preventing the thrombin-induced intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i rise with EGTA-AM, or with the phospholipase C (PLC) blocker U73122. Ca2+calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) also participate in this Ca2+-dependent pathway. Thrombin plus hyposmolarity increased src and EGFR phosphorylation, whose blockade by PP2 and AG1478, decreased by 30-50%, respectively, the thrombin effects on hyposmotic taurine efflux, ICI-swell and RVD. Ca2+- and src/EGFR-mediated pathways operate independently as shown by (1) the persistence of src and EGFR activation when [Ca2+]i rise is prevented and (2) the additive effect on taurine efflux, ICI-swell or RVD by simultaneous inhibition of the two pathways, which essentially suppressed these events. PLC-Ca2+- and src/EGFR-signaling pathways operate in the hyposmotic condition and because thrombin per se failed to increase taurine efflux and ICI-swell under isosmotic condition it seems that it is merely amplifying these previously activated mechanisms. The study shows that thrombin potentiates hyposmolarity-induced osmolyte fluxes and RVD by increasing src/EGFR-dependent signaling, in addition to the Ca2+-dependent pathway.
Assuntos
Tamanho Celular , Cloretos/metabolismo , Hemostáticos/metabolismo , Taurina/farmacocinética , Trombina/metabolismo , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Canais de Cloreto/fisiologia , Ácido Egtázico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Egtázico/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Estrenos/farmacologia , Hemostáticos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Pressão Osmótica/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirrolidinonas/farmacologia , Quinazolinas , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Células Swiss 3T3 , Trombina/farmacologia , Trítio , Tirfostinas/farmacologia , Quinases da Família src/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinases da Família src/metabolismoRESUMO
Analizamos una década de estudios realizados en el mundo de la microbiología, con especial énfasis en los protozoos y mecanismos de transmisión por diferentes vías, contrastando los fenómenos biológicos que favorecen la ocurrencia de la interacción hombre agente causal
Assuntos
Parasitos , Infecções por Protozoários , Microbiologia , VenezuelaRESUMO
Between 1984 and 1989, the onchocerciasis-vector control zone on the pilot area of San Vicente Pacaya, Guatemala, which had been subject to experimental control since 1979, was extended from 91.3 to 148.6 km2. Temephos was used as a larvicide against Simulium ochraceum s.l. the target species. As a new strategy, only breeding sites with water discharges of 0.1-10 litres/s were treated, every 2 weeks. This approach provided a substantial reduction in effort, number of treated sites, time and cost. To assess the effect of the temephos, nine sites were selected in which standardized collections of adult Simulium were made twice a month, by human bait. There was an obvious difference between the pre- and post-control mean densities of flies at each site. In the northern area, which includes the Lavaderos, Barretal, Colina and Rodeo sites, the biting density in 1979, before treatment, varied between 10 and 64 flies/man-hour (FMH). Four years later, this had been reduced to 0.1-3.2 FMH, and by the end of the present study, in 1989, the mean density was zero FMH. In the southern area, which lies south-east of Lavaderos (and includes Guachipilin, Ingerto, Pena Blanca and Sierra Morena), the density during the pre-control phase was 24 FMH at one of the two sites investigated at the time and 39.3 FMH at the other. It fell to 0.1-0.5 FMH after 5 years of control and to zero (three sites) or close to zero (< or = 0.5 FMH; one site) for the last 4 years of the present study. To assess the effect of vector control on onchocerciasis prevalence and incidence, 1280 residents from six endemic communities, out of 12,000 permanent inhabitants, were examined. In Santa Cruz, Patrocinio and Los Rios, the prevalence of skin microfilariae in the subjects from each community fell from 8.1%-37.8% during the pretreatment, base-line period to 0.0%-31.5% when the study foci were totally integrated into the vector-control operation following treatment. Incidence among children (aged < or = 9 years) varied from 0%-25% for the period 1982-1984 but, thereafter, not a single case appeared in four of the six study communities (Santa Cruz, Patrocinio, Los Rios and Berlin). Incidence in Guachipilin did not decline appreciably, probably because of human migration into the area from other onchocerciasis foci. The prevalence of nodules followed a similar trend to those of the prevalence and incidence of skin microfilariae, falling from 9.1%-45.0% pre-control to 1.8%-14.3% 10 years later.
PIP: In the onchocerciasis vector control zone in San Vicente Pacaya, Guatemala, temephos was the only insecticide used against Simulium ochraceum during 1979-89. A shift to a strategy of treating only breeding sites with water discharges of 0.1-10 liters/s every 2 weeks resulted in considerable reductions in program effort, number of treated sites, time, and costs. To evaluate the effect of the temephos, 9 sites in which standardized collections of adult Simulium were made twice a month were selected. In the northern sites (Lavaderos, Barretal, Colina, and Rodeo), the biting density before the temephos treatment program was initiated in 1979 was 10-64 flies per man-hour. This density had been reduced to 0.1-3.2 by 1983 and to zero by 1989. In the southern area (Guachipilin, Ingerto, Pena Blanca, and Sierra Morena), pre-intervention biting densities were 24.0-39.3 flies per man-hour, but dropped to 0.1-0.5 by 1993 and to 0-0.5 by 1989. Moreover, examination of 1280 residents from 6 endemic communities revealed a decline in the prevalence of skin microfilariae from 8.1-37.8% in the baseline period to 0-31.5% when the study foci were integrated into the vector control operation after treatment. After 1984, 4 of these communities had no cases of onchocerciasis among children 9 years of age and younger. The prevalence of nodules fell from 9.1-45.0% in the pretreatment period to 1.8-14.3% in 1989. These findings confirm that larviciding with temephos has produced excellent control of onchocerciasis in San Vicente Pacaya.
