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Brain clocks, which quantify discrepancies between brain age and chronological age, hold promise for understanding brain health and disease. However, the impact of multimodal diversity (geographical, socioeconomic, sociodemographic, sex, neurodegeneration) on the brain age gap (BAG) is unknown. Here, we analyzed datasets from 5,306 participants across 15 countries (7 Latin American countries -LAC, 8 non-LAC). Based on higher-order interactions in brain signals, we developed a BAG deep learning architecture for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI=2,953) and electroencephalography (EEG=2,353). The datasets comprised healthy controls, and individuals with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. LAC models evidenced older brain ages (fMRI: MDE=5.60, RMSE=11.91; EEG: MDE=5.34, RMSE=9.82) compared to non-LAC, associated with frontoposterior networks. Structural socioeconomic inequality and other disparity-related factors (pollution, health disparities) were influential predictors of increased brain age gaps, especially in LAC (R2=0.37, F2=0.59, RMSE=6.9). A gradient of increasing BAG from controls to mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease was found. In LAC, we observed larger BAGs in females in control and Alzheimer's disease groups compared to respective males. Results were not explained by variations in signal quality, demographics, or acquisition methods. Findings provide a quantitative framework capturing the multimodal diversity of accelerated brain aging.

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A growing increase in the number of serious infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR) is challenging our society. Despite efforts to discover novel therapeutic options, few antibiotics targeting MDR have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Lactic acid bacteria have emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative due to their demonstrated ability to combat MDR pathogens in vitro. Our previous co-culture studies showed Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL 2244 as having a potent killing effect against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) strains. Here we report that cell-free conditioned media (CFCM) samples obtained from Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 cultures incubated at different times display antimicrobial activity against 43 different pathogens, including CRAB, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenemase Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC)-positive strains. Furthermore, transwell and ultrafiltration analyses together with physical and chemical/biochemical tests showed that Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 secretes a <3 kDa metabolite(s) whose antimicrobial activity is not significantly impaired by mild changes in pH, temperature and various enzymatic treatments. Furthermore, sensitivity and time-kill assays showed that the bactericidal activity of the Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 metabolite(s) enhances the activity of some current FDA approved antibiotics. We hypothesize that this observation could be due to the effects of Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 metabolite(s) on cell morphology and the enhanced transcriptional expression of genes coding for the phenylacetate (PAA) and histidine catabolic Hut pathways, metal acquisition and biofilm formation, all of which are associated with bacterial virulence. Interestingly, the extracellular presence of Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 induced the transcription of the gene coding for the CidA/LgrA protein, which is involved in programmed cell death in some bacteria. Overall, the findings presented in this report underscore the promising potential of the compound(s) released by Lcb. rhamnosus CRL2244 as an alternative and/or complementary option to treat infections caused by A. baumannii as well as other MDR bacterial pathogens.

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The Zika virus (ZIKV), discovered in Africa in 1947, swiftly spread across continents, causing significant concern due to its recent association with microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Despite a decrease in prevalence, the potential for a resurgence remains, necessitating urgent therapeutic interventions. Like other flaviviruses, ZIKV presents promising drug targets within its replication machinery, notably the NS3 helicase (NS3Hel) protein, which plays critical roles in viral replication. However, a lack of structural information impedes the development of specific inhibitors targeting NS3Hel. Here we applied high-throughput crystallographic fragment screening on ZIKV NS3Hel, which yielded structures that reveal 3D binding poses of 46 fragments at multiple sites of the protein, including 11 unique fragments in the RNA-cleft site. These fragment structures provide templates for direct design of hit compounds and should thus assist the development of novel direct-acting antivirals against ZIKV and related flaviviruses, thus opening a promising avenue for combating future outbreaks.

