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Background: An obesity epidemic has been documented among adult Latinos/as in Latin America and the United States (US); however, little is known about obesity among Latinos/as with HIV (PWH). Moreover, Latinos/as PWH in the US may have different weight trajectories than those in Latin America due to the cultural and environmental contexts. We assessed weight and body mass index (BMI) trajectories among PWH initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) across 5 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and the US. Methods: ART-naÿve PWH ≥18 years old, enrolled in Brazil, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, and Haiti (sites within CCA-SAnet) and the US (NA-ACCORD) starting ART between 2000 and 2017, with at least one weight measured after ART initiation were included. Participants were classified according to site/ethnicity as: Latinos/as in US, non-Latinos/as in US, Haitians, and Latinos/as in Latin America. Generalized least squares models were used to assess trends in weight and BMI. Models estimating probabilities of becoming overweight/obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and of becoming obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) post ART initiation for males and females were fit using generalized estimating equations with a logit link and an independence working correlation structure. Findings: Among 59,207 PWH, 9% were Latinos/as from Latin America, 9% Latinos/as from the US, 68% non-Latinos/as from the US and 14% were Haitian. At ART initiation, 29% were overweight and 14% were obese. Post-ART weight and BMI increases were steeper for Latinos/as in Latin America compared with other sites/ethnicities; however, BMI at 3-years post ART remained lower compared to Latinos/as and non-Latinos/as in the US. Among females, at 3-years post ART initiation the greatest adjusted probability of obesity was found among non-Latinas in the US (15·2%) and lowest among Latinas in Latin America (8.6%). Among males, while starting with a lower BMI, Latinos in Latin America had the greatest adjusted probability of becoming overweight or obese 3-years post-ART initiation. Interpretation: In the Americas, PWH gain substantial weight after ART initiation. Despite environmental and cultural differences, PWH in Latin America, Haiti and Latinos and non-Latinos in the US share similar BMI trajectories on ART and high probabilities of becoming overweight and obese over time. Multicohort studies are needed to better understand the burden of other metabolic syndrome components in PWH across different countries.
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BACKGROUND: Some tuberculosis (TB) treatment guidelines recommend daily TB treatment in both the intensive and continuation phases of treatment in HIV-positive persons to decrease the risk of relapse and acquired drug resistance. However, guidelines vary across countries, and treatment is given 7, 5, 3, or 2 days/week. The effect of TB treatment intermittency in the continuation phase on mortality in HIV-positive persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART), is not well-described. METHODS: We conducted an observational cohort study among HIV-positive adults treated for TB between 2000 and 2018 and after enrollment into the Caribbean, Central, and South America network for HIV epidemiology (CCASAnet; Brazil, Chile, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico and Peru). All received standard TB therapy (2-month initiation phase of daily isoniazid, rifampin or rifabutin, pyrazinamide ± ethambutol) and continuation phase of isoniazid and rifampin or rifabutin, administered concomitantly with ART. Known timing of ART and TB treatment were also inclusion criteria. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods compared time to death between groups. Missing model covariates were imputed via multiple imputation. RESULTS: 2303 patients met inclusion criteria: 2003(87%) received TB treatment 5-7 days/week and 300(13%) 2-3 days/week in the continuation phase. Intermittency varied by site: 100% of patients from Brazil and Haiti received continuation phase treatment 5-7 days/week, followed by Honduras (91%), Peru (42%), Mexico (7%), and Chile (0%). The crude risk of death was lower among those receiving treatment 5-7 vs. 2-3 days/week (HR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.51-0.91; P = 0.008). After adjusting for age, sex, CD4, ART use at TB diagnosis, site of TB disease (pulmonary vs. extrapulmonary), and year of TB diagnosis, mortality risk was lower, but not significantly, among those treated 5-7 days/week vs. 2-3 days/week (HR 0.75, 95%CI 0.55-1.01; P = 0.06). After also stratifying by study site, there was no longer a protective effect (HR 1.42, 95%CI 0.83-2.45; P = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: TB treatment 5-7 days/week was associated with a marginally decreased risk of death compared to TB treatment 2-3 days/week in the continuation phase in multivariable, unstratified analyses. However, little variation in TB treatment intermittency within country meant the results could have been driven by other differences between study sites. Therefore, randomized trials are needed, especially in heterogenous regions such as Latin America.
