Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Animais , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnósticoRESUMO
This study presents a review of traditional feed calves systems used in Central American specialized dairy farms. The systems discussed are considered costly, due to the high quantity of milk and concentrate required, besides causing shortage of milk for human consumption. The early weaning calf system developed by INCAP is also discussed, as well as its implementation with slight modifications oriented towards the application of research findings to achieve a reduction of the milk volume commonly used in the traditional rearing system. The development of appropriate concentrate formulations for animals of that age, using local feed ingredients, is also presented.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Criação de Animais Domésticos/normas , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Desmame , Animais , América Central , Feminino , Alimentos Fortificados , Leite/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
This study was carried out to determine the effects of the addition of calcium hydroxide on the chemical composition and nutritive value of fresh or ensilaged coffee pulp. Fresh or ensilaged pulp were mixed with 1, 2 and 3% of calcium hydroxide. The process was carried out during 0 and 16 hr, after which time the treated pulp was sun-dried for 36 hr until moisture content reached 12%. These samples were then analyzed for their proximate chemical composition and for some minerals (Ca, P, Na, K), as well as for caffeine, tannins and chlorogenic and caffeic acids content. Diets were then prepared from these materials, containing 15% protein and 15 or 30% fresh or ensilaged coffee pulp, and offered to weanling rats during six weeks. Information required on weight gain, food conversion, apparent digestibility and toxicity of the diets was recorded. Results of the chemical analysis revealed that the main changes found in both types of pulp as a result of the calcium hydroxide treatment were the following: a decrease in ether extract (from 4.0 to 2.5 g/100 g), crude fiber (from 18.3 to 11.9 g/100 g) and protein content (from 12.3 to 8.6 g/100 g) in an inverse relation to the amount of calcium hydroxide used. The amount of ash increased, fluctuated between 5.5 and 15.4%, depending on the amount of calcium hydroxide used. The latter affected the Ca:P ratio in the diets, where an average ratio of 7.2:1 was found in the control pulp (0% calcium hydroxide) and 59.0:1 in those treated with the highest amount of calcium hydroxide (3%). Regarding the caffeine, tannins and chlorogenic and caffeic acids contents, calcium hydroxide was effective in decreasing only tannins, more so in the fresh than in the ensilaged pulp; the decrease was in direct proportion to the amount of calcium hydroxide added and to the length of the Ca(OH)2 treatment. The results of the biological assays showed that the addition of Ca(OH)2 in either of the two time periods used and at either of the concentrations studied, did not improve the nutritive value of coffee pulp. There was always a better performance in the animals that consumed ensilaged pulp than in those fed fresh pulp. The animals fed 15% coffee pulp either fresh or ensilaged performed better than those consuming 30% coffee pulp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Assuntos
Hidróxido de Cálcio/farmacologia , Café , Manipulação de Alimentos , Valor Nutritivo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Ácidos Cafeicos/análise , Cafeína/análise , Ácido Clorogênico/análise , Café/análise , Feminino , Masculino , Ratos , Taninos/análiseRESUMO
There is no reliable information concerning the cultivation practices of winged bean cultivars in the area; therefore, it was considered of interest to participate in the First International Winged Bean Trial, which was peformed according to a standardized procedure. The planting site was located at 90 degrees longitude and 15 degrees latitude, and 250 meters above sea level, in a hot-humid environment. Sowing was performed in the middle of November, under continuous irrigation until April. During the growth period no diseases or major pests were observed. At the initiation of harvesting in February, there were differences among varieties regarding time to reach maturity. The most promising varieties were Thailand, TPT 1, UPS 121 and Indonesia 1 with respect to seed yield. The highest protein value, 36.5%, corresponded to TPT 1, and the lowest value, 31.7% to UPS 62. Oil content in seeds of all varieties ranged from 14.0% to 19.2%. The five higher protein content varieties were analyzed for their amino acid content, and all varieties for their trypsin inhibitor activity. Leaves, roots and threshed mature pods were also analyzed for their protein content.