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Diversity in brain health is influenced by individual differences in demographics and cognition. However, most studies on brain health and diseases have typically controlled for these factors rather than explored their potential to predict brain signals. Here, we assessed the role of individual differences in demographics (age, sex, and education; n = 1298) and cognition (n = 725) as predictors of different metrics usually used in case-control studies. These included power spectrum and aperiodic (1/f slope, knee, offset) metrics, as well as complexity (fractal dimension estimation, permutation entropy, Wiener entropy, spectral structure variability) and connectivity (graph-theoretic mutual information, conditional mutual information, organizational information) from the source space resting-state EEG activity in a diverse sample from the global south and north populations. Brain-phenotype models were computed using EEG metrics reflecting local activity (power spectrum and aperiodic components) and brain dynamics and interactions (complexity and graph-theoretic measures). Electrophysiological brain dynamics were modulated by individual differences despite the varied methods of data acquisition and assessments across multiple centers, indicating that results were unlikely to be accounted for by methodological discrepancies. Variations in brain signals were mainly influenced by age and cognition, while education and sex exhibited less importance. Power spectrum activity and graph-theoretic measures were the most sensitive in capturing individual differences. Older age, poorer cognition, and being male were associated with reduced alpha power, whereas older age and less education were associated with reduced network integration and segregation. Findings suggest that basic individual differences impact core metrics of brain function that are used in standard case-control studies. Considering individual variability and diversity in global settings would contribute to a more tailored understanding of brain function.

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Background: Children (aged 0-14 years) living with HIV often experience lower rates of HIV diagnosis, treatment, and viral load suppression. In Haiti, only 63% of children living with HIV know their HIV status (compared to 85% overall), 63% are on treatment (compared to 85% overall), and 48% are virally suppressed (compared to 73% overall). Electronic medical records (EMRs) can improve HIV care and patient outcomes, but these benefits are largely dependent on providers having access to quality and nonmissing data. Objective: We sought to understand the associations between EMR data missingness and interruption in antiretroviral therapy treatment by age group (pediatric vs adult). Methods: We assessed associations between patient intake record data missingness and interruption in treatment (IIT) status at 6 and 12 months post antiretroviral therapy initiation using patient-level data drawn from iSanté, the most widely used EMR in Haiti. Missingness was assessed for tuberculosis diagnosis, World Health Organization HIV stage, and weight using a composite score indicator (ie, the number of indicators of interest missing). Risk ratios were estimated using marginal parameters from multilevel modified Poisson models with robust error variances and random intercepts for the facility to account for clustering. Results: Data were drawn from 50 facilities and comprised 31,457 patient records from people living with HIV, of which 1306 (4.2%) were pediatric cases. Pediatric patients were more likely than adult patients to experience IIT (n=431, 33% vs n=7477, 23.4% at 6 months; P<.001). Additionally, pediatric patient records had higher data missingness, with 581 (44.5%) pediatric records missing at least 1 indicator of interest, compared to 7812 (25.9%) adult records (P<.001). Among pediatric patients, each additional indicator missing was associated with a 1.34 times greater likelihood of experiencing IIT at 6 months (95% CI 1.08-1.66; P=.008) and 1.24 times greater likelihood of experiencing IIT at 12 months (95% CI 1.05-1.46; P=.01). These relationships were not statistically significant for adult patients. Compared to pediatric patients with 0 missing indicators, pediatric patients with 1, 2, or 3 missing indicators were 1.59 (95% CI 1.26-2.01; P<.001), 1.74 (95% CI 1.02-2.97; P=.04), and 2.25 (95% CI 1.43-3.56; P=.001) times more likely to experience IIT at 6 months, respectively. Among adult patients, compared to patients with 0 indicators missing, having all 3 indicators missing was associated with being 1.32 times more likely to experience IIT at 6 months (95% CI 1.03-1.70; P=.03), while there was no association with IIT status for other levels of missingness. Conclusions: These findings suggest that both EMR data quality and quality of care are lower for children living with HIV in Haiti. This underscores the need for further research into the mechanisms by which EMR data quality impacts the quality of care and patient outcomes among this population. Efforts to improve both EMR data quality and quality of care should consider prioritizing pediatric patients.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to provide evidence that supports the validity and reliability of the Colombian version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) in comparison to the MMSE at assessing and finding patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Additionally, the study aims to determine the optimal cut-off scores based on the age of a population with a low education level. METHOD: This study included 314 individuals (235 participants diagnosed with MCI and 79 cognitively healthy) who live in two different rural departments (states) in Colombia. The participants were recruited for this study through community clubs for the older adults. Most of the individuals were female (236), the average age was 65.95 years of age (SD= 7.8), and the average education level was of 3.78 years (SD = 1.79). It is important to note that the sample only included people with a maximum of 6 years of schooling. RESULTS: A ROC analysis indicated that the ACE-R is more effective than the MMSE at evaluating and finding MCI individuals within the three groups. The cut-off points for the Under 60 years of age group was 83.50 (sensitivity 0.880% and specificity 0.632%); 61-69 years of age 80.50 (sensitivity 0.714% and specificity 0.677%); and Over 70 years of age was 79.50 (sensitivity 0.750% and specificity 0.659%). The internal consistency analysis with MacDonald's Ω determined reliability indicators ≥70 in the ACE-R, except for the age range of 61 to 69 years. CONCLUSION: The Colombian version of the ACE-R demonstrates to be a valid and reliable global cognitive screening tool. It is effective at discerning MCI individuals from healthy within a group of participants with a low education level.

