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ABSTRACT Objective. Decoloring wastewater from a paint factory making use ofChlorella sp., microalgae as a biological way of treatment. Materials and methods. Samples of this microalgae previously cultivated with nourishing fertilizer under photoperiods of light and darkness were taken to test the microalgae Chlorella sp., initial concentration effect in the bioremoval process. For this purpose, it was cultivated in 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 units of absorbance in bioreactors with 200 mL wastewater with and without nutrients. The biotest with the best rate of colour removal was chosen and the DBO5 and DQO were marked out. The immobilized Chlorella sp., in kappa carrageenan was also tested. Results. In the tests colour decrease percentage were 81.7, 69.7 and 58.3% without nutrients in the initial concentrations of 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 units of absorbance respectively and 72.6, 69.0 and 86.8% for 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 units of absorbance with nutrients respectively in the day of maximum growth. The immobilized microalgae score were 72.60% and 78.36% of color removal for 0.4 and 1.6 units of absorbance respectively. The higher colour removal test score was that with nutrients at 0.30 units of absorbance with several changes in DBO5 and DQO values. Conclusion. The biological wastewater treatment making use of Chlorella sp., microalgae can be considered as an effective choice in decolorating wastewater.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Decolorar aguas residuales obtenidas de una empresa de pinturas, empleando la microalga Chlorella sp., como medio biológico de tratamiento. Materiales y métodos. Muestras de la microalga previamente cultivada con fertilizante como nutriente y fotoperiodos de luz y oscuridad, se tomaron para evaluar el efecto de la concentración inicial de la microalga Chlorella sp., en el proceso de bioremoción. Para tal fin, esta se cultivó a 0.10, 0.20 y 0.30 unidades de absorbancia en biorreactores con 200 mL de aguas residuales en presencia y ausencia de nutrientes. Se seleccionó el bioensayo con mejores porcentajes de remoción del color y se le determinó el DBO5 y DQO. Chlorella sp., inmovilizada en kappa carragenina también se estudió. Resultados. Los porcentajes de reducción de color de los bioensayos en ausencia de nutrientes fueron de 81.7, 69.7 y 58.3% para las concentraciones iniciales de 0.10, 0.20 y 0.30 unidades de absorbancia respectivamente y en presencia de nutrientes fueron 72.6, 69.0 y 86.8% para 0.10, 0.20 y 0.30 unidades de absorbancia respectivamente, en el día de máximo crecimiento. Los resultados de la microalga inmovilizada fueron de 72.60% y 78.36% de remoción del color para 0.4 y 1.6 unidades de absorbancia respectivamente. El bioensayo con mayor rendimiento de remoción fue el realizado en presencia de nutrientes a 0.30 unidades de absorbancia con cambios importantes en los valores de DBO5 y DQO. Conclusión. El tratamiento biológico de aguas empleando la microalga Chlorella sp., puede considerarse una alternativa eficaz en la decoloración de aguas residuales.