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Infecções por HIV , Tuberculose , Adulto , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Brasil , Estudos de Coortes , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose/complicações , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the long-term outcomes of children living with HIV in Latin America. Few studies have examined antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen switches in the years after the introduction of ART in this population. This study aimed to assess clinical outcomes among children who started second-line ART in the Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology. METHODS: Children (<18 years old) with HIV who switched to second-line ART at sites within Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology were included. The cumulative incidence and relative hazards of virologic failure while on second-line ART, loss to follow-up, additional major ART regimen changes, and all-cause mortality were evaluated using competing risks methods and Cox models. RESULTS: A total of 672 children starting second-line ART were included. Three years after starting second-line ART, the cumulative incidence of death was 0.10 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08 to 0.13], loss to follow-up was 0.14 (95% CI: 0.11 to 0.17), and major regimen change was 0.19 (95% CI: 0.15 to 0.22). Of those changing regimens, 35% were due to failure and 11% due to toxicities/side effects. Among the 312 children with viral load data, the cumulative incidence of virologic failure at 3 years was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.56 to 0.68); time to virologic failure and regimen change were uncorrelated (rank correlation -0.001; 95% CI -0.18 to 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Poor outcomes after starting second-line ART in Latin America were common. The high incidence of virologic failure and its poor correlation with changing regimens was particularly worrisome. Additional efforts are needed to ensure children receive optimal ART regimens.
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Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1 , Adolescente , Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Haiti/epidemiologia , Honduras/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga ViralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate trends and predictors of survival after cancer diagnosis in persons living with HIV in the Caribbean, Central, and South America network for HIV epidemiology cohort. METHODS: Demographic, cancer, and HIV-related data from HIV-positive adults diagnosed with cancer ≤ 1 year before or any time after HIV diagnosis from January 1, 2000-June 30, 2015 were retrospectively collected. Cancer cases were classified as AIDS-defining cancers (ADC) and non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC). The association of mortality with cancer- and HIV-related factors was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models stratified by clinic site and cancer type. RESULTS: Among 15,869 patients, 783 had an eligible cancer diagnosis; 82% were male and median age at cancer diagnosis was 39 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 32-47). Patients were from Brazil (36.5%), Argentina (19.9%), Chile (19.7%), Mexico (19.3%), and Honduras (4.6%). A total of 564 ADC and 219 NADC were diagnosed. Patients with NADC had similar survival probabilities as those with ADC at one year (81% vs. 79%) but lower survival at five years (60% vs. 69%). In the adjusted analysis, risk of mortality increased with detectable viral load (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.63, p = 0.02), age (aHR = 1.02 per year, p = 0.002) and time between HIV and cancer diagnoses (aHR = 1.03 per year, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: ADC remain the most frequent cancers in the region. Overall mortality was related to detectable viral load and age. Longer-term survival was lower after diagnosis of NADC than for ADC, which may be due to factors unrelated to HIV.
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OBJECTIVES: To assess the risks of and factors associated with mortality, loss to follow-up, and changing regimens after children with HIV infected perinatally initiate combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Latin America and the Caribbean. STUDY DESIGN: This 1997-2013 retrospective cohort study included 1174 antiretroviral therapy-naïve, perinatally infected children who started cART age when they were younger than 18 years of age (median 4.7 years; IQR 1.7-8.8) at 1 of 6 cohorts from Argentina, Brazil, Haiti, and Honduras, within the Caribbean, Central and South America Network for HIV Epidemiology. Median follow-up was 5.6 years (IQR 2.3-9.3). Study outcomes were all-cause mortality, loss to follow-up, and major changes in cART. We used Cox proportional hazards models stratified by site to examine the association between predictors and times to death or changing regimens. RESULTS: Only 52% started cART at younger than 5 years of age; 19% began a protease inhibitor. At cART initiation, median CD4 count was 472 cells/mm3 (IQR 201-902); median CD4% was 16% (IQR 10-23). Probability of death was high in the first year of cART: 0.06 (95% CI 0.04-0.07). Five years after cART initiation, the cumulative mortality incidence was 0.12 (95% CI 0.10-0.14). Cumulative incidences for loss to follow-up and regimen change after 5 years were 0.16 (95% 0.14-0.18) and 0.30 (95% 0.26-0.34), respectively. Younger children had the greatest risk of mortality, whereas older children had the greatest risk of being lost to follow-up or changing regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Innovative clinical and community approaches are needed for quality improvement in the pediatric care of HIV in the Americas.
