RESUMO
A large number of methodological procedures and experimental conditions are reported to describe the masticatory process. However, similar terms are sometimes employed to describe different methodologies. Standardisation of terms is essential to allow comparisons among different studies. This article was aimed to provide a consensus concerning the terms, definitions and technical methods generally reported when evaluating masticatory function objectively and subjectively. The consensus is based on the results from discussions and consultations among world-leading researchers in the related research areas. Advantages, limitations and relevance of each method are also discussed. The present consensus provides a revised framework of standardised terms to improve the consistent use of masticatory terminology and facilitate further investigations on masticatory function analysis. In addition, this article also outlines various methods used to evaluate the masticatory process and their advantages and disadvantages in order to help researchers to design their experiments.
Assuntos
Mastigação , Consenso , HumanosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Functional foods have been widely utilized to reduce the symptoms of various diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Among the foods used to combat these effects are soluble fibres, mainly those rich in beta- glucans (BGs). OBJECTIVE: To review the effects of beta-glucans (BGs) on glucose plasmatic levels of diabetic individuals. DESIGN: A search was conducted using the Pubmed, Science Direct and Scielo databases using the keywords: diabetes mellitus and beta-glucan and glucose and glycaemia. As inclusion criteria, only studies on diabetic human individuals (type 1 or type 2) who consumed BGs were selected. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Of the 819 initial articles retrieved, only 10 fit the inclusion criteria and were used in the study. It was observed that doses around 6.0g/person/ day, for at least 4 weeks were sufficient to provoke improvements in the blood glucose levels and also lipid parameters of individuals with DM. However, glucose levels do not reach normal levels using BG alone. Low doses of BG for at least 12 weeks were also reported to promote metabolic benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Based on previous research, it was concluded that the ingestion of BGs was efficient in decreasing glucose levels of diabetic patients. The consumption of greater doses or smaller doses for longer periods of time produced better results.
Introducción: Alimentos funcionales han sido ampliamente utilizados para reducir los síntomas de diversas enfermedades como la diabetes mellitus (DM). Entre los alimentos utilizados en el combate de estos efectos, están las fibras solubles, principalmente aquellas que tienen buena cantidad de beta-glucano (BG's). Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue evaluar los efectos de los BG´s en los parámetros metabólicos de individuos diabéticos. Métodos: Fue conducida una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed, ScienceDirect y cielo, utilizando las siguientes palabras-clave: diabetes mellitus and beta- glucano and glucosa and glucemia. Como criterio de inclusión, fueron seleccionados solamente estudios en individuos diabéticos (tipo 1 o tipo 2) que consumieron BG´s. Resultados y Discusión: De los 819 trabajos inicialmente encontrados, 10 artículos se encuadraron en los criterios de inclusión, y por eso fueran utilizados en el estudio. Fue observado que dosis superiores de 6,0 g/ individuo/día, o dosis más grandes que 3,0 g/individuo/ día por un periodo de tiempo más largo, son suficientes para provocar mejoras en los parámetros glucémicos y lipidicos de portadores de DM. Bajas dosis de BG por al menos 12 semanas también presentaron efectos metabólicos benéficos. Conclusión: Tomando en cuenta los resultados observados, se concluye que los BG´s son eficientes en la atenuación de los efectos indeseables del DM, siendo las dosis más grandes o el consumo de pequeñas cantidades por un tiempo más largo las que promueven resultados mejores.
Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , beta-Glucanas/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Fibras na Dieta , Alimento Funcional , HumanosRESUMO
Background: Pork is an important source of protein and the most widely consumed meat throughout the world. Besides, search for healthy food over the years has been growing, which has stimulated research to improve animal health and consequently, the quality of the final product offered to consumers. People know that who eats a high-fat diet has greater risk of developing metabolism changes, such as high cholesterol levels and consequently, cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Studies focusing handling of these lipid food components, both quantitative and qualitatively, can significantly contribute to increase acceptability of animal products by consumers because it can generate knowledge to produce meat with less cholesterol. Among the different cooking oils that can be used in animal feed, the canola oil has drawn the attention of researchers due to its high unsaturated fatty acid contents. The hypothesis is that canola oil modifies the plasmatic profile of the lipoproteins because -linolenic acid (n-3) interfere the good functioning of LDL cholesterol (LDLc) receptors, i.e. interferes in the cholesterol turnover. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of canola oil as sources of poly-unsaturated fats on modulation of total cholesterol and its fractions in the blood of pigs weighing 70 to 100 kg. Materials, Methods and Resul
Background: Pork is an important source of protein and the most widely consumed meat throughout the world. Besides, search for healthy food over the years has been growing, which has stimulated research to improve animal health and consequently, the quality of the final product offered to consumers. People know that who eats a high-fat diet has greater risk of developing metabolism changes, such as high cholesterol levels and consequently, cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Studies focusing handling of these lipid food components, both quantitative and qualitatively, can significantly contribute to increase acceptability of animal products by consumers because it can generate knowledge to produce meat with less cholesterol. Among the different cooking oils that can be used in animal feed, the canola oil has drawn the attention of researchers due to its high unsaturated fatty acid contents. The hypothesis is that canola oil modifies the plasmatic profile of the lipoproteins because -linolenic acid (n-3) interfere the good functioning of LDL cholesterol (LDLc) receptors, i.e. interferes in the cholesterol turnover. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of canola oil as sources of poly-unsaturated fats on modulation of total cholesterol and its fractions in the blood of pigs weighing 70 to 100 kg. Materials, Methods and Resul