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Epicatechin is a polyphenol compound that promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and counteracts the pathways that participate in the degradation of proteins. Several studies present contradictory results of treatment protocols and therapeutic effects. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the current literature showing the molecular mechanism and clinical protocol of epicatechin in muscle atrophy in humans, animals, and myoblast cell-line. The search was conducted in Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The qualitative analysis demonstrated that there is a commonness of epicatechin inhibitory action in myostatin expression and atrogenes MAFbx, FOXO, and MuRF1. Epicatechin showed positive effects on follistatin and on the stimulation of factors related to the myogenic actions (MyoD, Myf5, and myogenin). Furthermore, the literature also showed that epicatechin can interfere with mitochondrias' biosynthesis in muscle fibers, stimulation of the signaling pathways of AKT/mTOR protein production, and amelioration of skeletal musculature performance, particularly when combined with physical exercise. Epicatechin can, for these reasons, exhibit clinical applicability due to the beneficial results under conditions that negatively affect the skeletal musculature. However, there is no protocol standardization or enough clinical evidence to draw more specific conclusions on its therapeutic implementation.

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The accumulation of nitrogen compounds in shrimp farming water and effluent presents a major challenge. Ammonia is a form of nitrogen that limits shrimp growth due to its potential toxicity and effects on shrimp health and water quality. This study is aimed at identifying promising bioremediators from shrimp pond sludge to mitigate ammonia levels in both culture water and wastewater and at determining major bacterial communities in sludge using metagenomic analysis. A sludge sample was collected from a shrimp pond in Selangor, Malaysia, to isolate potential ammonia-removing bacteria. Out of 64 isolated strains, Bacillus flexus SS2 showed the highest growth in synthetic basal media (SBM) containing ammonium sulfate at a concentration of 70 mg/L as the sole nitrogen source. The strain was then incubated in SBM with varying pH levels and showed optimal growth at pH 6.5-7. After 24 h of incubation, B. flexus SS2 reduced the ammonia concentration from an initial concentration of 5 to 0.01 mg/L, indicating a 99.61% reduction rate, which was highest in SBM at pH 7. Moreover, the strain showed ammonia removal ability at concentrations ranging from 5 to 70 mg/L. Metagenomic analysis revealed that Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the sludge, followed by Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloraflexi, Firmicutes, and Campilobacterota. Bacillus flexus SS2 belongs to the Bacillota phylum and has the potential to serve as a bioremediator for removing ammonia from shrimp culture water and wastewater.

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Introduction: This study aims to understand (a) how remote workers respond to threats to their identity and (b) the conditions in which each coping response tends to occur more frequently. Methods: To this end, we pursued a grounded theory approach, conducting interviews with 71 individuals who chose to work remotely. Results: Our model and theoretical propositions create insights into how remote workers respond to negative stigma from a range of origins. While some responses lead to restructuring the remote workers' identity (identity restructuring responses), others involve keeping the enactment of such identity (identity-preserving responses) or maintaining a paradoxical relationship between restructuring and preserving the identity (paradoxical identity work responses). We also theorise on the conditions under which each response is more likely to occur. Discussion: We expand the predominant focus on the meso and macro aspects of this type of work to the micro-interactions in which these individuals engage, thus highlighting how identity is made, performed, created, and enacted, within specific boundary conditions. In addition, by reflecting upon remote workers' identity threats in light of the wider macro context. We also explore the conditions under which specific kinds of responses tend to emerge.