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Introducción: La detección precoz de un paciente con riesgo de deterioro, y la intervención temprana por un equipo de salud competente en el manejo de la vía aérea ha demostrado reducir la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. El NEWS (National Early Warning Score, Reino Unido) clasifica a los pacientes según su probabilidad de deterioro dentro de las siguientes doce horas; en baja (0-1), moderada (2-4) y alta posibilidad de deterioro (5-13), a partir de cuatro signos vitales: frecuencias cardíaca y respiratoria, temperatura y presión arterial sistólica sumados a la saturación de oxígeno y el estado de conciencia. Fue generada a partir de una gran base de datos de signos vitales obtenidos de manera electrónica en pacientes internados en Inglaterra. En las instituciones de nuestro país, los signos vitales son tomados manualmente y hay una percepción generalizada de que estos o "están mal tomados" o no se los ubica dentro del centro de la toma de decisiones. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue, a partir de signos vitales tal como se toman en nuestro medio, realizar una validación de la capacidad de discriminación de la escala NEWS de eventos severos durante la internación. Diseño, materiales y métodos: Ocho instituciones de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y del área metropolitana participaron recolectando de manera consecutiva los seis parámetros vitales que componen la escala NEWS en los pacientes internados, tal como se toman en las salas de internación, además de datos demográficos, presencia de comorbilidades, eventos de gravedad durante la internación como sepsis, trombo embolismo de pulmón, shock hipovolémico, distrés respiratorio, insuficiencia respiratoria, trastorno de la conciencia y muerte sin evento previo. Los datos se ingresaron a una base de datos virtual calculándose el puntaje de la escala NEWS. Se analiza en este primer trabajo las características de la población con medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión estándares según la distribución de los valores. Mediante regresión logística se analizó la capacidad del primer NEWS al ingreso de predecir un evento independientemente de la edad, el sexo y la presencia de comorbilidades. Resultados: Entre el 1 de enero de 2015 hasta el 31 de julio ingresaron en el estudio 1705 pacientes de nueve Instituciones del área metropolitana, 869 eran mujeres (51%), rango de edad 18 a 100. Un 10% de los pacientes presentó algún evento grave, y la mortalidad global fue de 3,5%. El 90% de los pacientes fue clasificado al ingreso como NEWS de bajo grado de deterioro (0-4), el 5% riesgo moderado (5-6) y el 5% de riesgo alto (mayor a 7). El valor de NEWS, al ingreso de la internación y tal como se toman los signos vitales en nuestro medio, predice el riesgo de presentar un evento severo durante la internación, independientemente de la edad, sexo y la presencia de comorbilidades. Discusión: En este estudio pudimos demostrar que los signos vitales, tomados de manera manual calculando la escala NEWS, es un excelente predictor de la ocurrencia de eventos durante la internación. En próximos análisis evaluaremos la capacidad de discriminación y la capacidad de predecir eventos entre 12 y 24 horas posteriores a la toma. (AU)

Background: Early warning scores at hospital settings have shown to reduce hospital mortality. The NEWS (National Early Warning Score, UK), classifies patients as per their risk to deteriorate in three categories, low risk (0-2), moderate risk (3-4) and high risk (5-13). The scale uses four vital signs, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and systolic arterial pressure, plus oxygen saturation and conscious state. It was developed and validated using a large database of electronic captured vital signs in England. In Argentina, most of the vital signs are taken manually. (AU)

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We study the motion of a particle in spatially periodic potentials with broken mirror symmetry under the influence of white α-stable Lévy noises. We consider both time-independent and fluctuating potentials. We focus on cases in which the spatial asymmetry of the potential is due not to a difference between the distances from an absolute minimum to the absolute maximum on its left and to the absolute maximum on its right but only to the curvatures of the potential profiles. The analysis is performed using the fractional Fokker-Planck formalism. Consistent results from Langevin simulations are also presented. We analyze the influence of the symmetry properties of the potentials in combination with the fluctuating characteristics of the system in the determination of the current. We find different situations in which both the absolute value and the direction of the current depend not only on the properties of the potential but also on the parameters characterizing the α-stable Lévy noise. Among other features, we analyze the case of supersymmetric potentials. In particular, we show that a static supersymmetric potential produces no current, and we analyze the conditions for observing a nonvanishing current when the potential fluctuates between different supersymmetric profiles.

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Introducción: BIOBADASAR (Registro Argentino de Eventos Adversos con Tratamientos Biológicos en Reumatología) comenzó en agosto de 2010. La importancia de este registro es mostrar datos locales que, probablemente, puedan diferir de otros registros. El objetivo es comunicar los resultados del tercer reporte de BIOBADASAR. Métodos: Todos los pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas que requirieron tratamiento con agentes biológicos y pacientes controles sin estos tratamientos fueron incluidos en la base de datos provenientes de 32 centros participando a lo largo de la Argentina. Tres áreas de datos son analizados: características de los pacientes, tratamientos y eventos adversos...

