RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recently, an interest has developed in understanding the anatomy of the posterior and posterolateral knee. The posterolateral compartment of the knee corresponds to a complex arrangement of ligaments and myotendinous structures. Undiagnosed lesions in this compartment are the main reason for failure of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Understanding the anatomy of these structures is essential to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of these lesions. The aim of this study was to better understand the relationship between these structures of the knee using three-dimensional technology. METHODS: Ten knees were included from cadaver lower limbs of adult patients. The skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed leaving only the muscle groups and ligaments. The neurovascular bundles and their ramifications were preserved. Images were acquired from the dissections using a Nikon D40 camera with AF-S Nikkor 18-55 mm (1:3.5 5.6 GII ED) and Micro Nikkor 105 mm (1:2.8) lenses. The pair of images were processed using Callipyan 3D and AnaBuilder software, which transforms the two images into one anaglyphic image. RESULTS: During the dissection of the knees, twelve pictures were acquired and transformed into anaglyphic images. CONCLUSION: The use of three-dimensional images in this study demonstrates that this technique is useful to improve the knowledge in anatomy of the knee as well as for knee reconstruction surgery.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: For many years, the anatomy of the medial knee corner has been reported. However, it is not exactly clear how all these structures function together. The purpose of this study is to identify and try to understand the relationship between the posteromedial corners of the knee using three-dimensional visualization techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study comprises of 10 knees from adult corpses. Images were acquired from the dissection of different layers of the posteromedial compartment of the knee using a camera Nikon D40 and AF-S Nikkor 18-55 mm (Nikon Corp., Japan) placed on a slide bar. The pair of images was processed using Callipyan 3D or Anabuilder software (Ana builder, France) that transforms the two different images of the same structure with the intrapupillary distance proportion into one anaglyphic image. RESULTS: During knee dissection, pictures were taken and transformed into three-dimensional images that become more realistic with the use of special glasses. The images were made during the dissection of the three layers of the posteromedial compartment of the knees. CONCLUSIONS: Posteromedial corner ligament structures are quite complex and are not always clearly described in the literature. Three-dimensional images of these structures can help better understanding its anatomy.
Assuntos
Joelho/anatomia & histologia , Adulto , Dissecação , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Joelho/irrigação sanguínea , Articulação do Joelho/anatomia & histologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , FotografaçãoRESUMO
The stereoscopic imaging technique is an option for a more realistic understanding of what we normally see in 2 dimensions on paper or on a screen. To produce a 3-dimensional image of an object, it is necessary to register 2 different images of the same object at the same distance and height with the use of cameras that focus on one particular point. A convergence between the left and right images is required for human vision. The distance between the camera and the images necessary to create the stereo pair should be proportional to the normal distance between the pupils. Stereoscopic or polarization techniques are used to create the images, and special glasses are required to view them. In medicine, 3-dimensional images are an extremely effective resource in the study and teaching of anatomy at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. With advancements in technology and the emergence of new diagnostic imaging techniques and innovative therapeutic modalities, 3-dimensional images can be an excellent educational tool.