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BACKGROUND: The classification and nomenclature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been the subject of ongoing debate in the medical community. Through the introduction of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and the later release of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the limitations associated with NAFLD are intended to be addressed. Both terminologies incorporate the metabolic component of the disease by providing diagnostic criteria that relies on the presence of underlying metabolic risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An epidemiologic cross-sectional study of individuals who had undergone abdominal ultrasound and vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) as part of a routine check was performed. We evaluated clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables to determine the metabolic profile of each subject. RESULTS: The study included a total of 500 participants, 56.8% (n = 284) males and 43.2% (n = 216) females, with a mean age of 49 ± 10 years. 59.4% (n = 297) were diagnosed with MAFLD and MASLD, 10.2% (n = 51) were diagnosed only with MASLD and 30.4% (n = 152) were not diagnosed with either MAFLD or MASLD. The differences in prevalence were mainly based on the detection of individuals with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, where MASLD captures the largest number (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although MASLD has a higher capture of lean patients compared to MAFLD, patients with MAFLD and MASLD have a worse metabolic profile than those with only MASLD. Our results provide evidence that MAFLD better identifies patients likely to have a higher risk of liver fibrosis and of disease progression.
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Doenças Metabólicas , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Feminino , Masculino , Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/diagnóstico por imagem , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
The present study examined the validity of the coronaphobia phenomenon with healthcare professionals using a psychometric approach. Using SurveyMonkey, an adapted version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale-Healthcare version (CAS-HC) was administered to 231 adult healthcare professionals in Mexico. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety symptoms cohered into a reliable, single factor structure of coronaphobia. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the classification features of the CAS-HC were strong, but supported a less stringent cut-score for this population. Construct validity was supported by the positive correlations between the CAS-HC and measures of depression and generalized anxiety, while known groups validity was found with high CAS-HC scores exhibited by those working in emergency rooms, triage, and intensive care units. The findings collectively support the coronaphobia construct with healthcare professionals, and the finding that over one third of the participants in the study scored in the clinical range on this measure points to the critical importance of assessing and alleviating this form of distress in this vulnerable but indispensable workforce.
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Infecções por Coronavirus , Adulto , Atenção à Saúde , Análise Fatorial , Humanos , México , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Soy infant formulas (SIF) have long been used as an alternative for infants with special nutritional requirements. However, the medical indications for their use, their allergenicity, safety and efficacy are still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To present recommendations for the use of SIF based on the existing literature. METHODS: We consulted systematic reviews and clinical practice guides, through validated search algorithms, and systems such as Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation (AGREE)II and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). For the elaboration of the clinical recommendations, the most important topics were analyzed and discussed by the responsible researchers and the group of experts in the development of a position paper. The quality of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. RESULTS: Several reports with variable quality of evidence were found. They support SIF's efficacy in the management of cow's milk allergy and infant's digestive tolerance, as well as its low cross allergy compared to cow's milk and other formulas. We also found other studies that indicate the safety of SIFs on different nutritional, immune and developmental parameters. There is also evidence that demonstrates that SIFs have important advantages in terms of cost-benefit, palatability and effects on the intestinal microbiota, compared to other formulas. CONCLUSIONS: Although evidence to recommend its use in functional digestive disorders is limited, SIFs have an adequate safety profile and are still a valid option for infant feeding.
ANTECEDENTES: Las fórmulas a base de proteína de soya (FBPS) se han utilizado desde hace tiempo como una alternativa para lactantes con requerimientos nutricionales especiales. Sin embargo, las indicaciones médicas para su uso, su alergenicidad, seguridad y eficacia aún son controvertidas. OBJETIVO: Presentar recomendaciones del uso de FBPS basadas en la literatura existente. MÉTODOS: Se realizó la consulta de revisiones sistemáticas y guías de práctica clínica, por medio de algoritmos de búsqueda validados, y sistemas como AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation) II y PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Para la elaboración de las recomendaciones clínicas se analizaron y discutieron los tópicos de mayor importancia, por parte de los investigadores responsables y el grupo de expertos del desarrollo de un documento de posición. Se evaluó la calidad de la evidencia utilizando el sistema GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). RESULTADOS: Se encontraron distintos reportes con calidad de evidencia variable que sustentan la eficacia de las FBPS en el manejo de la alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca y en la tolerancia digestiva del lactante, así como su baja alergia cruzada en comparación a la leche de vaca y otras fórmulas. También se encontraron otros estudios que indican la seguridad de las FBPS sobre distintos parámetros nutricionales, inmunitarios y de desarrollo. Existe además evidencia que demuestra que las FBPS tienen ventajas importantes en cuestión de costo-beneficio, palatabilidad y efectos sobre la microbiota intestinal, en comparación con otras fórmulas. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque existe evidencia limitada para recomendar su utilización en los trastornos digestivos funcionales, las FBPS tienen un perfil de seguridad adecuado y continúan siendo una opción válida para la alimentación del lactante.
