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BACKGROUND: A lung transplant patient with invasive aspergillosis (IA) manifested symptoms of voriconazole-induced transaminitis with systemic voriconazole and progression of IA after switching to oral posaconazole. With limited options for standard triazole therapy, aerosolized delivery with one of the second-generation triazoles was considered. METHODS: Feasibility for aerosolized delivery was evaluated using cascade impactor and analysis of physicochemical characteristics of voriconazole (10 mg/mL) and posaconazole (6, 12 mg/mL) solutions. RESULTS: Both triazoles showed favorable characteristics for aerosol delivery with mass median aerodynamic diameter, geometric standard deviation, respirable fraction (<5.4 µm) of 2.8 µm, 2.0, 86%; 3.4 µm, 2.4, 78%; and 3.0 µm, 2.3, 79% for voriconazole and 6, 12 mg/mL of posaconazole, respectively. Aspergillus fumigatus isolate from the patient was more susceptible to voriconazole, and hence aerosolized voriconazole was introduced around the third month posttransplant at 40 mg TID for 1 week, 40 mg BID for 1 week, followed by 40 mg daily thereafter, along with IV caspofungin (50 mg/d) and liposomal amphotericin B (300 mg/d). The aerosol regimen was well tolerated by the patient with undetectable trough plasma levels of voriconazole. Bronchoscopy at the fourth month revealed improvement in anastomotic plaques with reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan values (7.48-2.15 ng/mL). This consolidated aerosolized and intravenous regimen was maintained until 2.97 years posttransplant. CONCLUSIONS: The intravenous solutions of both second-generation triazoles showed characteristics that were suitable for aerosol delivery. Our report further adds to the therapeutic experience with the use of aerosolized voriconazole for IA in a lung transplant patient.

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OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess 4th year radiology residents' perception of the optimal imaging modality to investigate neoplasm and trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven 4th year radiology residents from four residency programs were surveyed. They were asked about the best imaging modality to evaluate the brain and spine, lungs, abdomen, and the musculoskeletal system. Imaging modalities available were MRI, CT, ultrasound, PET, and X-ray. All findings were compared to the ACR appropriateness criteria. RESULTS: MRI was chosen as the best imaging modality to evaluate brain, spine, abdominal, and musculoskeletal neoplasm in 96.3 percent, 100 percent, 70.4 percent, and 63 percent of residents, respectively. CT was chosen by 88.9 percent to evaluate neoplasm of the lung. Optimal imaging modality to evaluate trauma was CT for brain injuries (100 percent), spine (92.6 percent), lung (96.3 percent), abdomen (92.6 percent), and major musculoskeletal trauma (74.1 percent); MRI was chosen for sports injury (96.3 percent). There was agreement with ACR appropriateness criteria. CONCLUSION: Residents' perception of the best imaging modalities for neoplasm and trauma concurred with the appropriateness criteria by the ACR.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a percepção de médicos residentes em radiologia de 4º ano sobre as melhores modalidades de imagem na investigação de neoplasias e trauma. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Vinte e sete médicos residentes de 4º ano de quatro programas de residência em radiologia americanos participaram do estudo. Aos participantes foi perguntado sobre a melhor modalidade de imagem para se avaliar o cérebro e a coluna vertebral, pulmões, abdome e o sistema musculoesquelético. As modalidades de imagem disponíveis foram: RM, TC, ultrassonografia, PET e radiografia simples. Todos os achados foram comparados com os Critérios de Adequação de Exames de Imagem e Radioterapia do ACR. RESULTADOS: A RM foi escolhida como melhor modalidade de imagem para se avaliar neoplasias encefálicas, espinhais, abdominais e musculoesqueléticas por 96,3 por cento, 100 por cento, 70,4 por cento e 63 por cento dos residentes, respectivamente. A TC foi escolhida por 88,9 por cento dos residentes para avaliar neoplasias pulmonares. A modalidade de imagem ótima para se avaliar trauma foi a TC para lesões encefálicas (100 por cento), espinhais (92,6 por cento), pulmonares (96,3 por cento), abdominais (92,6 por cento) e grandes lesões traumáticas musculoesqueléticas (74,1 por cento); a RM foi escolhida para lesões esportivas (96,3 por cento). Observou-se concordância com os critérios de adequação do ACR. CONCLUSÃO: Houve concordância entre a percepção dos residentes sobre as melhores modalidades de imagem para avaliação de neoplasias e trauma e os critérios de adequação do ACR.

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