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Subclinical Mastitis (SCM) is caused by several factors associated with the interaction of the individual cow, cow management, and the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the breed and non-genetic risk factors on the prevalence of SCM in cows from the dual-purpose livestock system on the floodplain of Arauca, Colombian Orinoquia. Milk samples were taken from the individual mammary quarters of 481 cows representing 28 different farms where the electrical conductivity (EC) test applied. To determine the factors associated with SCM, a multiple logistic regression analysis was used. The response variable was the SCM presence (1), or absence (0) obtained with the EC test. Breed was included as a genetic risk factor, and as non- genetic risk factors: number of cows in production, daily milk production, lactation month, cow age, climatic period, body condition, and calving number. The factors that were significantly associated with the SCM presence were body condition, climatic period, and breed (p < 0.05). Odds ratio (OR) analysis of significant effects indicates that for each unit increase in body condition, the OR of having animals with SCM is reduced by 71%. In the dry period the OR of animals with SCM increases by 150% compared to the rainy period. Composite breeds reduce the OR of SCM animals by 73%, compared with Indicus-predominance animals. In this study, the occurrence of SCM in extensive management systems in Arauca, Colombian Orinoquia, is determined by the risk factors of breed, climatic period, and body condition.

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The aim of this study was to assess the environmental and breed risk factors associated with the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in cows in the dual-purpose livestock system of Arauca, Colombian Orinoquia. Milk samples were taken from 1924 mammary quarters, corresponding to 481 cows on 28 different farms, and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied. Risk factors associated with SCM were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. The response variable was the presence (1) or absence (0) of SCM. Breed was included as a genetic risk factor, and daily milk production, number of cows in production, lactation month, calving number, cow age, climatic period, and body condition were included as environmental risk factors. The analysis of the odds ratio (OR) of significant effects indicated that the factors significantly associated with the presence of SCM were the number of cows (OR = 2.29; p = 0.005), milk production (OR = 0.88; p = 0.045), and the Taurus-Indicus breeds (OR = 1.79; p = 0.009) and composite breed (OR = 3.95; p = 0.005). In this study, the occurrence of SCM was determined by the following risk factors: number of cows, milk production, and breed. Likewise, the highest prevalence seemed to occur on farms with less technological development and sanitary management of producers from the lowest socioeconomic stratum.

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Fetal lymphangioma is an uncommon congenital malformation that is mainly comprised of the subcutaneous tissue of the neck. This malformation can develop in other areas like the thoracic and axillary regions, though rarely. We report 6 consecutive cases of lymphatic malformation in a fetal center in Dominican Republic. In our case series fetal chest lymphangiomas were present in 2 fetuses. In addition, 2 cases of axillary lymphangiomas also involved the thoracic region. Adequate management by a multidiciplinary team is necessary to provide a better approach to delivery.

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Introducción: La fibrosis pulmonar idiopática es una enfermedad rara, asociada al envejecimiento, con una alta tasa de mortalidad entre los 2.5 a 3 años. El diagnóstico se realiza con la sospecha clínica y la confirmación del patrón de neumonía intersticial usual, en tomografía del tórax o en biopsia pulmonar; el tratamiento actual se basa en fármacos anti fibróticos. Material y método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo tipo registro, de pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar idiopática, que estuviesen en seguimiento por médicos especialistas en neumología en 4 consultorios privados de la ciudad de Panamá entre el 2017 y el 2020. Resultado: Se evaluaron 32 pacientes, edad media de 69 años (rango 53 ­ 91); 18/32 (56.3%) fueron masculinos, y de estos, 16/18 (88.9%) eran fumadores. Los crepitantes tipo velcro subescapulares se encontraron en 29/32 (90.6%). El patrón de neumonía intersticial usual en tomografía se encontró en 30/32 (93.7%), y 2/32 (6.3%) en biopsia. Los medicamentos anti fibróticos fueron usados en 6/32 (18.6%); el 50% usó nintedanib y el 50% pirfenidona. Fallecieron 4/32 (12.5%) pacientes en el periodo de estudio. Conclusión: La fibrosis pulmonar idiopática es frecuente en mayores de 50 años, principalmente varones, con historial de tabaquismo y reflujo gastroesofágico. Los crepitantes tipo velcro subescapulares son un hallazgo frecuente. El diagnóstico se realizó en su mayoría con tomografía de tórax de alta resolución; la difusión de monóxido de carbono y la saturación en la caminata de 6 minutos son las pruebas funcionales más alteradas. Menos de un tercio de los pacientes recibe tratamiento con anti fibróticos. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Introduction: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a rare disease, associated with aging, with a high mortality rate between 2.5 to 3 years. Diagnosis is made with clinical suspicion and confirmation of the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern in chest tomography or lung biopsy; current treatment is based on antifibrotic drugs. Methods: A descriptive and prospective registry-type study was carried out on patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who were being followed up by pulmonology specialists in 4 private practices in Panama City between 2017 and 2020. Results: 32 patients were evaluated, mean age 69 years (range 53 - 91); 18/32 (56.3%) were male, and of these, 16/18 (88.9%) were smokers. Subscapularis velcro-type crackles were found in 29/32 (90.6%). The usual interstitial pneumonia pattern on CT was found in 30/32 (93.7%), and 2/32 (6.3%) on biopsy. Antifibrotic drugs were used in 6/32 (18.6%); 50% used nintedanib and 50% pirfenidone. Four/32 (12.5%) patients died during the study period. Conclusion: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is frequent in patients older than 50 years, mainly males, with a history of smoking and gastroesophageal reflux. Subscapular Velcro-like crackles are a frequent finding. Diagnosis was mostly made with high-resolution chest CT; carbon monoxide diffusion and 6-minute walk saturation are the most altered functional tests. Less than one third of patients receive treatment with antifibrotic drugs. (provided by Infomedic International)