Assuntos
Glycine max/química , Fórmulas Infantis/química , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Necessidades Nutricionais , Humanos , Lactente , Hipersensibilidade a Leite/imunologia , Proteínas de Soja/químicaRESUMO
Antecedentes: Las fórmulas a base de proteína de soya (FBPS) se han utilizado desde hace tiempo como una alternativa para lactantes con requerimientos nutricionales especiales. Sin embargo, las indicaciones médicas para su uso, su alergenicidad, seguridad y eficacia aún son controvertidas. Objetivo: Presentar recomendaciones del uso de FBPS basadas en la literatura existente. Métodos: Se realizó la consulta de revisiones sistemáticas y guías de práctica clínica, por medio de algoritmos de búsqueda validados, y sistemas como AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation) II y PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Para la elaboración de las recomendaciones clínicas se analizaron y discutieron los tópicos de mayor importancia, por parte de los investigadores responsables y el grupo de expertos del desarrollo de un documento de posición. Se evaluó la calidad de la evidencia utilizando el sistema GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Resultados: Se encontraron distintos reportes con calidad de evidencia variable que sustentan la eficacia de las FBPS en el manejo de la alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca y en la tolerancia digestiva del lactante, así como su baja alergia cruzada en comparación a la leche de vaca y otras fórmulas. También se encontraron otros estudios que indican la seguridad de las FBPS sobre distintos parámetros nutricionales, inmunitarios y de desarrollo. Existe además evidencia que demuestra que las FBPS tienen ventajas importantes en cuestión de costo-beneficio, palatabilidad y efectos sobre la microbiota intestinal, en comparación con otras fórmulas. Conclusiones: Aunque existe evidencia limitada para recomendar su utilización en los trastornos digestivos funcionales, las FBPS tienen un perfil de seguridad adecuado y continúan siendo una opción válida para la alimentación del lactante.
Abstract Background: Soy infant formulas (SIF) have long been used as an alternative for infants with special nutritional requirements. However, the medical indications for their use, their allergenicity, safety and efficacy are still controversial. Objective: To present recommendations for the use of SIF based on the existing literature. Methods: We consulted systematic reviews and clinical practice guides, through validated search algorithms, and systems such as Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation (AGREE)II and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). For the elaboration of the clinical recommendations, the most important topics were analyzed and discussed by the responsible researchers and the group of experts in the development of a position paper. The quality of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Results: Several reports with variable quality of evidence were found. They support SIFs efficacy in the management of cows milk allergy and infants digestive tolerance, as well as its low cross allergy compared to cows milk and other formulas. We also found other studies that indicate the safety of SIFs on different nutritional, immune and developmental parameters. There is also evidence that demonstrates that SIFs have important advantages in terms of cost-benefit, palatability and effects on the intestinal microbiota, compared to other formulas. Conclusions: Although evidence to recommend its use in functional digestive disorders is limited, SIFs have an adequate safety profile and are still a valid option for infant feeding.
