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Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disease characterized by an increase in the opening pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) associated with symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). The condition is more prevalent in women and typically managed clinically. Surgical treatment is reserved for select refractory cases. The well-established surgical procedures for the management of IIH are CSF shunting and fenestration of the optic nerve sheath. These procedures, however, are associated with high rates of complication and recurrence. More recently, venous sinus angioplasty with stents has been employed in cases with documented narrowing of the sigmoid-transverse sinuses. This technique is associated with a significant reduction in the venous pressure gradient at the stenosis site, alleviating the symptoms of intracranial hypertension. We report a case of a previously healthy 12-year-old patient who presented with 10-day history of headaches, blurring of vision, nausea and vomiting, which evolved with worsening of the visual acuity and papilledema. Imaging scans disclosed stenosis of the right transverse and sigmoid sinuses. The patient underwent stenting of the stenotic venous segments and showed good evolution, with significant clinical improvement within 24 hours of the procedure.

A hipertensão intracraniana idiopática (HII) é uma doença caracterizada pelo aumento da pressão de abertura do líquido cefalorraquidiano associado a sintomas de aumento da pressão intracraniana. É mais frequente em mulheres, sendo habitualmente tratada com medidas clínicas. O tratamento cirúrgico é reservado a uma minoria de casos que se mostram refratários. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos consagrados para este fim são a derivação liquórica e a fenestração de bainha do nervo óptico. Entretanto, eles estão associados a altos índices de complicações e recorrência. Mais recentemente, a angioplastia de seio venoso com uso do stent vem sendo utilizada em casos em que há redução documentada no calibre dos seios transverso-sigmoide com repercussão comprovada no gradiente pressórico. Essa técnica está associada a uma redução significativa no gradiente de pressão venosa no local da estenose. Consequentemente, resulta em alívio dos sintomas da hipertensão intracraniana. Neste trabalho, descrevemos o caso de um paciente de 12 anos de idade, sem doenças prévias, que apresentava quadro de cefaleia, turvação visual, náuseas e vômitos de início havia dez dias, tendo evoluído com piora da acuidade visual e papiledema. Realizou exame de imagem que identificou estenose dos seios transversos e sigmoide à direita. O paciente foi submetido a angioplastia dos segmentos venosos estenosados, apresentando boa evolução, com melhora clínica significativa já nas primeiras 24 horas após o procedimento.

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BACKGROUND: Angioplasty using a carotid stent is a treatment modality for carotid stenosis, with results similar to those obtained with endarterectomy, as demonstrated by important studies. The increasing use of this procedure has also led to a larger number of reports of complications, stent fractures among those. Stent fracture is a rare manifestation and hence needs further studying so that its actual prevalence can be determined, as well as its associated risk factors and proper clinical management. The current study reports the case of a patient who had previously undergone angioplasty with a carotid stent and, after an automobile accident, presented with a stent fracture and distal embolization of fragments thereof with neurological manifestation. CASE DESCRIPTION: A male patient, 40 years old, presented with a history of previously stent carotid angioplasty. He had been involved in an automobile accident and suffered a stent fracture with distal fragment migration. As he was an asymptomatic patient (NIHSS 0, Rankin zero), we opted for a conservative treatment with oral anticoagulant. CONCLUSION: Angioplasty is an effective treatment for extracranial atherosclerosis and, albeit rare, stent fractures can result in the migration of fragments thereof. This occurrence should be suspected in patients who have sustained severe neck injuries due to sudden deceleration and may be associated with thromboembolism.