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The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed patterns of human interaction, including in the educational sector, which was forced to transform relationships among students, families, and the academic community. The present study sought to establish the interrelationships between performance on cognitive tests during the preschool stage and the perceptions of parents about remote education in school children during the pandemic. The study included 100 preschool children from socially vulnerable sectors who underwent remote and distance learning in 2020 and 2021. The reliability of the applied questionnaire was determined through a confirmatory factor analysis. A structural equation model was constructed to determine the perceptions of parents about remote education based on cognitive performance during the preschool stage. The model fit yielded favorable results for predictive variables (χ2 = 7.734, DF = 9 [p = 0.561], the comparative goodness-of-fit index [CFI] = 1.000, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.000, standardized mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.069), and executive function (χ2 = 3.711, DF = 5 [p > 0.592], CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.000, SRMR = 0.039) as latent variables that affected parents' perceptions. These results indicate that parents' perceptions of remote education are mediated by predictive aspects of learning and executive function during the preschool stage.

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BACKGROUND: The first year of dialysis is critical given the significant risk for complications following dialysis initiation. We analysed complications during the first year among incident peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study comprised adult kidney failure patients starting PD in Baxter Renal Care Services in Colombia, receiving their first PD catheter between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2020 and were followed up for up to 1 year. We analysed incidence, causes and factors associated with complications using logistic regression and transfer to haemodialysis (HD) using the Fine-Gray regression model. RESULTS: Among 4743 patients receiving their first PD catheter: 4628 (97.6%) of catheter implantations were successful; 377 (7.9%) patients experienced early complications. The incidence rate of complications during the year was 0.51 events per patient-year (95% CI: 0.48-0.54). Age, obesity and urgent start were associated with higher probability of complications after catheter implantation. The cumulative incidence of transfer to HD within 1 year of PD initiation was 10.1% [95% CI: 9.2-11.1%]. The hazard function for transfer to HD showed an accelerating pattern during the first month followed by progressive decrease during the first year. CONCLUSIONS: In this large population of incident PD patients, there is a high primary catheter placement success rate. Urgent start, age ≥65 years, obesity, centre size ≥150 PD patients and diabetes were risk factors associated with early complications. The follow-up of the cohort from day 1 of PD treatment showed that the risk for transfer to HD was higher during the first month.

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Primary prevention is the cornerstone of public health. Prevention is especially important for chronic diseases of significant burden such as mental illnesses because many of them have limited treatment options, an onset in childhood or in adolescence, and are linked to adverse childhood experiences requiring a focus on early childhood and maternal-child health (MCH). Despite this need, there appears to be a paucity of research into prevention of mental illnesses within public health. To confirm this, we performed a systematic literature review to quantify the proportion of articles in public health that focus on prevention of mental illness versus intervention for these illnesses after their onset, and the proportion of published articles within MCH that focus on mental health. Between November 2019 and August 2021, we reviewed 211,794 published articles from 147 Scimago-ranked English public health journals with no limit on year of publication. As hypothesized, a very small portion (2.2%) of mental health articles included primary prevention and a small portion of MCH articles (7.8%) included mental health. These results are consistent with the existence of a research gap in mental illness prevention within the public health field. Given the early onset of mental illness, the importance of early childhood experiences in the later development of mental illness, and the importance of the social-emotional connection between mother and child for building resilience, public health professionals must incorporate evidence from the field of MCH to develop and assess more primary prevention programs for mental illness.

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Teenage pregnancy is a health problem that, despite being in decline, continues to be an important component in maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this investigation is to examine the data on adolescent pregnancies obtained from the Regional Hospital of Talca, describe the results collected and compare them with information found in the literature, analyzing the most relevant aspects, in order to provide a greater perspective on the subject, and therefore, contribute to the generation of new prevention measures. In this retrospective and descriptive observational study, the data of all pregnant women under 20 years who gave birth during the period from February 2017 to November 2022 and were treated at the Regional Hospital of Talca were collected and analyzed. For the analysis of the data, a script was made in Python. Obtaining as a result 1,566 pregnant adolescents, with an average age of 17.67 years, 89.6% primigest, in terms of newborns, 13.6% were premature and 5.8% of them extremely premature. 1.2% of newborns (both live births and stillborns/stillborns) developed some malformation.