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Humanos , Lactente , Glycine max/química , Fórmulas Infantis/química , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Necessidades Nutricionais , Hipersensibilidade a Leite/imunologia , Proteínas de Soja/químicaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to describe the tracheal growth pattern and its zoometric relationship in related medium-sized mongrel puppies through adulthood. Fourteen puppies were studied. CT monitoring was performed monthly, starting in the 1st month of life through the 7th month and subsequently at the 9th and 12th months. Additionally, six zoometric measurements were performed. Dorsoventral (DV) and transverse (TV) diameters and the luminal area from C1 to T2 were obtained. The global tracheal growth pattern revealed an increase up to 13 times its initial size, reaching a plateau phase during the last trimester. The relationship between the DV and the TV internal diameters of the tracheal lumen did not change during growth. As previously reported, the cranial tracheal area was wider, while the caudal part gradually decreased towards T1-T2; this consideration is important since the more distal an endotracheal tube is inserted, the greater the risk that injury may occur. The linear correlation between the zoometric measurements and the tracheal ring areas was positive. This study provides evidence for the evaluation of the morphometry of the canine trachea during physiological growth using helicoidal CT as a non-invasive, accurate tool.
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During the preparation of the figures in the above article, the authors inadvertently duplicated in Fig. 1B, a and b (high and low magnification images) the images that had already appeared as Figs. 5A, a and c (high and low magnification images), respectively, of the following paper: Huerta-Yepez S, Baritaki S, Baay-Guzman G, Hernandez-Luna MA, Hernandez-Cueto A, Vega MI and Bonavida B: Contribution of either YY1 or BclXL-induced inhibition by the NO-donor DETANONOate in the reversal of drug resistance, both in vitro and in vivo. Nitric Oxide 29: 17-24, 2013. The revised version of Fig. 1 containing the corrected data for Fig. 1B, a and b (high and low magnification images; the YY1 data) is shown opposite protein expression. All those authors whom the corresponding author was able to contact have agreed to this Corrigendum. The authors regret this error, and apologize for any confusion that it may have caused. [the original article was published in the Molecular Medicine Reports 10: 2279-2286, 2014; DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2504 ].
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Mucormycosis is a lethal opportunistic fungal infection, described mostly in immunocompromised patients. A comparative cohort study was conducted to compare the evolution of the study group patients with rhino-orbital mucormycosis, in which a therapeutic protocol was instituted, in which the pterygomaxillary fossa is systematically surgically approached and orbital exenteration is performed or not based on the spreading of the infection to the orbital apex or the orbital fissure, with a historical group where these criteria were not applied. Fifteen cases were included, eight in historic group A and seven in the study group B. Medical treatment was provided with control of the underlying disease (amphotericin B and low molecular weight heparin) as well as surgical treatment with extensive debridement including endoscopic ethmoidectomy and exploration of the pterygomaxillary fossa, also performing orbital exenteration only in patients who presented orbital apex syndrome in group B. In group A, there was a mortality rate of 50%, in group B all patients were clinical cured; however, the two patients with hematologic diseases died of complications not related to the fungal infection. With the standardization of a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol, good results in healing and survival of patients can be obtained.
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Anfotericina B/uso terapêutico , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Mucormicose/terapia , Doenças Nasais/terapia , Doenças Orbitárias/terapia , Doenças dos Seios Paranasais/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tempo para o Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RATIONALE: Emergency health care demanded by adolescents has increased due to a variety of specific disorders. AIMS: (1) Describe the frequency of emergency services utilization by adolescents; (2) Identify the reason for the visit; (3) Describe psychosocial and health features of patients; and (4) Describe information related to informed assent. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive, and prospective study carried out in patients aged 12 to 18 years, treated in the emergency department of General Hospital "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez ", between 2008 and 2009. Survey data as well as the HEADSS sociodemographic questionnaire was used. RESULTS: A total of 170 patients were included in the study. The average age was 14.1 years; 55% were female. The main reasons for consultation were trauma (32.9%), followed by non-surgical gastrointestinal pathologies (12.4%), acute abdomen (11.8%), psychiatric emergencies (10.6%), neurological (8.8%), infectious or gynecologic obstetrical (both 8.2%). In 81% of cases, relatives (mostly parents) were the ones who decided to take the patient to the emergency room. It is noteworthy that in 64% of cases the patients had previously gone to the emergency room. Of the patients, 72.4% reported not having regular medical care and the remaining reported that medical care was referred to once or twice a year. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients seeking emergency care, a significant proportion are teenagers. The causes are varied, with care ranging from posttraumatic aspects to psycho-behavioral disorders. There is minimal culture in this age group to agree about their own treatment through informed consent.