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OBJECTIVE:: to evaluate the endovascular treatment of vascular lesions of the cavernous segment of the internal carotidartery (ICA) performed at our institution. METHODS:: we conducted a descriptive, retrospective and prospective study of patients with aneurysms of the cavernous portion of the ICA or with direct carotid-cavernous fistulas (dCCF) undergoing endovascular treatment. RESULTS:: we included 26 patients with intracavernous aneurysms and ten with dCCF. All aneurysms were treated with ICA occlusion. Those with dCCF were treated with occlusion in seven cases and with selective fistula occlusion in the remaining three. There was improvement of pain and ocular proptosis in all patients with dCCF. In patients with intracavernous aneurysms, the incidence of retro-orbital pain fell from 84.6% to 30.8% after treatment. The endovascular treatment decreased the dysfunction of affected cranial nerves in both groups, especially the oculomotor one. CONCLUSION:: the endovascular treatment significantly improved the symptoms in the patients studied, especially those related to pain and oculomotor nerve dysfunction. OBJETIVO:: avaliar o tratamento endovascular de lesões vasculares da artéria carótida interna (ACI), segmento cavernoso, realizado na Santa Casa de São Paulo. MÉTODOS:: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e prospectivo, de pacientes com aneurisma da porção cavernosa da ACI ou com fístulas carótido-cavernosas diretas (FCCd) submetidos a tratamento endovascular. RESULTADOS:: foram incluídos 26 pacientes com aneurismas intracavernosos e dez com FCCd. Todos os aneurismas foram tratados com oclusão da ACI. Os com FCCd foram tratados com oclusão, em sete casos, e com oclusão seletiva da fístula nos outros três. Houve melhora da dor e proptose ocular em todos os pacientes com FCCd. Nos pacientes com aneurisma intracavernoso, a incidência de dor retro-orbitária caiu de 84,6% para 30,8% após o tratamento. Após o tratamento endovascular houve uma melhora importante da disfunção de nervos cranianos afetados em ambos os grupos, sobretudo no nervo oculomotor. CONCLUSÃO:: o tratamento endovascular trouxe melhora para os pacientes deste estudo, especialmente nos critérios dor e acometimento do nervo oculomotor.

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Introduction New physiopathological concepts regarding idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) recommend the endovascular treatment in refractory patients with transverse sinus stenosis. Objectives To assess the role of the transverse sinus stenting treatment in the symptomatology of patients with IIH. Method Clinically refractory patients with impaired venous drainage of the transverse sinus were submitted to cerebral angiographies. Patients with pre and poststenotic pressure gradients > 8 mmHg were submitted to endovascular treatment. Results Seven patients underwent cerebral angiography with manometry. Stenting was performed in six cases after pressure gradient assessment. All cases showed improvements in headache and resolution of papilledema. Discussion and Conclusion Although the role of endovascular therapy should be further studied, our data suggest it may improve the clinical symptoms and signs of IIH in selected patients.

Introdução Novos conceitos fisiopatológicos a respeito da hipertensão intracraniana idiopática (HII) propõem, em casos refratários, o tratamento endovascular em pacientes com estenose no seio transverso. Objetivos Avaliar o efeito do tratamento endovascular, realizado pela implantação de um stent no seio transverso, em pacientes com HII. Método Pacientes refratários clinicamente com alterações da drenagem venosa no seio transverso foram submetidos a angiografia cerebral. Diante de gradientes pressóricos pré e pós-estenóticos maiores do que 8 mmHg, foi feito o tratamento endovascular. Resultados Sete pacientes realizaram angiografia cerebral com manometria. A colocação de stent foi realizada em seis após avaliação do gradiente pressórico. Todos apresentaram melhora da cefaleia, com resolução do papiledema. Discussão e Conclusão Apesar de o papel do tratamento endovascular para HII necessitar de mais estudos, nossos dados sugerem que ele pode melhorar sinais e sintomas relacionados à HII em pacientes selecionados.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the endovascular treatment of vascular lesions of the cavernous segment of the internal carotidartery (ICA) performed at our institution. Methods: we conducted a descriptive, retrospective and prospective study of patients with aneurysms of the cavernous portion of the ICA or with direct carotid-cavernous fistulas (dCCF) undergoing endovascular treatment. Results: we included 26 patients with intracavernous aneurysms and ten with dCCF. All aneurysms were treated with ICA occlusion. Those with dCCF were treated with occlusion in seven cases and with selective fistula occlusion in the remaining three. There was improvement of pain and ocular proptosis in all patients with dCCF. In patients with intracavernous aneurysms, the incidence of retro-orbital pain fell from 84.6% to 30.8% after treatment. The endovascular treatment decreased the dysfunction of affected cranial nerves in both groups, especially the oculomotor one. Conclusion: the endovascular treatment significantly improved the symptoms in the patients studied, especially those related to pain and oculomotor nerve dysfunction.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o tratamento endovascular de lesões vasculares da artéria carótida interna (ACI), segmento cavernoso, realizado na Santa Casa de São Paulo. Métodos: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e prospectivo, de pacientes com aneurisma da porção cavernosa da ACI ou com fístulas carótido-cavernosas diretas (FCCd) submetidos a tratamento endovascular. Resultados: foram incluídos 26 pacientes com aneurismas intracavernosos e dez com FCCd. Todos os aneurismas foram tratados com oclusão da ACI. Os com FCCd foram tratados com oclusão, em sete casos, e com oclusão seletiva da fístula nos outros três. Houve melhora da dor e proptose ocular em todos os pacientes com FCCd. Nos pacientes com aneurisma intracavernoso, a incidência de dor retro-orbitária caiu de 84,6% para 30,8% após o tratamento. Após o tratamento endovascular houve uma melhora importante da disfunção de nervos cranianos afetados em ambos os grupos, sobretudo no nervo oculomotor. Conclusão: o tratamento endovascular trouxe melhora para os pacientes deste estudo, especialmente nos critérios dor e acometimento do nervo oculomotor.