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The European grapevine moth, a Palearctic pest, was first detected in the Americas in 2008. Its establishment in Chile presented production and export issues for grapes and other fruits, and a national control campaign was launched. Urban areas next to agricultural production areas were recognized as a challenge for effective control. In 2015, a SIT laboratory was established in Arica, Chile to evaluate its potential for urban control. Progress included the development and evaluation of artificial diets, a mass-rearing of 75,000 moths/week, confirmation of 150 Gy as an operational dose for inherited sterility, and releases of sterile moths in a 25 ha urban area next to fruit production areas. Season-long releases demonstrated that high overflooding ratios were achieved early in the season but decreased with a large increase in the wild moth population. Sterile moth quality was consistently high, and moths were observed living in the field up to 10 days and dispersing up to 800 m. Recommendations for further development of the SIT include conducting cage and field studies to evaluate overflooding ratios and mating competitiveness, measuring of infestation densities in release and no-release areas, and conducting trials to evaluate combining SIT with compatible integrated pest management (IPM) tactics such as fruit stripping and use of mating disruption.

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La respuesta a la infección viral produce un estado de trombosis o hipercoagulabilidad que, unido a la inflamación de las células endoteliales, puede generar disfunción plaquetaria y predisposición a la formación de trombos que, aunque con frecuencia son más venosos, también pueden aparecer en el sistema arterial y producir infartos a cualquier nivel así como tromboembolia e hipertensión pulmonar. Estas manifestaciones han sido captadas hospitalariamente y al egreso de los pacientes detectados por SARS-CoV-2 habiendo ya cumplido el tiempo establecido de virulencia. Los criterios diagnósticos de respuesta inmunológica trombótica asociada a COVID-19 (RITAC) ayudan a seleccionar al paciente que está predispuesto a esta condición; a esto se añade que el paciente ya tiene un diagnóstico de infección por SARS-CoV-2 (AU)

The response to viral infection produces a prothrombotic state of hypercoagulability , united with an inflammation of endothelial cells, It can generate platelet dysfunction and predisposition to the formation of thrombus, that, although, are more frequently venous, Also, it can appear in the arterial system and cause heart attacks at any level; thromboembolism and pulmonary hypertension, as well. These manifestations have been captured hospitably and with the egress of patients detected by SARS-CoV-2. The diagnostic criteria of RITAC (abbreviation in Spanish of Thrombotic Immune Response Associated to COVID-19), help to select the patient who is predisposed to this condition; adding that the patient already has a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (AU)

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Hemoglobin S is an abnormal protein that induces morphological changes in erythrocyte in low-oxygen conditions. In Mexico, it is reported that up to 13.7% of the population with mutation in one allele are considered asymptomatic (sickle cell trait). The sickle cell trait and diabetes mellitus are conditions that occur together in more than one million patients worldwide. Both diseases possibly produce microvascular changes in retinopathy and acute chest syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the induction of sickle cells in samples of diabetic patients with sickle cell trait to identify altered red cell parameters. We obtained samples of diabetic patients to determine hemoglobin A1c and S; furthermore, red blood cell biometrics data were analyzed. We found that older men with diabetes were susceptible to generate sickle cells and this correlated with reduced red blood cell count and an increase in media cell volume. In samples of women diabetes, there were no differences. We conclude that samples from patients with sickle cell trait and diabetes can cause sickle cells with high frequency in men, with lower red blood cells count and increased mean corpuscular volume as susceptibility parameters.

