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Resumen: Introducción: el conocimiento de los entrenamientos es fundamental para optimizar la formación de los jugadores; por ello, una de las estrategias más empleadas por los entrenadores para optimizar el proceso de entrenamiento es modificar el número de jugadores (Situación de Juego). Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue analizar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de un entrenador de baloncesto en edad escolar, así como conocer la asociación de la Situación de Juego y las variables pedagógicas, de carga externa y organizativa empleadas que influyen en el diseño de las tareas. Método: para ello, se analizaron un total de 20 sesiones de entrenamiento formadas por 100 tareas, registradas a través del Sistema integral para el análisis de las tareas de entrenamiento. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial entre las variables planteadas en la investigación con relación a la Situación de Juego. Resultados: los resultados demostraron la relación significativa de las variables analizadas con la Situación de Juego. La forma de agrupar los jugadores durante el desarrollo de las tareas de entrenamiento condiciona los resultados del resto de las variables que definen una tarea de entrenamiento, tanto en el nivel pedagógico, organizativo, como de carga externa. Conclusión: estas evidencias revindican la importancia de conocer los factores que influyen en las tareas de entrenamiento. Además, los resultados muestran que existen diferencias en el empleo de las Situaciones de Juego en función del resto de variables empleadas.

Abstract: Introduction: Currently, Knowledge of training is essential to optimize player training. Therefore, one of the strategies most used by coaches to optimize the training process is to modify the number of players (Game Situation). Purpose: The objective of the study was to analyze the teaching-learning process of a school-age basketball coach, as well as to know the association of the Game Situation and the Pedagogical, External Load and Organizational variables used that influence the design of the tasks. Method: For this, a total of 20 training sessions consisting of 100 tasks, recorded through the Comprehensive System for the Analysis of Training Tasks, were analyzed. A descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out between the variables raised in the research in relation to the Game Situation. Results: The results demonstrated the significant relationship of the variables analyzed with the Game Situation. The way the players are grouped during the development of the training tasks conditions the results of the rest of the variables that define a training task, both at a pedagogical, organizational, and external load level. Conclusion: These evidences vindicate the importance of knowing the factors that influence training tasks. In addition, the results show that there are differences in the use of Game Situations depending on the rest of the variables used.

Resumo: Introdução: O conhecimento do treinamento é fundamental para otimizar o processo de formação dos jogadores. Portanto, uma das estratégias mais utilizadas pelos treinadores para otimizar o processo de treinamento é modificar o número de jogadores (Situação do jogo). Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de um treinador de basquetebol em idade escolar, e também descobrir a associação entre a Situação do Jogo e as variáveis Pedagógicas, de Carga Externa e Organizacionais utilizadas que influenciam o desenho das tarefas. Método: Para este fim, foram analisadas 20 sessões de treinamento compostas de 100 tarefas, registradas através do Sistema Integral de Análise de Tarefas de Treinamento. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e inferencial entre as variáveis levantadas na pesquisa em relação à situação do jogo. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram uma relação significativa entre as variáveis analisadas e a situação do jogo. A forma de agrupar os jogadores durante o desenvolvimento das tarefas de treinamento condiciona os resultados das demais variáveis que definem uma tarefa de treinamento, tanto ao nível pedagógico, organizacional e de carga externa. Conclusão: Estas evidências reafirmam a importância de conhecer os fatores que influenciam as tarefas de treinamento. Além disso, os resultados mostram que existem diferenças no uso de Situações de Jogo dependendo do resto das variáveis utilizadas.

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Constructivism is used as a powerful theoretical outlook to support teaching, learning, and curriculum in physical education and sport. The Constructivist Teaching Practices Inventory in Elementary Physical Education (CTPI-EPE) is a valid instrument for assessing in-service teachers. However, there is a need to translate constructivist teaching practices for PE into other languages. This study examined the validity of the Portuguese version of the adapted CTPI-EPE for Brazilian physical education preservice teachers (PST). The sample comprised of 869 physical education PSTs from Brazil. Data were collected through an online form. Aiken's V was used to examine content validity, and Bayesian methods used for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed adequate content and internal structure of the translated and adapted questionnaire. This study highlighted the validity of the Portuguese version of the CTPI-EPE, which could be considered an important instrument for self-reflection by PSTs, and provide information for improved training in higher education toward constructivist teaching.

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This study aimed to investigate how different strategies of task constraint manipulation impact physical and tactical demands in small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG). Ten recreational U-17 soccer players participated in this study (16.89 ± 0.11 years). We used different strategies of task manipulation to design two 4 vs. 4 SSCG: Structural SSCG and Functional SSCG. In Structural SSCG, pitch format and goal sizes were manipulated, while in Functional SSCG, players were allowed to kick the ball twice and at least 5 passes to shoot at the opponent's goal. Players participated in four Structural and Functional SSCG, of five minutes duration with a two-minute interval in between. Players' physical performance and tactical behavior were assessed using the WIMU PROTM inertial device. Structural SSCG stimulated players to cover more distance in sprinting (p = 0.003) and high-speed running (p < 0.001). Regarding tactical behavior, Structural SSCG stimulated players to explore game space better (p < 0.001). Moreover, Functional SSCG stimulated players to be closer to the ball, decreasing the effective playing space (p = 0.008). We conclude that these strategies of task constraint manipulation impact physical and tactical demands of the game.