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Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal connections between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. They are considered direct when there is a direct connection between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. These cases are generally traumatic. Direct CCFs are high-flow lesions, possibly related to intracranial bleeding, visual loss, corneal exposure or even fatal epistaxis. Treatment of such lesions is, thus, always recommended. The ideal treatment for direct CCF is to exclude the fistula from circulation, preserving the carotid flow. This can be attained using diverse endovascular techniques. The objective of the present article is to review the current techniques for treatment of direct CCFs, with special attention to the currently available endovascular treatment options.

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SUMMARY Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal connections between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. They are considered direct when there is a direct connection between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. These cases are generally traumatic. Direct CCFs are high-flow lesions, possibly related to intracranial bleeding, visual loss, corneal exposure or even fatal epistaxis. Treatment of such lesions is, thus, always recommended. The ideal treatment for direct CCF is to exclude the fistula from circulation, preserving the carotid flow. This can be attained using diverse endovascular techniques. The objective of the present article is to review the current techniques for treatment of direct CCFs, with special attention to the currently available endovascular treatment options.

RESUMO As fístulas carotidocavernosas (FCC) são comunicações anormais entre a artéria carótida e o seio cavernoso. Elas são consideradas diretas quando há uma comunicação direta entre a artéria carótida interna e o seio cavernoso. Nesses casos, são geralmente traumáticas. As FCC diretas são lesões de alto fluxo, podendo estar relacionadas a sangramento intracraniano, perda visual, exposição corneana ou até mesmo a epistaxe fatal. Seu tratamento é sempre indicado. O tratamento ideal da FCC direta é a exclusão da fístula da circulação, com preservação do fluxo carotídeo. Isso pode ser obtido por meio de técnicas endovasculares diversas. O objetivo do presente artigo é realizar uma revisão sobre as FCC diretas, com especial enfoque nas opções de tratamento endovascular disponíveis na atualidade.

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BACKGROUND: The surgical treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms (CIAs) represents a significant challenge to the skill and expertise of the neurosurgeon. The natural history of complex cerebrovascular lesions is especially unfavorable because of the pressure effect on adjacent areas, the risk of embolism in the presence of intraluminal thrombi, and the possibility of hemorrhage through leakage or rupture of the aneurysm. The surgical strategy must be customized for each case in order to maximize the treatment effectiveness and the safety of the patient. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 68-year-old woman presented with a 10-month history of atypical headaches but no other neurological symptoms. Computed tomography scan and digital subtraction angiography revealed an unruptured saccular aneurysm on the M1 segment of the right middle cerebral artery. The lesion was 21 mm in length in its largest diameter and with an undefined neck (extensive involvement of the walls of the afferent vessel). Craniotomy was performed in order to expose the lesion and allow microsurgical dissection of the neck of the aneurysm and its adjacent structures. A balloon catheter was navigated via the internal carotid artery to a position alongside the aneurysm neck. With the balloon fully inflated, the aneurysm was punctured and drained, and a guide clip was located at the neck of the aneurysm. Additional clips were applied using a similar procedure to ensure the exclusion of the aneurysm. CONCLUSION: The patient recovered without complications and complete occlusion of the CIA was confirmed on follow-up angiography. A modified Rankin score of 0 was attributed to the patient 6 months after treatment. A multidisciplinary perspective is important in planning and executing the treatment of CIAs.

