RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In past years, thousands of protein-polysaccharide complexes have been investigated to modify protein characteristics and functionality in food systems. However, the interaction between pea protein isolate (PPI) and soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) has not been thoroughly characterized yet. RESULTS: In the present study, the phase behavior of PPI and SSPS mixtures was analyzed as a function of PPI:SSPS mixing ratio (1:1 to 1:0.10) and pH (7.0 to 2.0), showing that these biopolymers could be electrostatically assembled at 1:1 to 1:0.25 mixing ratios and 4.0 to 3.0 pH values. Then, the characteristics of the PPI-SSPS complexes were studied before and after heating (90 °C and 30 min) by ζ-potential, surface hydrophobicity, protein solubility, particle size distribution and physical stability for 56 days. By lowering the pH and PPI:SSPS mixing ratio, the complexes showed increased solubility, changed ð-potential and higher physical stability. By heating, the complexes presented increased hydrophobicity and physical stability. CONCLUSION: Overall, PPI-SSPS complexes increased the protein solubility, reduced the particle size, and changed both the ζ-potential and the surface hydrophobicity with respect to PPI control, allowing stabilization of the colloidal system and broadening the possible applications of these high-quality proteins in acidic food systems. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Glycine max , Temperatura Alta , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Proteínas de Ervilha , Pisum sativum , Polissacarídeos , Solubilidade , Eletricidade Estática , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Glycine max/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Pisum sativum/química , Proteínas de Ervilha/química , Biopolímeros/química , Tamanho da PartículaRESUMO
Doxorubicin (DOXO) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies in both adults and children. However, DOXO causes short- and long-term cardiotoxicity and others undesirable side effects, such as nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) allow the delivery of drugs specifically to target place, employing an external magnet. Moreover, they may act as contrast agents in MRI providing information on the diagnostic of diverse pathologies. In this way, two functions may be combined in a unique nanosystem known as theranostic. Also, the MNPs can be modified with folic acid (MNPs@FA) to increase the uptake by cancer cells that overexpress the FA receptors. In previous works, our collaborators obtained and characterized MNPs, MNPs@FA, and MNPs@FA@DOXO. It is essential to study the biosafety of nanotheranostic, and there is no published study of Fe3O4 nanoparticles developmental toxicity. Because of that, this work aimed to study the in vivo toxicity and biocompatibility of DOXO, MNPs@FA, and MNPs@FA@DOXO using zebrafish embryo and larvae as an animal model. Viability, developmental toxicity, changes in spontaneous movement (neurotoxicity), changes in cardiac rhythm (cardiotoxicity), and efficiency of DOXO-uptake were studied. While the 48-h treatment with 50⯵g/mL of DOXO resulted in a 30% larvae death and the development of significant morphological abnormalities, the treatment with MNPs@FA@DOXO and MNPs@FA did not reduce the viability and did not cause developmental abnormalities. Besides, the MNPs@FA@DOXO reduced the cardiotoxicity and promoted a more rapid and significant uptake of DOXO by zebrafish larvae.
Assuntos
Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Doxorrubicina/toxicidade , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Ácido Fólico/toxicidade , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/toxicidade , Nanomedicina Teranóstica/métodos , Animais , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/metabolismo , Ácido Fólico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/metabolismo , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/administração & dosagem , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
This article reports novel results about nanotoxicological and teratogenic effects of the PAMAM dendrimers DG4 and DG4.5 in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish embryos and larvae were used as a rapid, high-throughput, cost-effective whole-animal model. The objective was to provide a more comprehensive and predictive developmental toxicity screening of DG4 and DG4.5 and test the influence of their surface charge. Nanotoxicological and teratogenic effects were assessed at developmental, morphological, cardiac, neurological and hepatic level. The effect of surface charge was determined in both larvae and embryos. DG4 with positive surface charge was more toxic than DG4.5 with negative surface charge. DG4 and DG4.5 induced teratogenic effects in larvae, whereas DG4 also induced lethal effects in both zebrafish embryos and larvae. However, larvae were less sensitive than embryos to the lethal effects of DG4. The platform of assays proposed and data obtained may contribute to the characterization of hazards and differential effects of these nanoparticles.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos/etiologia , Dendrímeros/toxicidade , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , Nanotecnologia/métodos , Teratogênicos/toxicidade , Toxicologia/métodos , Peixe-Zebra/anormalidades , Animais , Ânions , Cátions , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração/fisiopatologia , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Dose Letal Mediana , Fígado/anormalidades , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso/fisiopatologia , Medição de Risco , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
Emulsions are gaining increasing interest to be applied as drug delivery systems. The main goal of this work was the formulation of an oil/water nutraceutical emulsion (NE) for oral administration, enriched in omega 3 (ω3) and omega 6 (ω6), and able to encapsulate risperidone (RISP), an antipsychotic drug widely used in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). RISP has low solubility in aqueous medium and poor bioavailability because of its metabolism and high protein binding. Coadministration of ω3, ω3, and vitamin E complexed with RISP might increase its bioavailability and induce a synergistic effect on the treatment of ASD. Here, we developed an easy and quick method to obtain NEs and then optimized them. The best formulation was chosen after characterization by particle size, defects of the oil-in-water interface, zeta potential (ZP), and in vitro drug release. The formulation selected was stable over time, with a particle size of around 3 µm, a ZP lower than -20 mV and controlled drug release. To better understand the biochemical properties of the formulation obtained, we studied in vitro toxicity in the Caco-2 cell line. After 4 h of treatment, an increase in cellular metabolism was observed for all RISP concentrations, but emulsions did not change their metabolic rate, except at the highest concentration without drug (25 µg/mL), which showed a significant reduction in metabolism respect to the control. Additionally, locomotor activity and heart rate in zebrafish were measured as parameters of in vivo toxicity. Only the highest concentration (0.625 µg/mL) showed a cardiotoxic effect, which corresponds to the decrease in spontaneous movement observed previously. As all the materials contained in the formulations were US FDA approved, the NE selected would be good candidate for clinical trials.