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Resumen Actualmente, los estudios en torno a la organización de los procesos de entrenamiento mediante las tareas se han convertido en una de las líneas emergentes en las ciencias del deporte. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el modo de actuación de un cuerpo técnico de un equipo de fútbol en edad escolar, sub-12, así como conocer la asociación del medio de iniciación al entrenamiento y las variables pedagógicas, de carga externa y organizativas que influyen en el diseño de las tareas. Para ello, se examinó un total de 177 tareas de entrenamiento enmarcadas durante cinco meses competitivos. Con miras a la categorización de dichas tareas, se utilizó la herramienta Sistema Integral para el Análisis de las Tareas de Entrenamiento, con la finalidad de estudiar las variables identificadas por el cuerpo técnico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y de diferencias entre las variables planteadas en la investigación, con base en el medio de iniciación al entrenamiento. Los resultados demostraron la existencia de asociaciones entre el medio de iniciación al entrenamiento y las variables situación de juego, fase de juego, tipo de contenido, contenido específico (pedagógicas). Estas asociaciones también fueron encontradas en las variables: densidad, número de ejecutantes simultáneos, carga competitiva, espacio de juego e implicación cognitiva (de carga externa), y la variable participación (organizativa). Por tanto, tales resultados evidencian la importancia de conocer las restricciones relacionadas con la carga de trabajo de las tareas de entrenamiento. Además, proporcionan al cuerpo técnico información sobre una herramienta fácil, asequible e informativa para cuantificar la carga de trabajo. Este método debe considerarse como un complemento de los dispositivos inerciales para el entrenamiento del control de la carga y monitoreo en deportes de invasión.

Abstract Currently, studies around the organization of training processes through tasks have become one of the emerging lines in Sports Sciences. Therefore, the present paperwork aimed to analyze the way of acting of a technical body of a soccer team in school age, U12, as well as to know the relationship of the means of initiation to training and the pedagogical, external load, and organizational variables that influence the design of homework. For this, a total of 177 training tasks framed during five competitive months were examined. In order to categorize the tasks, the Comprehensive System for the Analysis of Training Tasks was used to study the variables identified by the technical staff. A descriptive and difference analysis was conducted of the variables proposed in the study with the training initiation medium. The results demonstrated the existence of associations between the training initiation medium and the variables game situation, game phase, content-type, specific content (pedagogical). Associations were also identified/found in the variables density, number of simultaneous performers, competitive load, game space, and cognitive involvement (external load), and the participation variable (organizational). Associations were also found in the variables density, number of simultaneous performers, competitive load, game space, and cognitive involvement (external load), and the participation variable (organizational). Therefore, these results show the importance of knowing the restrictions related to the workload of training tasks. In addition, they provide the technical body with information on an easy, affordable, and informative tool to quantify workload. This method should be considered as a complement to portable devices for training load control and monitoring in invasion sports.

Resumo Atualmente, estudos sobre a organização de processos de treinamento por meio da tarefa de casa, se tornaram uma das linhas emergentes na ciência do esporte. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o modo de atuação de uma equipe técnica de um time de futebol em idade escolar, sub-12, bem como conhecer a associação dos meios de iniciação ao treinamento e as variáveis pedagógica, carga externa e organizacional que influenciam no desenho das tarefas. Para isso, um total de 177 tarefas de treinamento enquadradas durante cinco meses competitivos foram examinados. Com o objetivo de categorizar essas tarefas, a ferramenta utilizada foi o Sistema abrangente para a análise de tarefas de treinamento, a fim de estudar as variáveis identificadas pelo corpo técnico. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e de diferença entre as variáveis propostas na pesquisa, com base nos meios de iniciação ao treinamento. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de associações entre os meios de iniciação ao treinamento e as variáveis situação do jogo, fase do jogo, tipo de conteúdo, conteúdo específico (pedagógico). Estas associações foram também encontradas nas variáveis densidade, número de artistas simultâneos, carga competitiva, espaço de jogo e envolvimento cognitivo (a partir de carga externa), e a variável participação (organizacional). Portanto, esses resultados mostram a importância de conhecer as restrições relacionadas à carga horária das tarefas de treinamento. Além disso, fornecem à equipe técnica informações sobre uma ferramenta fácil, acessível e informativa para quantificar a carga de trabalho. Este método deve ser considerado um complemento aos dispositivos inerciais para treinamento e monitoramento de controle de carga em esportes de invasão.