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Os pseudoaneurismas traumáticos da artéria meníngea média (AMM) representam lesões raras, correspondendo a menos de 1% dos aneurismas intracranianos. Em geral, estão associados à fratura craniana temporal que cruza o trajeto da AMM. O hematoma extradural (HED) é a apresentação mais comum desse tipo de lesão, podendo apresentar elevada morbimortalidade na maioria dos casos. O diagnóstico dos pseudoaneurismas da AMM pode ser realizado por angiorressonância, angiotomografia e, principalmente, por arteriografia cerebral. Após a confirmação de sua existência, o tratamento é mandatório e deve ser realizado precocemente, por causa do risco potencial de ruptura. Esse tratamento pode ser realizado por craniotomia e coagulação da artéria meníngea média, ou por via endovascular com oclusão do aneurisma. Apresentamos neste relato o caso de paciente vítima de traumatismo craniano atendido em nosso serviço. Os exames de imagem iniciais mostravam fratura temporal, associada à contusão hemorrágica adjacente. O paciente foi submetido à angiografia cerebral, sendo diagnosticado um pseudoaneurisma na artéria meníngea média. Ele foi submetido a procedimento endovascular para embolização do aneurisma, tendo evoluído satisfatoriamente...

The traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) are rare lesions, accounting for less than 1% of all intracranial aneurysms. They are associated mainly to temporal skull fracture that crosses the path of MMA. The epidural hematoma is the most common presentation of this type of injury, and may have high morbidity and mortality in most cases. The diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm of the MMA can be performed by MRI-angiography, CT-angiography, and mainly by digital cerebral arteriography. After confirming its existence, treatment is mandatory and should be performed early, due to the potential risk of rupture. This treatment can be performed by craniotomy and coagulation of the middle meningeal artery, or by endovascular intervention, with occlusion of the aneurysm. We present here the case of a patient with a head trauma, who was admitted to our service. The initial CT imaging demonstrated a temporal fracture, associated with hemorrhagic contusion adjacent. The patient underwent cerebral angiography, being diagnosed with a middle meningeal artery aneurysm. He was submitted to an endovascular embolization of the aneurysm, having evolved satisfactorily...

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Lesiones accidentales de la arteria carótida son complicaciones poco frecuentes de diversos procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Representan una condición grave y potencialmente mortal si el tratamiento no se realiza adecuadamente. Un paciente de sexo femenino, 45 años de edad, que ingresó en el servicio de Otorrinolaringología con queja de la disminución de la agudeza auditiva y acúfenos en el oído izquierdo. La resonancia magnética encefálica mostro una formación expansiva / infiltrativa a comprometer desde la nasofaringe izquierda hasta la base del cráneo, con la participación de la arteria carótida interna (ACI) en el mismo lado en su segmento petroso. Durante el procedimiento de biopsia, se produjo una laceración en la carótida derecha intracavernosa con sangrado abundante. Se realizó un taponamiento local y el paciente fue remitido a la angiografía cerebral que mostró un seudoaneurisma en la arteria carótida interna derecha en su segmento cavernoso. Después de una prueba de oclusión, la ACI derecha fue ocluida por 2 globos. Tres semanas después, el estado del paciente mostró empeoramiento progresivo de la agudeza visual, proptosis ocular, hiperemia conjuntival y la restricción del movimiento ocular en el ojo derecho. Una nueva angiografía fue realizada y mostró la persistencia de la oclusión de la ACI en su origen y un seudoaneurisma asociado con fístula carótido-cavernosa derecha, que se opacificado después de la inyección de contraste en la ACI izquierda, a través de la arteria comunicante anterior. El paciente fue sometido a un nuevo tratamiento endovascular con resolución de la lesión. Laceración de ACI durante la cirugía transesfenoidal es una complicación rara y potencialmente fatal. La prevención es el mejor tratamiento para cualquier lesión accidental. La utilización de técnicas endovasculares ha permitido para el tratamiento satisfactorio de esta condición.