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La literatura científica ha demostrado a través de diversos métodos (cuestionarios y acelerómetros, principalmente) que las clases de educación física (EF) influyen positivamente en el logro de las recomendaciones de actividad física (AF) en la población escolar. Sin embargo, el uso de nuevas tecnologías como los teléfonos móviles o smartphone, parecen ser una interesante herramienta de bajo costo que también podrían ayudar a determinar el nivel de AF. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue describir como influye la clase de EF en el número de pasos diarios en escolares que utilizaron una aplicación móvil “RuntasticPedometer” para monitorear dicha variable. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 50 estudiantes (edad media de 14.1 +/-1.6 años) pertenecientes al Instituto de Educación Secundaria “Melchor de Macanaz” de la localidad de Hellín (Albacete, España). Tras analizar los datos, se observaron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) durante los días en que los escolares realizaron la clase de EF y los que no (9.950 vs. 8.023 pasos/día,respectivamente). Además, la variación entre los días con y sin EF también fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre niños y niñas (2.644 vs. 1.579 pasos/día, respetivamente).Finalmente, se podría concluir que las clases de EF parecen influir positivamente en el aumento del número de pasos en escolares, lo que elevaría las posibilidades de que estos niños y niñas logren los parámetros mínimos de AF recomendada por las diversas organizaciones de salud. Por otro lado, cabe señalar que el uso de nuevas tecnologías de uso masivo como los smartphone, podrían ser una interesante herramienta a validar orientadas al monitoreo de la AF.

The scientific literature has demonstrated through various methods (questionnaires and accelerometers, mainly), the classes of physical education (PE) positively influence the achievement of the recommendations of physical activity (PA) in the school population. However, the use of new technologies such as mobile phones or smartphone, appear to be an interesting inexpensive tool that could also help determine the level of AF. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe as PE class influences in the daily number of steps in school who used a mobile application "Runtastic Pedometer" to monitor the variable. The sample consisted of 50 students (mean age 14.1 +/- 1.6 years) belonging to the Institute of Secondary Education "MelchorMacanaz" from the Hellín (Albacete, Spain). After analyzing the data, significant differences (p <0.05) were observed during the days when the school made PE class and those without (8,023 vs. 9,950 steps / day, respectively). Moreover, the variations between days with and without EF were also statistically different between boys and girls (2,644 vs. 1,579 steps/day,respectively). Finally, one could conclude that PE classes seem positively influence the increase in the number of steps in school raising the chances that these children achieve the minimum standards recommended HF various health organizations. On the other hand, it notes that the use of new technologies in widespread use as the smartphone could be an interesting tool to validate oriented monitoring AF.

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Objetivo: Determinar el estado y supervivencia de dientes monorradiculares con formadentinas elaborados en Facultad de Odontología de Universidad de El Salvador en período 2010-2012. Metodología: La investigación incluyó una muestra de 126 dientes monorradiculares tratados con formadentina, de pacientes atendidos en la Facultad de Odontología durante el período 2010-2012. Se realizó evaluación clínica y radiográfica, registrándose los datos de cada paciente en una guía de observación en donde se obtuvieron resultados de supervivencia del diente tratado con formadentina, presencia o ausencia de dolor, movilidad, entre otros hallazgos. Los datos se vaciaron en el programa SPSS v.19. Resultados: El 88.08% de los casos registró una supervivencia igual o mayor a 2 años 6 meses. Respecto al estado clínico el 65.9% presentó corona definitiva como restauración, el 72.3% no presentó dolor a la percusión y el 76.5% ausencia de movilidad dental. Al estado radiográfico se encontró que el 73.9% no presentó ensanchamiento del ligamento periodontal, el 65.5% no evidenció lesiones periapicales, mientras que el 98.3% no reflejó reabsorciones internas y el 95% no mostró reabsorciones externas; el 99.2% no presentó fracturas dentales. Conclusiones: La supervivencia de los dientes tratados con formadentina fue igual o mayor a 2 años 6 meses, el estado clínico y radiográfico de los dientes con formadentina fue bueno ya que la mayoría de los dientes presentaron características ideales al momento de la evaluación. Palabras claves: dientes monorradiculares, estado clínico, estado radiográfico, supervivencia, formadentina.