RESUMO
Background: Pork is an important source of protein and the most widely consumed meat throughout the world. Besides, search for healthy food over the years has been growing, which has stimulated research to improve animal health and consequently, the quality of the final product offered to consumers. People know that who eats a high-fat diet has greater risk of developing metabolism changes, such as high cholesterol levels and consequently, cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Studies focusing handling of these lipid food components, both quantitative and qualitatively, can significantly contribute to increase acceptability of animal products by consumers because it can generate knowledge to produce meat with less cholesterol. Among the different cooking oils that can be used in animal feed, the canola oil has drawn the attention of researchers due to its high unsaturated fatty acid contents. The hypothesis is that canola oil modifies the plasmatic profile of the lipoproteins because -linolenic acid (n-3) interfere the good functioning of LDL cholesterol (LDLc) receptors, i.e. interferes in the cholesterol turnover. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of canola oil as sources of poly-unsaturated fats on modulation of total cholesterol and its fractions in the blood of pigs weighing 70 to 100 kg. Materials, Methods and Resul
Background: Pork is an important source of protein and the most widely consumed meat throughout the world. Besides, search for healthy food over the years has been growing, which has stimulated research to improve animal health and consequently, the quality of the final product offered to consumers. People know that who eats a high-fat diet has greater risk of developing metabolism changes, such as high cholesterol levels and consequently, cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Studies focusing handling of these lipid food components, both quantitative and qualitatively, can significantly contribute to increase acceptability of animal products by consumers because it can generate knowledge to produce meat with less cholesterol. Among the different cooking oils that can be used in animal feed, the canola oil has drawn the attention of researchers due to its high unsaturated fatty acid contents. The hypothesis is that canola oil modifies the plasmatic profile of the lipoproteins because -linolenic acid (n-3) interfere the good functioning of LDL cholesterol (LDLc) receptors, i.e. interferes in the cholesterol turnover. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of canola oil as sources of poly-unsaturated fats on modulation of total cholesterol and its fractions in the blood of pigs weighing 70 to 100 kg. Materials, Methods and Resul
RESUMO
The in vitro study of the interactions between S. mutans and S. sobrinus is important to determine the role of these microorganisms in the formation of biofilms on dental structures and their potential to induce carious lesions. The objective of this research was to study the suppression of bacterial plaque formation and its recolonization by rifampycin-resistant S.mutans and streptomycin-resistant S. sobrinus. To study the competitive relationship between these species, previously standardized strains were incubated in media containing different fermentable carbohydrates. At determined time intervals, samples were collected from mixed cultures of S. mutans and S. sobrinus, diluted and plated on BHI-agar containing rifampycin or streptomycin to determine the number of viable cells of each species by counting colony-forming units. In order to study the bacterial colonization process and in vitro recolonization of bacterial plaque, three experiments were performed: I - co-cultivation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus; II - inoculation of bacterial plaque pre formed by S. sobrinus with S. mutans; and III - bacterial plaque pre formed by S. mutans dispersed and plated on BHI- agar containing streptomycin or rifampicin to determine the number of viable cells for each species. The results indicated a predominance of S. mutans in relation to S. sobrinus, demonstrating the capacity of S. mutans to inhibit plaque formation by S. sobrinus and recolonize the surfaces.
O estudo in vitro das interações entre S. mutans e S. sobrinus pode ser importante na determinação do papel desses microrganismos na formação de biofilmes nas estruturas dentais e seu potencial em induzir lesões cariosas. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi estudar a supressão da formação da placa dental e sua recolonização por S. mutans rifampicina-resistentes e S. sobrinus estreptomicina-resistentes in vitro. Para avaliar as relações de competitividade entre essas espécies, cepas que foram previamente padronizadas foram incubadas em meio de cultura contendo diferentes carboidratos fermentáveis. Em intervalos de tempo determinados, amostras de S. mutans e S. sobrinus foram coletadas a partir de culturas mistas, diluídas e semeadas em placas com meio BHI-ágar contendo rifampicina ou estreptomicina para determinação do número de células viáveis de cada espécie por contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia. Para a avaliação da colonização bacteriana e recolonização da placa bacteriana in vitro, três experimentos foram realizados: I - co-cultivo de S. mutans e S. sobrinus; II - inoculação de S. mutans em placa bacteriana pré-formada por S. sobrinus; e III - placa bacteriana pré-formada por S. mutans dispersada e plaqueada em meio BHI-ágar contendo estreptomicina ou rifampicina para determinação do número de células viáveis para cada espécie. Os resultados indicaram uma predominância de S. mutans em relação ao S. sobrinus, demonstrando a capacidade do S. mutans em inibir a formação de placa por S. sobrinus e recolonizar a superfície dentária.