Introduction: BIOBADASAR (Argentine Registry of Adverse Events with Biological Treatments in Rheumatology) began in August 2010. The importance of this registry is to show local data that may probably differ from other registries. The objective is to communicate the results of the third BIOBADASAR report. Methods: All patients with rheumatic diseases who required treatment with biological agents and control patients without these treatments were included in the database from 32 participating centers throughout Argentina. Three areas of data are analyzed: patient characteristics, treatments and adverse events...

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The present study corresponds to a quali-quantitative research, which inquired into user's perception of the Recovery Program of the Child in Nutritional Risk Nutrir Más, in Santa Fe city urban area in the last trimester of 2007. Specifically, it aimed at identifying the perceptions related to the program's components: training workshops, health controls and alimentary assistance through tickets; program's positive and negative aspects; usefulness of knowledge gained in the upbringing daily tasks; and the relationship between beneficiaries and program's leaders in the workplace and the health staff. About 50 percent of the beneficiaries who had been in the program for more than a year, participated in a survey through a semi-structured interview. In general, the users reported a high level of satisfaction towards the activities proposed by the program and highlighted its importance for educational actions, the improvement of their knowledge and alimentary practices towards their underweight children, the diversification of daily feeding and the reinforcement of the emotional bond between mother and child. This research recognizes the importance of perception studies because they allow to improve the program's management and to be aware of the user's satisfaction, as well.

El presente estudio corresponde a una investigación cuali-cuantitativa que indagó la percepción de los usuarios del Programa de Recuperación del Niño en Riesgo Nutricional "NUTRIR MAS" del área urbana de la ciudad de Santa Fe en el último trimestre del 2007. Se buscó identificar las percepciones vinculadas a los componentes del programa: actividades educativas, controles de salud y prestación alimentaria a través de tickets; con el propósito de identificar aspectos positivos y negativos del mismo, la utilidad de los conocimientos impartidos y la relación entre los usuarios y los referentes del programa en terreno y el equipo de salud. Se realizó una encuesta semiestructurada al 50 por ciento de los usuarios de la ciudad de Santa Fe que tenían una permanencia en el programa mayor a un año. El 99 por ciento de los encuestados reportó un alto nivel de satisfacción hacia las actividades propuestas por el programa y destacaron su valor por las acciones educativas, el mejoramiento de sus conocimientos y prácticas alimentarias, la diversificación de la alimentación cotidiana y el fortalecimiento del vínculo madre-hijo. Esta investigación reconoce la importancia de los estudios de percepción porque permite mejorar la gestión del programa adaptando las estrategias de intervención a la población destinataria.

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En el mundo académico y en el ejercicio práctico de la medicina, predomina la creencia que para el desempeño profesional es suficiente el conocimiento biomédico y técnico. Sin embargo, existen suficientes evidencias que muestran que el desempeño médico se ve impactado por factores distintos a la competencias “duras” de la profesión. Uno de tales factores, y probablemente el más importante, es la relación médico-paciente (RMP) la que, para ser conducida con maestría, requiere de entrenamiento específico y sistemático. Junto con describir los factores que han aumentado la complejidad de la RMP y los impactos específicos que tiene, se reporta una experiencia de entrenamiento en el manejo de esta relación con médicos de la Clínica Las Condes.