Objective: To determine survival and status of rooted teeth with post cast made in Faculty of Dentistry, University of El Salvador in 2010-2012 Methodology: The investigation includes a sample of 126 monoradicular teeth restored with cast post in patients attended on the Faculty of Dentistry in the period 2010-2012. They were evaluated clinically and radiographically recording the data in an observational guide where we obtained results of survival of the teeth with post cast, presence or absence of pain, mobility and other findings. The data was cleared in the program SPSS v. 19. Results: The 88.08% of the cases showed a survival equal to or greater than 2 years 6 months. Regarding clinical status the 65.9% presented dental crown as final restoration, also the 72.3% didn´t present pain to percussion and the 76.5% didn´t present any grade of mobility. At the radiographic evaluation it was found that the 73.9% didn´t present widening of the periodontal ligament, the 65.5% didn´t show periapical lesions while the 98.3% didn´t show inner resorption and the 95% didn´t present external resorption; the 99.2% didn´t show teeth fractures. Conclusions: The survival of restored teeth with cast post was equal or greater than 2 years and 6 months, the clinical and radiographic status of the teeth restored with cast post was good because most teeth showed ideal characteristics at the time of evaluation.

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PURPOSE: To discern whether arrhythmogenesis at high-altitude (HA) may differ depending on ascent or descent, as well as on age. METHODS: Male subjects (37.9±12.0 SD y, n=33) were separated into a young (Y) group (29.6±5.73 SD y, n=18) and an older (O) one (47.9±9.83 SD y, n=15). All subjects were monitored by Holter electrocardiography while successively ascending (41.2±7.51 SD min) and descending (38.7±6.68 SD min) between 2950 and 5050 m as car passengers on a 25 km road in Northern Chile. Arrhythmic events (AE) ensued when the difference between two consecutive RR intervals exceeded 0.16 sec. RESULTS: From 311 AE registered, 29% occurred on ascent and 71% on descent, the sinusal type predominating in both age groups. AE incidence, RR interval duration, and heart rate variability (HRV) in the time domain (RMSSD) increased during descent, as compared to ascent, in the Y group (p<0.05), but not in the O one. Independently of age, AE incidence along descent associates with the time previously spent at 5050 m (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid transitions at HA favor arrhythmogenesis, the latter becoming evident particularly in the Y group on descent. Age-dependent changes of autonomic activity appear to be involved in arrhythmogenesis on transitions at HA.

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Hugo Chávez dominated the Venezuelan electoral landscape since his first presidential victory in 1998 until his death in 2013. Nobody doubts that he always received considerable voter support in the numerous elections held during his mandate. However, the integrity of the electoral system has come into question since the 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum. From then on, different sectors of society have systematically alleged electoral irregularities or biases in favor of the incumbent party. We have carried out a thorough forensic analysis of the national-level Venezuelan electoral processes held during the 1998-2012 period to assess these complaints. The second-digit Benford's law and two statistical models of vote distributions, recently introduced in the literature, are reviewed and used in our case study. In addition, we discuss a new method to detect irregular variations in the electoral roll. The outputs obtained from these election forensic tools are examined taking into account the substantive context of the elections and referenda under study. Thus, we reach two main conclusions. Firstly, all the tools uncover anomalous statistical patterns, which are consistent with election fraud from 2004 onwards. Although our results are not a concluding proof of fraud, they signal the Recall Referendum as a turning point in the integrity of the Venezuelan elections. Secondly, our analysis calls into question the reliability of the electoral register since 2004. In particular, we found irregular variations in the electoral roll that were decisive in winning the 50% majority in the 2004 Referendum and in the 2012 Presidential Elections.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize time-frequency behavior using the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to analyze ventricular and arterial pressure signals from anesthetized mongrel dogs. Both ventricular and arterial pressure pulsations were recorded using catheter-tip manometers and the CWT was applied to these signals to obtain module coefficients, associated contours, and the 3-D representation of these modules. FFT was applied to obtain the Fourier spectrum. The mathematical analysis of the cardiovascular pressure pulsations permitted the identification of the evolution of the frequency components for the aortic and pulmonary valve functions as well as the intra-ventricular and respiratory influences on the cardiovascular dynamics. The CWT is a very sensitive and reliable procedure for determining the three-dimensional (time-frequency-amplitude) of the oscillatory phenomena during each cardiac cycle, providing more, although complementary, information than the spectral analysis obtained with the FFT. Thanks to the FFT, exact values in Hz could be found for the different events produced in each cycle, and thus the information provided by CWT could be related to the information provided by FFT. The combination of both mathematical methodologies permitted identification of each component of the analyzed signals. The 3D representation allowed an easy comparison of the relative importance of the complex magnitudes in frequency for the different components of the pulsatile waves.