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Introduction: Vascular access (VA) remains a major source of morbidity for hemodialysis patients (HD). Few data sources adequately capture longitudinal patency of the VA. This study aimed to evaluate VA failure and its related factors in HD patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 985 incident hemodialysis patients treated in clinics of BRCS in Colombia, from January 1rst ,2016, until December 3 of the same year, was done. The cohort's enrollment was on day 1 of HD, and with follow-up for up to 15 months. Association among a group of independent variables and time to failure of the VA was performed, and adjusted by baseline variables using a Cox regression model. Results: A total of 985 patients were included in the study, requiring 1774 procedures of vascular access during follow-up. The mean age was 61 ± 15.6 years. At day 1, 15 % were dialyzing with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or AVG; and at day 90, this proportion had increased to 70 %. The rate of vascular access procedure was 1.95 per patients-year, 95 % CI 1.86-2.04. The rate of vascular access failure was 0.66 per patients-year, 95 % CI 0.61-0.72. Risk factors for failure in AVF/AVG were age > 65 (p= 0.008), diabetes (p=0.019), female sex (p=0.002) rural housing (p<0.0001) and higher hemoglobin (p=0.021). Conclusions: Vascular access failure and the requirement for procedures associated with it are frequent in the dialysis population. Several risk factors, some of them modifiable, are related to vascular access failure.

Introducción: El acceso vascular (AV) sigue siendo una fuente importante de morbilidad para los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD). Pocas fuentes de datos capturan adecuadamente la permeabilidad longitudinal del AV. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la falla del AV y los factores relacionados en pacientes en HD. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de 985 pacientes incidentes a hemodiálisis tratados en clínicas de BRCS en Colombia, entre el 1ro de enero de 2016, al 31 de diciembre de 2016. La incepción de la cohorte fue el día 1 de HD y con un seguimiento de hasta 15 meses. Se realizó la asociación entre un grupo de variables independientes y el tiempo hasta la falla del AV, asimismo se ajustó por variables basales mediante un modelo de regresión de Cox. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 985 pacientes que requirieron 1774 procedimientos de AV durante el seguimiento. La edad media fue de 61 ± 15,6 años. En el día 1, el 15 % se dializaba con una fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) o injerto arteriovenoso (IAV); y al día 90, esta proporción había aumentado al 70 %. La tasa de procedimiento de acceso vascular fue de 1,95 por paciente-año, IC 95 % 1,86-2,04. La tasa de falla del AV fue de 0,66 por paciente-año, IC del 95 %: 0,61-0,72. Los factores de riesgo para falla del AV en FAV/IAV fueron edad > 65 años (p= 0,008), diabetes (p= 0,019), sexo femenino (p= 0,002), vivienda rural (p<0,0001) y hemoglobina elevada (p=0,021). Conclusión: La falla del acceso vascular y el requerimiento de procedimientos asociados a ella, son frecuentes en la población en diálisis. Varios factores de riesgo, algunos de ellos modificables, están relacionados con la falla del acceso vascular.

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An environmentally responsive root system is crucial for plant growth and crop yield, especially in suboptimal soil conditions. This responsiveness enables the plant to exploit regions of high nutrient density while simultaneously minimizing abiotic stress. Despite the vital importance of root systems in regulating plant growth, significant gaps of knowledge exist in the mechanisms that regulate their architecture. Auxin defines both the frequency of lateral root (LR) initiation and the rate of LR outgrowth. Here, we describe a search for proteins that regulate root system architecture (RSA) by interacting directly with a key auxin transporter, PIN1. The native separation of Arabidopsis plasma membrane protein complexes identified several PIN1 co-purifying proteins. Among them, AZG1 was subsequently confirmed as a PIN1 interactor. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis, AZG1 is a cytokinin (CK) import protein that co-localizes with and stabilizes PIN1, linking auxin and CK transport streams. AZG1 expression in LR primordia is sensitive to NaCl, and the frequency of LRs is AZG1-dependent under salt stress. This report therefore identifies a potential point for auxin:cytokinin crosstalk, which shapes RSA in response to NaCl.