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We investigate anomalies ascribed to quantum entanglement phenomena recently reported in deep inelastc neutron scattering (DINS) measurements by an independent neutron technique on H(2)O/D(2)O mixtures. We performed transmission experiments to study several liquid H(2)O/D(2)O mixtures at room temperature in the epithermal energy range. We obtain the total cross sections of the mixtures, which are in agreement with the expected results according to the tabulated values within a 0.3% relative error. We observe no anomalies and stress the limitations of the validity of the data-processing procedures employed in the DINS experiments where the anomalies were reported.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the construct validity of FACES III in spanish (México). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, descriptive, confirmatory. SETTING: Mexico City, South of Federal District, Tlalpan area, divided into geo- statistical zones of a primary care unit. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 270 families selected in their dwellings with proportional coverage based on 17 895 dwellings of the influence area. Measurements and main results. Domicile survey applying FACES III (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales) in spanish, México. Twelve criteria for evaluate the construct validity of FACES III trough confirmatory factor analysis were established by the researchers. Eight criteria were surpassing appropriately and four do not surpass the minimum values established. CONCLUSIONS: FACES III in spanish (México) is an instrument with reliability of 70% with Cronbach alfa and validity measured using confirmatory Factor Analysis. Nevertheless, we found four limitations that should be analyzed and evaluated in the planning of future studies.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of a school breakfast program in Sonora, Mexico. The study was conducted in four counties classified as extremely poor. Three hundred children from twelve schools pertaining to three counties under research received a school breakfast; one hundred and fifty children from four schools pertaining to a fourth county did not received school breakfast. Children were four to six years old. Attention, memory and cognition tests were applied before and after the program. Results showed an improvement for those groups receiving the breakfast program, specially on response speed and behavior executions. Group without breakfast showed better results on the pre-test, nevertheless, on the post-test, performances in both groups appear the same. At the beginning of school courses any county was different, but speed in selection and running show significatives differences for the schools. The program shows similar results on response speed, no matter social condition, nevertheless, program differentially affects the number of correct behavior executions on stimulus selection and reproduction. The breakfast program benefit children, but its effects are differentially distributed improving behavioral, repertories depending of children's group vulnerability.

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Múltiples investigaciones han demostrado que los pacientes esquizofrénicos presentan déficits cognoscitivos, entre ellos trastornos de la atención. Interesados en este aspecto se hizo una revisión de la literatura que ha utilizado el componente P300 de los potenciales relacionados a eventos para evaluar las funciones cognoscitivas en pacientes esquizofrénicos. Se comparan con los resultados obtenidos en el estudio realizado en el Hospital Clínico-quirúrgico ®Hermanos Amejeiras¼ de la República de Cuba en 20 pacientes esquizofrénicos paranoides (DSM IV) comparados con 20 sujetos normales, encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la latencia y amplitud del P300, p:<0.0001

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In Argentine, water municipal supplies disinfection is carried out by chlorine. We have isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from a chlorinated water supply in Buenos Aires that fulfilled Argentinean microbiological quality standards. It is an aquatic organism that could produce cytotoxins and enterotoxins associated with acute gastroenteritis and wound infections in human and hemorrhagic septicaemia of fish, reptiles and amphibians. The isolated strain produced protein bands at isoelectric point in the range of 4.6-5.3 lightly labile at 56 degrees C and heat labile at 100 degrees C non cholera antitoxin reactive in electrofocusing assay (IEF) and showed hemolytic activity thermolabile at 56 degrees C and 100 degrees C in 5% rabbit erythrocytes in phosphate buffered saline. A cytotoxic effect thermolabile at 56 degrees C and 100 degrees C and a cytotonic activity were demonstrated in Vero cell cultures. Survival assay of A. hydrophila and indicator organisms would show no correlation between their contamination sources. Biofilms production could explain the persistence of this gram negative pathogen organism in chlorinated tap water. A water system supply maintenance program and pasteurisation may be performed in spite of water chlorination.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine through five methods (Cronbach's alpha, split, Guttman method, parallel and strict parallel) the confidence coefficient of FACES III, instrument validated on spanish version, and to evaluate it's consistency with these five statistical methods. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional. SETTING: Tlalpan Area, south of Federal District, México, divided into geo-statistical zones. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A randomised sample of 270 dwellings with proportional coverage, based on 17,895 ordinary dwellings of the area. INTERVENTION: Domicile survey using FACES III (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales); April-May 1995. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The confidence coefficient of FACES III spanish version was calculated using no standardised Cronbach's Alpha = 0.69; split I = 0.73 and split II = 0.66; Guttman method = 0.75; parallel = 0.69 and strict parallel = 0.53. CONCLUSIONS: Cronbach's coefficient demonstrated more advantages than the other statistical methods in relation with the ordinal measurement scale of FACES III. We suggest to take into consideration three important aspects for the correct confidence analysis of this kind of instruments: Variance analysis depending on the scale of items (F test, Friedman or Cochran) Inter-items interactions analysis (nonadditivity) and the use of the balance value as purge element of error' source. Analysis of Tukey estimate, coefficient of concordance (W) and Hotelling's T squared. It's necessary the evaluation and analysis of this aspects before the report of confidence's coefficient values whose can have hidden skew.