Assuntos
Controle de Insetos , Insetos Vetores , Oncocercose/prevenção & controle , Simuliidae , Animais , Criança , Guatemala/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Inseticidas , Oncocercose/epidemiologia , Prevalência , TemefósRESUMO
Three 10 micrograms of the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, manufactured by Instituto Butantan by original technology, were administered in an adult population, mean age 30 years old, following the 0, 1 and 6 months schedule immunization. The clinical trial was considered satisfactory in terms of immunogenicity (anti-HBs titers between 17.5-29500 IU/ l, seroconversion 95.3%) and reactogenicity (no incapacitating side effects).
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Hepatite B , Hepatite B/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Sintéticas , Leveduras , Adulto , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Three extracts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were obtained by salting out with ammonium sulfate, these were I-G, EFRL-II-G and III-G. Fraction EFRL-II-G showed the highest photoreactivating activity on DNA str2000 irradiated with far UV light. However, the same fraction did not reactivate DNA str2000 previously inactivated by near UV irradiation. We think that the inactivation by near-UV was not due to photochemically-formed pyrimidine dimers. Decrease in spontaneous mutation frequency of cells transformed with DNA str2000 irradiated with near-UV light, was the same with the DNA treated with active or heat inactivated EFRL-II-G, therefore we may conclude that DNA lesions responsible for the effect are difference to pyrimidine dimers.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , DNA Bacteriano/efeitos da radiação , Haemophilus influenzae/genética , Transformação Bacteriana/efeitos da radiação , Raios Ultravioleta , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliase/isolamento & purificação , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliase/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Haemophilus influenzae/efeitos da radiação , Mutagênese , Dímeros de Pirimidina/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzimologiaRESUMO
PIP: Employment is an important factor in state planning and a variable in both economic activity and population. Multiregional methodologies which incorporate territorial variables in functional type analyses may be used to study the interactions between municipal labor markets, helping identify those that should receive priority assistance in developing their sources of employment. This work uses a gravitational model to analyze interactions between the local labor markets of 17 seats of municipios in the state of Tabasco as demonstrated with data from the census of 1990. The working hypothesis was that alternatives for labor market growth are distributed hierarchically in descending order of supply as a function of the size of the economically active population in each locality, the relative participation of the unemployed in each locality, and the distance between the localities. The modeling of interaction between local labor markets is achieved in three stages. First, a gravitational model is adjusted with restrictions in the origins. The next step requires use of the parameters resulting from the first step to predict the number of trips to each destination, as a function of levels of unemployment in each locality producing trips. The third stage consists of predictive application of a gravitational model restricted in both origin and destination to define the magnitude of flows between each point of origin and each point of destination. The general character of the gravitational model is described for each step. The model suggests that the main interactions between local labor markets at the level of seats of municipios are located in the center of the state. Three municipal seats in particular had great potential for labor market growth. A separate system of labor market interaction was observed in the southern part of the state. The coastal zone did not appear to offer an alternative for labor market growth.^ieng
Assuntos
Emprego , Geografia , Modelos Teóricos , Técnicas de Planejamento , América , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , México , América do Norte , PopulaçãoRESUMO
Transforming DNA containing the streptomycin resistance marker, was irradiated for 8 h with broad near ultraviolet light (325-400 nm) at pH 4.8, and the inactivation kinetics determined. After selection of streptomycin resistant transformants, they were grown until a turbidity of 150-200 Klett units. In these cultures we looked for new markers coming from the irradiated transforming DNA. We looked and found the novobiocin resistance marker and one that conveys to protoporphyrin IX utilization, measured as an increase in the mutation frequency of these markers in the streptomycin resistant population. In other experiments, we found a decline in spontaneous mutation frequency for the same markers in the cells transformed with irradiated DNA. This last finding rises the possibility of alterations on the mutator genes as a result of near ultraviolet irradiation.
Assuntos
DNA Bacteriano/efeitos da radiação , Haemophilus influenzae/genética , Mutação , Transformação Bacteriana , Raios Ultravioleta , Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Haemophilus influenzae/efeitos dos fármacos , Haemophilus influenzae/metabolismo , Novobiocina/farmacologia , Protoporfirinas/metabolismo , Estreptomicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
A sampling project applied in a survey for estimating the vaccination coverage in Araraquara County, S. Paulo State (Brazil), in 1983, is described. A target population of children aged 12-13 months was divided into the strata: children living in private dwellings (i.e. single-family houses) and those living in collective dwelling places (orphanage, asylum). R.H. Henderson and T. Sundaresan's method, proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for use by the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) was applied to the first stratum. This method consists of the random selection of 30 partial areas with a degree of probability proportional to the respective partial populations in each area chosen; a starting point ("household") is selected at random within each selected area; the selection of 7 children within each area begins with the first household and continues according to fixed rules. The sample of the first stratum was taken from areas in both urban and rural zones. In the urban zone, after the selection of the area and before the selection of the starting point, an intermediate stage, which consist in the selection of a block with probability proportional to its estimated population, was introduced. A sample was selected form the second stratum with the same sampling fraction used in the first stratum. The ratio-estimate is proposed as the estimator of the vaccination coverage rate and the formula for the calculation of the standard error is presented.