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Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Adolescente , Estudos Transversais , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Hospitais Gerais , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
We describe the surgery and reconstruction employed with a sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap for the treatment of a heterotopic glioma in a 2-year-old boy with incomplete palatal fissure who presented with dysphagia and snoring, in whom a lateral pharyngeal wall mass obstructing 60% of the airway was noted. Heterotopic gliomas are uncommonly reported in the parapharyngeal space and should be included in the differential diagnosis at this location in children. Parapharyngeal tumors present difficult diagnostic and management challenges; head and neck surgeons must be prepared not only for the resection but also for the reconstruction of these rare lesions.
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Coristoma/cirurgia , Fissura Palatina/cirurgia , Glioma/cirurgia , Neoplasias Faríngeas/cirurgia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Retalhos Cirúrgicos/cirurgia , Pré-Escolar , Coristoma/diagnóstico , Fissura Palatina/complicações , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/cirurgia , Neoplasias Faríngeas/complicações , Faringe/patologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The importance of prebiotics consumption is increasing all over the world due to their beneficial effects on health. Production of better prebiotics from endemic plants raises possibilities to enhance nutritional effects in vulnerable population groups. Fructans derived from Agave Plant have demonstrated their safety and efficacy as prebiotics in animal models. Recently, the safety in humans of two fructans obtained from Agave tequilana (Metlin(®) and Metlos(®)) was demonstrated. METHODS: This study aimed to demonstrate the efficacy as prebiotics of Metlin(®) and Metlos(®) in newborns of a randomized, double blind, controlled trial with a pilot study design. Biological samples were taken at 20 ± 7 days, and three months of age from healthy babies. Outcomes of efficacy include impact on immune response, serum ferritin, C-reactive protein, bone metabolism, and gut bacteria changes. RESULTS: There were differences statistically significant for the groups of infants fed only with infant formula and with formula enriched with Metlin(®) and Metlos(®). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the efficacy of Metlin(®) and Metlos(®) as prebiotics in humans, and stand the bases to recommend their consumption. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT 01251783.
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Agave/química , Frutanos/farmacologia , Nível de Saúde , Fórmulas Infantis/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Prebióticos , Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Feminino , Ferritinas/sangue , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imunidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México , Projetos Piloto , Valores de Referência , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
RATIONALE: Despite major advances in treatment, acute diarrhea continues to be a public health problem in children under five years. There is no systematic approach to treatment and most evidence is assembled comparing active treatment vs. placebo. OBJECTIVE: Systematic review of evidence on efficacy of adjuvants for treatment of acute diarrhea through a network meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic search of multiple databases searching clinical trials related to the use of racecadotril, smectite, Lactobacillus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri, Saccharomyces boulardii and zinc as adjuvants in acute diarrhea was done. The primary endpoint was duration of diarrhea. Information is displayed through network meta-analysis.The superiority of each coadjutant was analyzed by Sucra approach. RESULTS: Network meta-analysis showed race cadotril was better when compared with placebo and other adjuvants. Sucra analysis showed racecadotril as the first option followed by smectite and Lactobacillus reuteri. INTERPRETATION: Considering a strategic decision making approach, network meta-analysis allows us to establish the therapeutic superiority of racecadotril as an adjunct for the comprehensive management of acute diarrhea in children aged less than five years.
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Antidiarreicos/uso terapêutico , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Tiorfano/análogos & derivados , Doença Aguda , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Silicatos/uso terapêutico , Tiorfano/uso terapêutico , Zinco/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: There are not enough studies about the barriers to lose weight from the perspective of children and their parents. METHODS: Children and adolescents diagnosed with overweight/obesity in the Department of Endocrinology and their parents were invited to participate in a series of focus group discussions (FGD). Twenty-nine children 10-16 years old and 22 parents participated in 7 focus groups; 2 mothers and 2 adolescents participated in depth interviews. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through grounded theory. RESULTS: Parents went to the hospital only when their children presented any obesity complication; for them, overweight was not a health problem. Parents referred to lack of time to supervise about a healthy diet and exercise; besides, the same parents, relatives, friends, and the mass media encourage the consumption of junk food. Children accepted eating a lot, not doing exercise, skipping meals, and not understanding overweight consequences. Both, parents and children, demanded support to do the time recommended for exercise inside the schools. They also suggested getting information from schools and mass media (TV) about overweight consequences, exercise, and healthy food by health workers; they recommended prohibiting announcements about junk food and its sale. CONCLUSIONS: The barriers detected were lack of perception of being overweight, its identification as a disease and its consequences, lack of time to supervise a healthy lifestyle, and a big social influence to eat junk food.