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Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Causas de Morte , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Adolescente , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Intervalos de Confiança , Bases de Dados Factuais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , América Latina , Masculino , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is expanding in Latin America. Many patients require second and third line therapy due to toxicity, tolerability, failure, or a combination of factors. The need for third line HAART, essential for program planning, is not known. METHODS: Antiretroviral-naïve patients ≥18 years who started first HAART after January 1, 2000 in Caribbean, Central and South America Network (CCASAnet) sites in Argentina, Brazil, Honduras, Mexico, and Peru were included. Clinical trials participants were excluded. Third line HAART was defined as use of darunavir, tipranavir, etravirine, enfuvirtide, maraviroc or raltegravir. Need for third line HAART was defined as virologic failure while on second line HAART. RESULTS: Of 5853 HAART initiators followed for a median of 3.5 years, 310 (5.3%) failed a second line regimen and 44 (0.8%) received a third line regimen. Cumulative incidence of failing a 2nd or starting a 3rd line regimen was 2.7% and 6.0% three and five years after HAART initiation, respectively. Predictors at HAART initiation for failing a second or starting a third line included female sex (hazard ratio [HR]â=â1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-2.00, pâ=â0.001), younger age (HRâ=â2.76 for 20 vs. 40 years, 95% CI 1.86-4.10, p<0.001), and prior AIDS (HRâ=â2.17, 95% CI 1.62-2.90, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Third line regimens may be needed for at least 6% of patients in Latin America within 5 years of starting HAART, a substantial proportion given the large numbers of patients on HAART in the region. Improved accessibility to third line regimens is warranted.
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Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Avaliação das Necessidades , Adulto , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Humanos , América Latina , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) decreases mortality risk in HIV-infected tuberculosis patients, but the effect of the duration of anti-tuberculosis therapy and timing of anti-tuberculosis therapy initiation in relation to ART initiation on mortality, is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational multi-center cohort study among HIV-infected persons concomitantly treated with Rifamycin-based anti-tuberculosis therapy and ART in Latin America. The study population included persons for whom 6 months of anti-tuberculosis therapy is recommended. RESULTS: Of 253 patients who met inclusion criteria, median CD4+ lymphocyte count at ART initiation was 64 cells/mm(3), 171 (68%) received >180 days of anti-tuberculosis therapy, 168 (66%) initiated anti-tuberculosis therapy before ART, and 43 (17%) died. In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model that adjusted for CD4+ lymphocytes and HIV-1 RNA, tuberculosis diagnosed after ART initiation was associated with an increased risk of death compared to tuberculosis diagnosis before ART initiation (HR 2.40; 95% CI 1.15, 5.02; P = 0.02). In a separate model among patients surviving >6 months after tuberculosis diagnosis, after adjusting for CD4+ lymphocytes, HIV-1 RNA, and timing of ART initiation relative to tuberculosis diagnosis, receipt of >6 months of anti-tuberculosis therapy was associated with a decreased risk of death (HR 0.23; 95% CI 0.08, 0.66; P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The increased risk of death among persons diagnosed with tuberculosis after ART initiation highlights the importance of screening for tuberculosis before ART initiation. The decreased risk of death among persons receiving > 6 months of anti-tuberculosis therapy suggests that current anti-tuberculosis treatment duration guidelines should be re-evaluated.