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In this study the N400 of schizophrenics was compared with that of control subjects in a picture semantic-matching task. The comparison of N400 difference waveforms (subtraction of event-related potentials of congruent from those of incongruent trials) between control and patients was supplemented by separate analysis for congruent and incongruent trials. The N400 latency was delayed in patients. Also, the amplitude of N400 in the difference waveform was reduced in schizophrenics; however only congruent trials were different for patients (more negative) with respect to controls. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that schizophrenics use context poorly, but inconsistent with simple versions of the idea that associations are generally disinhibited in schizophrenia. Since the amplitudes of N400 and an auditory P300 were not correlated, a general processing deficit does not explain the results. Finally, by using picture matching, a cross-cultural comparison of N400 in schizophrenics from Cuba and China was possible, which indicated that the N400 abnormalities were similar in both groups.

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The isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from a child's feces with an acute diarrhea is reported for the first time in Argentina. The strain was classified as belonging to the biotype 4 of Wauters, serotype O:3, phage type VIII. The virulence-associated test of autoagglutination, calcium dependency and production of heat-stable enterotoxin were positive, whereas neither lethality for the adult mouse by oral route, nor invasiveness by using the Serény test in the mouse, were demonstrated. A plasmid of approximately 40 Mdal was detected. The suckling mouse LD50 was 4.1 x 10(6) cells. These characteristics are in agreement with those reported for most of the Yersinia enterocolitica strains belonging to the same serotype.

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The isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from a childs feces with an acute diarrhea is reported for the first time in Argentina. The strain was classified as belonging to the biotype 4 of Wauters, serotype O:3, phage type VIII. The virulence-associated test of autoagglutination, calcium dependency and production of heat-stable enterotoxin were positive, whereas neither lethality for the adult mouse by oral route, nor invasiveness by using the Serény test in the mouse, were demonstrated. A plasmid of approximately 40 Mdal was detected. The suckling mouse LD50 was 4.1 x 10(6) cells. These characteristics are in agreement with those reported for most of the Yersinia enterocolitica strains belonging to the same serotype.

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Thirty-five infants of low socioeconomic status who were living in urban Santiago were hospitalized for acute diarrhea were prospectively evaluated for the presence of enteropathogens associated with the episode. Some degree of malnutrition was evident in 20 infants (57.1%); 15 of these (75%) were under 6 months of age. Mean duration of the hospital stay was 11.8 days for well-nourished patients and 15.7 days for the malnourished patients. One or more enteropathogens were found in 60% of the cases studied: in 17 cases (48.6%) these were bacteria and in four cases (11.4%) it was rotavirus. Parasites were not detected. In three patients, two different pathogens were demonstrated. Among the bacteria, 12 isolates (34.3%) were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and two (5.7%) were Shigella. Campylobacter jejuni was also isolated from two different cases (5.7%) and Salmonella from one case (2.9%). The recovery of pathogens was independent of the nutritional status. Mean age of detection of EPEC was 3.2 months among well-nourished infants and 6.2 months among the malnourished (p less than 0.001). Half of the EPEC strains isolated were multiresistant to antibiotics. One of these strains transferred some of its resistance in vitro to E. coli K12. Ampicillin and kanamycin were the antibiotics to which EPEC showed the greatest resistance. The other bacterial pathogens were mostly sensitive to antibiotics. Campylobacter jejuni, together with Shigella, was the second most frequent pathogen isolated during episodes of diarrhea. Campylobacter should be included in the routine study of diarrheal episodes in our setting.

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