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Aconselhamento Diretivo/métodos , Grupos Focais , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Pais , Obesidade Infantil/prevenção & controle , Obesidade Infantil/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Ciências da Nutrição Infantil/educação , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Dieta/métodos , Exercício Físico , Saúde da Família , Comportamento Alimentar/etnologia , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , México/etnologia , Motivação , Pais/educação , Pais/psicologia , Obesidade Infantil/etnologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Autoimagem , Meio SocialRESUMO
Prostate carcinoma (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in men. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been widely used to predict the outcome of PCa and screening with PSA has resulted in a decline in mortality. However, PSA is not an optimal prognostic tool as its sensitivity may be too low to reduce morbidity and mortality. Consequently, there is a demand for additional robust biomarkers for prostate cancer. Death receptor 5 (DR5) has been implicated in the prognosis of several cancers and it has been previously shown that it is negatively regulated by Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in prostate cancer cell lines. The present study investigated the clinical significance of DR5 expression in a prostate cancer patient cohort and its correlation with YY1 expression. Immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression distribution was performed using tissue microarray constructs from 54 primary PCa and 39 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) specimens. DR5 expression was dramatically reduced as a function of higher tumor grade. By contrast, YY1 expression was elevated in PCa tumors as compared with that in PIN, and was increased with higher tumor grade. DR5 had an inverse correlation with YY1 expression. Bioinformatic analyses corroborated these data. The present findings suggested that DR5 and YY1 expression levels may serve as progression biomarkers for prostate cancer.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Neoplasia Prostática Intraepitelial/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Receptores do Ligante Indutor de Apoptose Relacionado a TNF/metabolismo , Progressão da Doença , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasia Prostática Intraepitelial/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Receptores do Ligante Indutor de Apoptose Relacionado a TNF/genética , Análise Serial de Tecidos , Fator de Transcrição YY1/genética , Fator de Transcrição YY1/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether daily administration of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 reduces the frequency and duration of diarrheal episodes and other health outcomes in day school children in Mexico. METHODS: Healthy children (born at term, aged 6-36 months) attending day care centers were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. They received L reuteri DSM 17938 (dose 10(8) colony-forming unit; n = 168) or identical placebo (n = 168) by mouth, daily for 3 months, after which they were followed-up after a further 3 months without supplementation. RESULTS: Data from all children were included in the final analysis. L reuteri DSM 17938 significantly reduced the frequency and duration of episodes of diarrhea and respiratory tract infection at both 3 and 6 months (P < .05). Additionally, the number of doctor visits, antibiotic use, absenteeism from day school and parental absenteeism from work were significantly reduced in the L reuteri group (P < .05). A cost-benefit analysis revealed significant reductions in costs in the L reuteri-treated children. No adverse events related to the study product were reported. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy children attending day care centers, daily administration of L reuteri DSM 17938 had a significant effect in reducing episodes and duration of diarrhea and respiratory tract infection, with consequent cost savings for the community.