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Data of the transcatheter radio frequency ablations for patients with supraventricular tachycardia conducted in Puerto Rico is presented. One group includes the first 100 patients performed from September 1994 to March 1997 at the Cardiovascular Center of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean and the Second group includes 157 ablations done in the year 2003. Ablations performed in the different types of supraventricular tachycardias is analyzed including success rates and complications. Results are compared to those reported in the 1998 NASPE registry. The results obtained demonstrated a high successful rate of procedures with minimal complications in both series of patients. One procedure related death occurred in the 2003 year group and none in the earlier group.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize time-frequency behavior using the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to analyze ventricular and arterial pressure signals from anesthetized mongrel dogs. Both ventricular and arterial pressure pulsations were recorded using catheter-tip manometers and the CWT was applied to these signals to obtain module coefficients, associated contours, and the 3-D representation of these modules. FFT was applied to obtain the Fourier spectrum. The mathematical analysis of the cardiovascular pressure pulsations permitted the identification of the evolution of the frequency components for the aortic and pulmonary valve functions as well as the intra-ventricular and respiratory influences on the cardiovascular dynamics. The CWT is a very sensitive and reliable procedure for determining the three-dimensional (time-frequency-amplitude) of the oscillatory phenomena during each cardiac cycle, providing more, although complementary, information than the spectral analysis obtained with the FFT. Thanks to the FFT, exact values in Hz could be found for the different events produced in each cycle, and thus the information provided by CWT could be related to the information provided by FFT. The combination of both mathematical methodologies permitted identification of each component of the analyzed signals. The 3D representation allowed an easy comparison of the relative importance of the complex magnitudes in frequency for the different components of the pulsatile waves.

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In the present paper we have examined the applicability of dimensionless and invariant numbers (DN & IN) to the analysis of the cardiovascular system of mammals, whose functions were measured at standard metabolic conditions. The calculated IN did not change when we compared these figures with those obtained in dogs while they were submitted to graded exercise on a treadmill. In both instances, rest and exercise, the constancy of the IN prevailed, in accordance with Cannon's principle of "homeostasis" (1929). On the contrary, when dogs were examined during a standardized hypovolemic shock, we observed a breakdown of the IN, and the resulting DN evolved as a reliable index of the condition of "heterostasis" as defined by H. Selye. The robustness of the homeostatic regulations is based on high-gain integral feedback mechanisms, while "heterostasis" could be associated with low-gain integral feedback processes, when organisms are submitted to unitary step disturbances or to changes of the set-point at the entrance of the feedback loop.

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In the present paper we have examined the applicability of dimensionless and invariant numbers (DN & IN) to the analysis of the cardiovascular system of mammals, whose functions were measured at standard metabolic conditions. The calculated IN did not change when we compared these figures with those obtained in dogs while they were submitted to graded exercise on a treadmill. In both instances, rest and exercise, the constancy of the IN prevailed, in accordance with Cannon's principle of "homeostasis" (1929). On the contrary, when dogs were examined during a standardized hypovolemic shock, we observed a breakdown of the IN, and the resulting DN evolved as a reliable index of the condition of "heterostasis" as defined by H. Selye. The robustness of the homeostatic regulations is based on high-gain integral feedback mechanisms, while "heterostasis" could be associated with low-gain integral feedback processes, when organisms are submitted to unitary step disturbances or to changes of the set-point at the entrance of the feedback loop