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This study examined individual, task, and environmental constraints that influence the career progression of youth Brazilian elite basketball players and the probability of reaching Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB) and to determine if the association of the relative age effect (RAE) is a key factor in the career progression. The sample consisted of 4,692 male players who were registered to participate in at least one U15, U17, or U22 youth Brazilian basketball championship between 2004 and 2018. Athletes who reached a high-performance level were coded like NBB players (9.6%). The birthdates, height, body mass, playing position, geographic region, club, competition category, and team performance were retrieved from the official data archive of the Brazilian Basketball Confederation and the National Basketball League. The maturity status was estimated using the predicted age at peak height velocity. A binary logistic regression examined the influence of each characteristic on the probability of a youth Brazilian basketball player to reach the NBB. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the associated area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the discriminant ability of the model. The taller and younger players not selected early into national teams, without specialization by playing position, who participated in U22 national championship, migrated to the southeast region, and remained in the formation process over time have a greater chance to reach the NBB. The ROC curve demonstrated an AUC of 93%. A combination of individual, task, and environmental characteristics influences the sport career of a young Brazilian basketball player in reaching the NBB. Further, early-maturing athletes have a greater chance to reach higher performances. RAE influences lower-level categories, but not a "NBB player's" career progression. The coaches, stakeholders, and practitioners should perform a holistic evaluation of sport talent in terms of a constraint-based theoretical model with the aim of avoiding bias produced by the maturational status and RAE in the youth Brazilian elite basketball.

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Abstract The objective of this article was to know players' needs in the selected tests, to search for differences between categories and to know if there is any relationship between different tests. The sample consists of 2 teams (u-14, u-16, n=24), which were equipped with a WimuR inertial device. The selected tests were 2 agility tests and a lactic anaerobic capacity test. Neuromuscular and kinematic variables were selected. Descriptive analysis, inferential analysis and analysis of correlation among variables were carried out. Once players' needs are described, there are no significant differences among kinematic variables depending on the sample category. Nonetheless, there is relationship between kinematic and neuromuscular variables of the different tests. It is frequently claimed that capacity tests are those that cause more fatigue in athletes. For this reason, an analysis was carried out comparing a lactic anaerobic capacity test with an agility test in its two versions. The obtained results can facilitate the work and the evaluation time of a physical condition test since results of athletes in a capacity test could be known by performing tests of lesser requirement. In addition, this would avoid players from experiencing a situation of maximum effort and possible injury, also saving training time.

Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi conhecer as demandas dos jogadores nos testes selecionados, buscar diferenças entre categorias e buscar conhecer se havia alguma diferença entre distintas provas. A amostra foi formada por duas equipes (sub-14, sub-16; n = 24) que foram monitorados com dispositivo de inércia WimuR. Selecionaram-se dois testes de agilidade e um teste de capacidade anaeróbica lática, e testes para variáveis neuromusculares e cinemáticas. Empregou-se a análise descritiva e inferencial. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as variáveis cinemáticas, dependendo da categoria da amostra, porém houve relação entre as variáveis cinemáticas e neuromusculares. Afirma-se frequentemente queos testes de capacidade são os que causam maior fadiga no atleta. Por esse motivo, foi realizada uma análise na qual um teste de capacidade anaeróbica lática foi comparado com um teste de agilidade em suas duas versões. Os resultados obtidos podem facilitar o trabalho e o tempo de avaliação do teste de aptidão física, pois, ao realizar testes de menor exigência, os resultados do atleta podem ser conhecidos em um teste de capacidade, evitando que ele enfrente uma situação de esforço máximo, uma possível lesão e economia tempo de treinamento .

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OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to compare two cold water immersion protocols, continuous or intermittent, on recovery in basketball players. METHODS: Ten male basketball players (age: 14 ± 0.4 years, body mass: 65.4 ± 9.1 kg, height: 175 ± 7.3 cm, body fat %: 10.3 ± 4) were included in the study. After three 90-minute training sessions (avg. heart rate 158 ± 11.92, 156 ± 7.06 and 151 ± 10.44 bpm), participants were grouped into a continuous immersion (12 min at 12 ± 0.4°C) group, intermittent immersion (4 x 2 min immersion at 12 ± 0.4 °C + 1 min out of water) group and a control group (CG). Countermovement jump (CMJ), muscle pain and thigh volume were measured. RESULTS: Both cold water immersion protocols were effective in reducing the pain 24 and 48 hours after training compared with the CG (F (3.54) = 2.91, p = 0.016, ηp2 = .24). Concerning CMJ change, % differences occurred at 24 (Z = 11.04, p = 0.004) and 48 hours (Z = 14.01, p < 0.001) in comparison with the CG. Regarding the muscle volume, the statistical analysis did not report a significant interaction (F (3.54) = 2.42, p = 0.058). CONCLUSION: Both cold water immersion CWI protocols are effective in improving recovery in basketball players.

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