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Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Limosilactobacillus reuteri , Pré-Escolar , Análise Custo-Benefício , Diarreia/economia , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: According to data from the World Health Organization and UNICEF from year 2009, iron deficiency is the most widespread nutritional deficiency worldwide. This deficiency causes an imbalance between needs and iron supply, which consequently results in anemia. Around the world, two million people suffer from anemia, half of which is due to iron deficiency. The most impacted groups are children and teenagers, due to their highest requirements derived from the growing process, and women in their reproductive age, due to their loss of iron derived from menstruating or to their highest iron needs during pregnancy. This increase in needs is not satisfied by the regular diet, since it includes an insufficient amount and/or low bioavailability of iron. PURPOSE: To share with the medical community treating pregnant women the experience of an expert group so that they always bear in mind the repercussions caused by anemia during pregnancy, know more about the diagnostic possibilities and have a reference point for prescribing iron supplements. METHOD: The consensus method was used through the expert panel group technique. Two rounds were taken for structuring the clinical questions. The first one was to facilitate working groups their focusing in the clinical topics and the population of interest; the second one was to aid in posing specific questions observing the Patient, Intervention, Compare and Outcome (PICO) structure. The primary and clinical secondary study variables were defined by the working groups from the previously developed questions and during the face-to-face working period, according to the natural history of the disease: risk factors, diagnostic classification, (either pharmacological or non pharmacological) treatment and prognosis. The level of evidence and clinical recommendation was classified based on the Evidence Classification Level and Clinical Recommendation of the Medicine Group based on Evidence from Oxford University. RESULTS: In Mexico, 20.6% of pregnant women suffer from anemia, especially those between 15 and 16 years old, who prevail in 42.4% and 34.3% percent, respectively. Almost half the cases are due to iron deficiency. This type of anemia is associated with a higher risk of pre-term delivery, of low birth weight and perinatal death. The first assessment of an anemic pregnant woman shall include the medical history, a physical examination and the quantification of the erythrocyte indices, serum concentrations of iron and ferritin. The measurement of this last one has the highest sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing iron deficiency. Daily oral iron supplementation, at a 60-to-120 mg dosage, may correct most of mild-to-moderate anemias. The most appropriate treatment is with iron salts (iron sulfate, polimaltose iron complex or iron fumarate). In case of intolerance to iron sulfate or fumarate, polimaltose iron is a better tolerated option. Treatment shall be administered until the hemoglobin values are > 10.5 g and ferritin is between 300 and 360 microg/dL, and such levels shall be observed for at least one year. Parenteral administration is an alternative for patients with a severe intolerance to oral administration; even when the possibility of anaphylaxis shall be considered it is lower when using ferrous sacarate. Transfusion is reserved for patients with hemoglobin lower than 7 g/dL or having an imminent cardio-respiratory decompensation. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency is the highest prevailing nutritional deficiency worldwide and its consequences during pregnancy may be highly risky for both the mother and her child. Anemia diagnosis may easily be achieved through a blood analysis including the serum ferritin determination. Serum iron measurement shall not be used as the only marker to set the diagnosis. It is important to rule out other causes, in addition to the deficiencies, which produce anemia in a patient. It is essential to suggest the administration of iron supplements not only during the antenatal period but also after birth o even after a miscarriage to fulfill the need for depleted iron. In severe anemias (hemoglobin being lower than 9.0 g/L), iron doses higher than 120 mg a day may be required. Treatment shall always begin orally, and if this is not well tolerated, parenteral administration shall be used.
Assuntos
Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anemia/classificação , Anemia/epidemiologia , Anemia/etiologia , Anemia/terapia , Anemia Ferropriva/diagnóstico , Anemia Ferropriva/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Anemia Ferropriva/etiologia , Anemia Ferropriva/terapia , Biomarcadores , Transfusão de Sangue , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Feminino , Ferritinas/sangue , Morte Fetal/etiologia , Doenças Fetais/etiologia , Doenças Fetais/prevenção & controle , Ácido Fólico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Fólico/uso terapêutico , Saúde Global , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Ferro/administração & dosagem , Ferro/efeitos adversos , Ferro/sangue , Ferro/uso terapêutico , Ferro da Dieta/farmacocinética , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidado Pós-Natal/métodos , Cuidado Pós-Natal/normas , Gravidez , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/classificação , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/etiologia , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/terapia , Cuidado Pré-Natal/métodos , Cuidado Pré-Natal/normas , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Justificación: Más del 80% de las mujeres embarazadas experimentan en algún momento del embarazo náusea y vómito de magnitud variable que puede producir complicaciones importantes, tales como la deshidratación, el incremento de la frecuencia de hospitalizaciones y la alteración de la calidad de vida. Existe controversia sobre la seguridad de la combinación doxilamina + piridoxina para el tratamiento de la náusea y vómito durante el embarazo. Objetivos: A través de una revisión sistemática de la evidencia con metaanálisis, evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de la combinación de doxilamina + piridoxina para el tratamiento de la náusea y el vómito durante el embarazo. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron estudios de casos y controles, estudios de cohorte, ensayos clínicos o ensayos clínicos controlados, de adecuada calidad metodológica, realizados en mujeres embarazadas con náusea y vómito en quienes, dada la frecuencia y gravedad de la sintomatología, se hubiera decidido el tratamiento con doxilamina + piridoxina, al menos en una de las ramas de inclusión al estudio. Se consideraron como variables de desenlace el número de malformaciones congénitas totales observadas, así como el número de malformaciones congénitas ajustadas por tipo. Se efectuó revisión de las bases de datos PubMed (1966 a mayo de 2009), Embase (1988 a mayo 2009), LILACS (1990 a mayo 2009), ARTEMISA (Revisión de la 11ª edición hasta diciembre de 2004), Cochrane controlled trials register, Bandolier y DARE. Estadísticamente, se efectuó el cálculo de riesgo relativo a través de un modelo de efectos fijos de Mantel-Hanezel, en el caso de desenlaces binarios, y diferencia estandarizada de los promedios (SMD), en el caso de desenlaces continuos. Para todos los estimados se efectuó cálculo del intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%); se realizó en todos los casos prueba de heterogeneidad, utilizando prueba de Chi cuadrada de Pearson, con un valor de p < 0.05 como sinónimo de significancia. Resultados: No identificamos incremento del riesgo con el uso combinado de doxilamina + piridoxina en mujeres embarazadas con NVP para malformaciones globales con un RR ponderado de 0.97 (IC95% de 0.92 a 1.02), p 0.168, ni para malformaciones cardiovasculares [RR 0.92 (IC95% 0.80 a 1.05), p no significativa (NS)], del sistema nervioso central [RR 1.0 (IC95% 0.87 a 1.15), p NS)], defectos del tubo neural [RR 0.99 (IC95% 0.78 a 1.26), p NS)], alteraciones de extremidades [RR 1.10 (IC95% 0.88 a 1.37), p NS)], labio y paladar hendido [RR 0.85 (IC95% 0.70 a 1.03), p NS)] o malformaciones de la vía urogenital [RR 0.99 (IC95% 0.82 a 1.20), p NS)]. Desde el punto de vista de eficacia, la administración de doxilamina + piridoxina redujo significativamente el riesgo de persistir con náusea y vómito durante el embarazo [RR 0.55 (IC95% 0.41 a 0.74), p 0.0001)]. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en la actual revisión sistemática señalan un efecto significativamente benéfico de la doxilamina + piridoxina para la reducción de la náusea y el vómito del embarazo (NAVP). Al correlacionar el beneficio del medicamento con su elevado perfil de seguridad (como lo demuestran los cinco metaanálisis en donde el desarrollo de defectos cardiovasculares, del sistema nervioso central, del tubo neural, de las extremidades y genitourinario es similar al del grupo control), permite establecerlo como una alternativa farmacológica eficaz para el tratamiento de la náusea y el vómito presentes durante el embarazo y con riesgo no significativo de teratogenicidad.
More than 80% of the pregnant women, in one moment of the gestation have nausea and vomiting, than can produce important complications like deshydratation, hospital internment, and affectation of the quality of life. There are controversies about the safety of the combination of doxylamine + pyridoxine for the treatment of the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination of doxylamine + pyridoxine for the treatment of NVP using the methodological tool of a systematic review. Materials and methods: For the systematic review we include case-control studies, cohort's studies, and controlled trials, performed in pregnant women with NVP and that were treatment with doxylamine + pyridoxine. We considered the number of congenital defects as the principal outcome variable. We made the systematic review using the following data bases: PubMed (1966 to may 2009), Embase (1988 to may 2009), LILACS (1990 to may 2009), ARTEMISA (review of the 11ª edition to December 2004), Cochrane controlled trials register, Bandolier y DARE. The statistical analysis was made with the calculation of relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI 95%) with the Mantel-Hanezel model. Results: There was no risk increase of congenital defects in children born of women with NVP treated with the combination of doxylamine + pyridoxine. The RR identified for all congenital defects was 0.97(IC95% de 0.92 a 1.02), p = 0.168; for cardiovascular defects the RR was 0.92 (CI95% 0.80-1.05), for neural tube defects the RR was 0.99 (CI95% 0.78-1.26), and for urinary defects the RR was 0.99 (CI95% 0.8-1.20). The administration of doxylamine + pyridoxine reduced the risk of NVP persistence with a RR of 0.55 (CI95% 0.41-0.74), p < 0.01). Conclusions: The systematic review showed that the administration of doxylamine + pyridoxine has a beneficial effect on the reduction of NVP manifestations, with a high safety to be used during pregnancy.