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El propósito del estudio fue describir el estado de salud bucal de los usuarios del servicio odontológico de la EPS Comfenalco Antioquia, así como algunas características relacionadas con la demanda y la satisfacción con la consulta. Se examinaron un total de 1995 personas con edades comprendidas entre 1 y 88 años (x29) que demandaron atención odontológica programada durante el mes de junio de 1998. El 47.8 por ciento de los examinados pertenece al régimen contributivo, el 23.1 por ciento al subsidiado y el 29.1 por ciento eran maestros afiliados al régimen contributivo especial. La información se recolectó de fuente primaria a través de interrogatorio realizado por las auxiliares de consultorio y de examen clínico bucal practicado por odontólogos generales previamente calibrados. A través del interrogatorio se pudo establecer que el 93.2 por ciento de las personas se sintieron satisfechas con la atención recibida en la última consulta y que el 66 por ciento había hecho esta consulta en el último año. La historia de caries dental en al dentición permanente es del 40 por ciento antes de los 12 años y va aumentando con la edad hasta alcanzar al 100 por ciento de las personas a los 35 años. Simultáneamente se aumenta el número de dientes afectados ya que el índice CPO que es de 4.5 en los adolescentes aumenta a 17.7 en la edad adulta, de los cuales 11.3 son dientes obturados y 4.8 corresponden a dientes perdidos por caries. El 84.8 por ciento de los examinados presentó perdida de inserción periodontal con una extensión promedio de 49.8 por ciento y una severidad de 2,5mm; la extensión y la severidad van aumentando con la edad. El 24.5 por ciento de los examinados requieren prótesis en el arco superior y el 37.8 por ciento en el inferior. El apiñamiento dentario fue la alteración oclusal mas frecuente con una prevalencia del 88.7 por entre los grados leve, moderado y severo. En el 28.5 por ciento de las personas mayores de 15 años se detectaron ruidos al ausculta.

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Using a basic representation of dynamic systems, arterial blood pressure pulsations is converted into quasi-perioic orbits with the purpose of transforming a periodic phenomena into a cyclical on by plotting the pressure p(t) versus its first derivative dp/dt. This elementary mathematical procedure made it possible to evaluate the variability of the systemic arterial pressure pulsations, both systolic and diastolic, as well as the slope variability, can be distinguished in the carachrotic phase. One corresponds to the open aortic valves, and the other is associated with the closed valves. Furthermore, through the first derivative of pressure oscillations we were able to identify small changes in arterial pressure, which appeared when the sampling rate at least 150 samples per second. Since the time variable was converted into a parameter, the result was a synoptic or holistic approach, which is a considerable improvement for the visual analysis of cardiovascular phenomena. This simplified mathematical procedure can be easily implemented on a personal computer in real time and applied to all rhythmic phenomena in Physiology and Pathology.

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To investigate the dose-related hemodynamic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) in patients with angina pectoris (AP), five patients underwent right and left heart catheterization, and left ventriculogram before and 10 min after administration of 1.25 mg enalaprilat intravenously (Group 1). The results were compared with those of five patients with similar characteristics who received 2.5 enalaprilat (Group 2). There were no baseline differences between groups. After enalaprilat administration, there was significant differences between Groups 1 and 2, as follows: systolic blood pressure was 138 plus minus 16 versus 127 plus minus 14 mmHg (p = 0.05), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 15 plus minus 6 versus 7 plus minus 4 mmHg (p = 0.04), systemic vascular resistance was 1341 plus minus 290 versus 965 plus minus 271 dyne/sec/cm(minus sign5) (p = 0.05), pulmonary vascular resistance was 174 plus minus 39 versus 156 plus minus 15 dyne/sec/cm(minus sign5) (p = 0.05), end-diastolic volume was 87 plus minus 34 versus 107 plus minus 17 ml (p = 0.03), cardiac index was 3.0 versus 4.5 L min(minus sign1) m(minus sign2) (p = 0.01), left ventricle end-systolic wall stress was 31 plus minus 10 versus 22 plus minus 9 k dyne cm(minus sign5) (p = 0.01), ejection fraction was 69 plus minus 12 versus 81 plus minus 8% (p = 0.01), and wall motion index was 1.14 plus minus 0.1 versus 1.02 plus minus 0.1 (p = 0.001). These results indicate that enalaprilat has dose-related effects improving hemodynamics and ventricular function in patient with AP.