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Background: Penetrating chest trauma that is associated with pulmonary injuries can trigger different sequelae, the most frequent being the presence of contusions or pulmonary lacerations that are accompanied by hemopneumothorax. Materials and methods: Description of a clinical case of interest and review of the literature on the topic. Results: In this study, we present an unusual consequence of this type of trauma, a pulmonary infarction secondary to an extensive pulmonary venous thrombosis stemming from a firearm injury. This finding associated with lung tissue necrosis led to the need for right upper pulmonary bilobectomy. Conclusions: The aim of this study is to understand this unusual form of presentation of pulmonary trauma, understand the pathophysiology that triggers lung injury, review the medical literature on the subject, and expand the general knowledge on this topic. Study type: Therapeutic/care management.

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Few studies have compared the effects of different front-of-package label (FOPL) systems in the 'real world'. This study assessed adults' awareness, use and understanding of nutrition facts labels (NFLs) and nationally implemented FOPLs such as Health Star Ratings (HSR), Traffic lights, and Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs) in five countries, including before and after implementation of Mexico's warning FOPLs in 2020. Data were from the International Food Policy Study, an annual repeat cross-sectional study conducted in 2018-2020 among adults (N=64,032) in Australia, Canada, Mexico, the UK and the US. Self-reported awareness, use, and understanding of NFLs (in all five countries) and FOPLs (in Australia, Mexico, and UK) were assessed over time, between countries, and between NFLs and FOPLs. Most respondents in all countries reported seeing their country's NFLs (awareness) 'often' or 'all the time' across all three years, with one third to half of respondents using NFLs 'often' or 'all the time' (Australia: 43-45%; Canada: 47-50%; Mexico: 36-39%; UK: 32-34%; US: 47-49%), and approximately one half to two thirds finding NFLs 'easy' or 'very easy to understand' (56-57%; 67-69%; 51-54%; 48-51%; 70-71%). In 2020, awareness, use and self-reported understanding of the Warning FOPLs in Mexico were highest among all countries with a FOPL (p<0.001), whereas awareness and use were lowest for Australia's HSR (p<0.001). In countries with FOPLs, self-reported understanding was higher for FOPLs than NFLs, except for the GDA FOPL in Mexico. Only modest changes were observed over time. Warning FOPLs were associated with greater levels of self-reported awareness, use and understanding among adults compared to NFLs and GDA-based FOPLs. FOPLs implemented on a voluntary basis, such as Australia's HSR, may be less likely to be seen and used.

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El 90% de los niños sordos nacen en hogares de padres oyentes y pueden experimentar retrasos en la adquisición del lenguaje debido a la falta de exposición temprana a la lengua de señas. La Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil 2 (ENI-2) puede ser utilizada para evaluar las habilidades lingüísticas y cognitivas de niños y jóvenes, para lo cual dispone de algunas tareas que es necesario adaptar para ser aplicada en el caso de las personas Sordas. Esta investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, alcance descriptivo y tipo transversal consta de una adaptación inicial a la prueba ENI-2 y su respectivo pilotaje, con el fin de brindar una herramienta y datos preliminares, que pueden contribuir a generar una caracterización cognitiva y lingüística de niños y jóvenes Sordos. La adaptación realizada implicó aspectos como seleccionar las pruebas, modificar la modalidad de la respuesta de algunas tareas, postular un equivalente acorde al contexto bilingüe de las personas Sordas, ajustar estímulos e indicaciones, interpretar en lengua de señas colombiana las indicaciones, entre otras. Se debe tener en cuenta que este es solo un primer acercamiento al proceso de adaptación de la prueba, dado que se evidenció luego del pilotaje la necesidad de realizar más ajustes. Se contó con una muestra a conveniencia no probabilística, con la participación de 7 estudiantes (5 hombres y 2 mujeres) de un colegio para Sordos en la ciudad de Bogotá. Además de aportar la propuesta inicial de adaptación, los resultados de este estudio serán útiles para postular un perfil inicial de habilidades lingüísticas y cognitivas de jóvenes sordos, lo que puede facilitar el enfocar acciones de intervención fonoaudiológica, en torno a las habilidades de los escolares Sordos inmersos en un modelo educativo bilingüe-bicultural.