Accidental carotid artery lesions are uncommon complications from diverse diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. It represents a grave and potentially lethal condition if treatment is not adequately performed. A female patient, 45 years old, who was admitted to the Otolaryngology service complaining of diminished auditory acuity and tinnitus in the left ear. The encephalic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an expansive/infiltrative formation compromising the left nasopharynx to the skull base, involving the ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) in its petrous segment. During the biopsy procedure, there was a right intracavernous ICA laceration with copious bleeding. A local tamponade was performed and the patient was referred to cerebral angiography (CAG), which showed a right ICA pseudoaneurysm in its intracavernous segment. After a balloon occlusion test, the right ICA was occluded by 2 balloons. Three weeks after, the patient’s condition showed progressive worsening of visual acuity, occular proptosis, conjuctival hyperemia and occular movement restriction in the right eye. A new CAG was performed and showed persistence in the right ICA occlusion in its origin and an intracavernous pseudoaneurysm associated with ipsilateral carotidcavernous fistula, which became opacified after contrast injection in left ICA, through the anterior communicating artery. The patient was submitted to a new endovascular treatment with lesion resolution. ICA laceration during transsphenoidal surgery is a rare and potentially fatal complication. The prevention is the best treatment for any accidental lesion. Utilization of endovascular techniques has allowed for satisfactory treatment of this condition.

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As lesões arteriovenosas que envolvem a dura máter e o espaço epidural são chamadas de shunts arteriovenosos durais. Elas representam comunicações diretas anormais, entre artérias durais e veias durais dilatadas, sem um leito capilar entre estas. A fístula arteriovenosa dural corresponde à cerca de 15% de todas as lesões arteriovenosas intracranianas. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente de 31 anos, apresentando crises epilépticas de início aos 14 anos, cuja investigação diagnóstica com exames de imagem mostrou fístula arteriovenosa dural da região da inserção da tenda drenando para os seios transverso e sigmóide direitos, nutrida pelas artérias occipitais, meníngea média direita e tronco meningohipofisário direito. Além das múltiplas aferências arteriais, também havia oclusão das veias jugulares, o que impedia o tratamento pela via venosa. Foi realizado tratamento combinado, com acesso cirúrgico através de trepanação na junção dos seios transverso-sigmoide direitos, com punção do seio transverso e embolização dos mesmos com espiras metálicas e adesivo tissular (cianoacrilato), com oclusão total da lesão. Descrevemos o procedimento e realizamos uma breve revisão da literatura sobre o tema.

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OBJECTIVE: A giant fusiform aneurysm in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is rare, as is fenestration of the PCA and basilar apex variation. We describe the angiographic and surgical findings of a giant fusiform aneurysm in the P1-P2 PCA segment associated with PCA bilateral fenestration and superior cerebellar artery double origin. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 26-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of visual blurring. Digital subtraction angiography showed a giant (2.5 cm) fusiform PCA aneurysm in the right P1-P2 segment. The 3-dimensional view showed a caudal fusion pattern from the upper portion of the basilar artery associated with a bilateral long fenestration of the P1 and P2 segments and superior cerebellar artery double origin. INTERVENTION: Surgical trapping of the right P1-P2 segment, including the posterior communicating artery, was performed by a pretemporal approach. Angiograms performed 3 and 13 months after surgery showed complete aneurysm exclusion, and the PCA was permeated and filled the PCA territory. Clinical follow-up at 14 months showed the patient with no deficits and a return to normal life. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a giant fusiform aneurysm of the PCA associated with P1-P2 segment fenestration and other variations of the basilar apex (bilateral superior cerebellar artery duplication and caudal fusion). Comprehension of the embryology and anatomy of the PCA and its related vessels and branches is fundamental to the decision-making process for a PCA aneurysm, especially when parent vessel occlusion is planned.

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