RESUMO
Human milk is recommended as the only alimentary source for the first six months of life. Additionally there is a medical and social need for safe and effective alternative forms of nutrition for infants who cannot be fed with breast milk. Recently the safety and efficacy of some ingredients in infant formulae, such as nucleotides have been discussed. This systematic review analyzed the available evidence to establish the efficacy, safety and dose-response effect of ribonucleotide-supplemented infant formulae (RSIFs). Randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) comparing RSIFs to formulae without nucleotides or breast milk were considered in this review. Outcome measures were: antibody titres to common paediatric vaccinations, total lymphocytes, lymphocyte subclasses and NK-cells, episodes of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection. Publication quality was determined using Jadad and CONSORT guidelines. Results were combined using a random effects model and reported through standardised mean differences (WMD) or risk ratio (RR). Systematic review and meta-analysis showed that RSIFs were associated with a better antibody response to immunisation with Haemopillus influenzae vaccine [SMD 1.74 (99%CI 1.43-2.05), P=0.001], diphtheria toxoid [SMD 0.94 (0.75-1.12), P=0.001], oral polio vaccine [SMD 0.73 (0.51-0.95), P=0.001], and fewer episodes of diarrhoea [RR 0.67 (0.58-0.76), P=0.02]. We did not find a major risk of upper respiratory infections [RR 1.11 (0.90-1.36), P=0.50]. Available evidence suggests a positive benefit of RSFIs on infant health without any risk. These benefits begin with nucleotide addition of 1.9 mg/418.4 kJ and are maintained or increased with 10.78 mg/418.4 kJ.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Fórmulas Infantis , Ribonucleotídeos/imunologia , Formação de Anticorpos/efeitos dos fármacos , Diarreia Infantil/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Lactente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Ribonucleotídeos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
This article analyzes food consumption in relation to levels of DDE (the principal metabolite of DDT) in the adipose tissue of 207 Mexican women residing in States with high and low exposure to DDT. Data on the women's dietary habits and childbearing history were obtained from a personal interview. Adipose tissue DDE levels were measured by gas-liquid chromatography and compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression. Adipose tissue DDE levels increased significantly with age (p = 0.005) and residence in coastal areas (p = 0.002) and non-significantly with the consumption of onion, cauliflower, prickly pear, squash blossoms, sweet corn, broad beans, chili pepper sauce, ham, and fish. Even so, during breastfeeding there was a non-significant reduction in these levels. The findings suggest that certain foods serve as vehicles for DDE residues and confirm that breastfeeding is a mechanism for the elimination of this insecticide, which accumulates over the years in the human body.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo , DDT , Ingestão de Alimentos , Contaminação de Alimentos , Exposição a Praguicidas , MulheresRESUMO
This article analyzes food consumption in relation to levels of DDE (the principal metabolite of DDT) in the adipose tissue of 207 Mexican women residing in States with high and low exposure to DDT. Data on the women's dietary habits and childbearing history were obtained from a personal interview. Adipose tissue DDE levels were measured by gas-liquid chromatography and compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression. Adipose tissue DDE levels increased significantly with age (p = 0.005) and residence in coastal areas (p = 0.002) and non-significantly with the consumption of onion, cauliflower, prickly pear, squash blossoms, sweet corn, broad beans, chili pepper sauce, ham, and fish. Even so, during breastfeeding there was a non-significant reduction in these levels. The findings suggest that certain foods serve as vehicles for DDE residues and confirm that breastfeeding is a mechanism for the elimination of this insecticide, which accumulates over the years in the human body.