90% of deaf children are born into hearing parents' households and may experience delays in language acquisition due to a lack Neuropsychological Assessment 2 (INAP-2) can be used to assess the linguistic and cognitive abilities of children and youth, for which some tasks need to be adapted for application in the case of Deaf individuals. This quantitative research with a descriptive scope and cross-sectional design consists of an initial adaptation of the INAP-2 test and its respective pilot study, in order to provide a tool and preliminary data that can contribute to generating a cognitive and linguistic characterization of Deaf children and youth. The adaptation process involved aspects such as selecting the tests, modifying the response mode for some tasks, proposing an equivalent suitable for the bilingual context of Deaf individuals, adjusting stimuli and instructions, interpreting instructions in Colombian Sign Language, among others. It should be noted that this is just an initial approach to the test adaptation process, as further adjustments were identified after the pilot study. A non-probabilistic convenience sample was used, involving the participation of 7 students (5 males and 2 females) from a school for the Deaf in the city of Bogotá. In addition to providing the initial adaptation proposal, the results of this study will be useful for establishing an initial profile of linguistic and cognitive skills in Deaf youth, which can facilitate the focus of speech therapy intervention actions regarding the skills of Deaf students immersed in a bilingual-bicultural educational model.

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El presente artículo investigativo evidencia los resultados parciales de la etapa de pilotaje de la propuesta de investigación observación acción en el abordaje fonoaudiológico y pedagógico, en niñas y niños sordos inmersos en un contexto bilingüe, por medio del uso de la literatura infantil acompañada de estrategias/ recursos lingüísticos y cognitivos. A fin de evidenciar el impacto que tiene el trabajo con la literatura infantil en el aprendizaje del español escrito como segunda lengua. Se contó con la participación de diez niños y niñas sordos que cursaban los niveles de prescolar y ciclo uno en una serie de talleres durante quince semanas que involucraban actividades relacionadas con la literatura infantil y los momentos de antes, durante y después de la lectura. Entre los resultados se evidencia fortalecimiento en la adquisición y consolidación de conceptos, pertinencia del uso de clave de color en el procesamiento gramatical, uso de herramientas metacognitivas en los procesos de comprensión lectora. Tras los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que esta iniciativa permitió la interiorización de manera efectiva la macro estructura de la historia, asociado a la capacidad de evocarla y descrniños el uso de la tabla cognitiva como estrategia relevante para la representación escrita con su correspondiente en LSC, progreso evidente en la precisión en el rastreo en la tabla cognitiva, y una disminución de la latencia de la respuesta tras los tiempos de implementación de las sesiones. Finalmente se destaca como la mediación de la literatura infantil, como eje transversal que favorece desde todas sus dimensiones, la formación del sujeto Sordo bilingüe.

This research article shows the partial results of the piloting stage of the action observation research proposal in the speech therapy and pedagogical approach, in deaf girls and boys immersed in a bilingual context, through the use of children's literature accompanied by strategies/ linguistic and cognitive resources. In order to demonstrate the impact that working with children's literature has on learning written Spanish as a second language. Ten deaf boys and girls attending preschool and cycle one levels participated in a series of workshops for fifteen weeks that involved activities related to children's literature and the moments before, during and after reading. Among the results, there is evidence of strengthening in the acquisition and consolidation of concepts, relevance of the use of color key in grammatical processing, use of metacognitive tools in reading comprehension processes. After the results obtained, it can be concluded that this initiative allowed the effective internalization of the macro structure of the story, associated with the ability to evoke and describe it in L1, the use of the cognitive table as a relevant strategy for written representation with its corresponding in LSC, evident progress in tracking accuracy on the cognitive table, and a decrease in response latency after session implementation times. Finally, it stands out as the mediation of children's literature, as a transversal axis that favors, from all its dimensions, the formation of the bilingual Deaf subject.