RESUMO
El comportamiento del peso, la talla y el factor de condición de los organismos es importante para explicar la dinámica de las poblaciones de organismos en el medio natural. El presente estudio está dirigido a encontrar los modelos que explican la relación longitud-peso, así como el factor de condición relativo en postlarvas epibentónicas y juveniles de Farfantepenaeus duorarum, recolectados durante los diferentes meses muestreados. En el trabajo se recolectaron 3 992 camarones de la especie F. duorarum con rangos de longitud del cefalotórax entre 3.62-32.16 mm, provenientes de tres sitios diferentes de la Laguna de Términos, entre los meses de mayo 2011 y marzo 2012. Los individuos fueron agrupados en tres categorías según el sexo: machos (M), hembras (H), e indefinidos (I) y se determinó la relación longitud peso (L-P-1), relación longitud total (LT)-longitud del cefalotórax (LC), así como el factor de condición relativo (Kn). Los resultados indican que la relación longitud total-longitud del cefalotórax (LT-LC) para cada categoría de sexo fue lineal y que no existe diferencia entre el modelo de regresión encontrado para machos y para hembras quedando expresado como: (LT (M-H) = 1.89 + 4.46 LC). Para el grupo con sexo indefinido la relación fue diferente al resto de los camarones y puede ser expresado como LT (I) = 0.07 + 4.62 LC. El modelo potencial para expresar la relación (L-P-1) en el grupo M-H es P = 0.0016 LC2.5323 o expresado de manera lineal como log (P) = 2.5323 log(LC) - 2.8079, con R² = 0.9272. En el grupo indefinido el modelo potencial es P = 0.0004LC3.2315 y el de manera lineal, log (P) = 3.2315 log(LC) - 3.4365, con R2= 0.9422. Por otro lado, el factor de condición relativa (Kn) difirió entre los grupos cuando se incluye a la fecha en el análisis. Se considera que el factor de condición relativo que contempla a la longitud total es mejor que el factor de condición relativo obtenido con la longitud del cefalotórax para evaluar las características de los camarones y pudiera contribuir para evaluar la dinámica de la población de camarones.
The knowledge about the weight, length and condition factor of the organisms is key for explaining the population dynamics in wild animals. The present study was focused on finding the model that best explains the length-weight relationships in epibenthic and juveniles of Farfantepenaeus duorarum, as well as the condition factor during the different months sampled. In the study, 3 992 individuals (size range: 3.62-32.16 mm cephalothorax length) were collected from three different places at the Terminos Lagoon from May 2011 to March 2012. The individuals were grouped into three sex categories: male (M), female (H), and undefined (I), and their length-weight (L-P-1) relationship, as well as their relative condition factor, were determined. The results indicate that the total length-carapace length (LT-LC) relationship for each sex category was linear, there was no difference between the models for small males and females and the relationship can be expressed as (LT (M-H) = 1.89 + 4.46 LC). For the undefined group, the relationship was different and is best expressed as LT (I) = 0.07 + 4.62 LC. The potential model for the expression of Carapace Length-Weight in the M-H group was P = 0.0016 LC2.5323 or log (P) = 2.5323 log(LC) - 2.8079, R² = 0.9272 in the linear model. In the undefined group, the potential model was W = P = 0.0004LC3.2315 and the linear model was log (P) = 3.2315 log(LC) - 3.4365, R2 = 0.9422. On the other hand, the relative condition factor (Kn) differed among groups when the date was involved in the analysis. We consider that relative condition factor involving Total Length is better than relative condition factor including Carapace Length to measure population characteristics of shrimps and that index could contribute to evaluating the shrimp population dynamics.
RESUMO
Resumen Objetivo. Evaluar la potencial actividad degradadora de la cepa comercial Pleurotus ostreatus sobre petróleo crudo como única fuente de carbono. Método. Se empleó un inóculo de 10mg del hongo en medio mínimo líquido de sales con volúmenes de 0,5% y 1% de petróleo en agitación constante durante 21 días a temperatura ambiente, registrando peso seco a los 0, 8,15 y 21 días. Resultados. Se obtuvo un máximo de biomasa 45mg para 0,5% de 39mg para 1%. Esto sugiere que el hongo sufre una adaptación fisiológica para utilizar el petróleo crudo para su crecimiento.
Abstract Objectives. To evaluate the potential crude oil-degrading activity of Pleurotus ostreatus using it as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth. Methods. An inoculum of 10 mg of the fungus in the minimal liquid of salt with 0.5% or 1% crude oil in constant agitation for 21 days was used. Dry weight at 0, 8, 15 and 21 days was obtained. Results. The maximum biomass with a value of 45mg of 0.5% oil treatment registered while the 1% oil treatment reached a value of 39mg. These values suggest physiological adaptation of the fungus to crude oil as its sole carbon source for growth.
Assuntos
Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Petróleo , Pleurotus , HidrocarbonetosRESUMO
Incidence of cervical cancer is high among Bolivian Andean women. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is known as the major risk factor of cervical cancer. The host immune system plays an important role in the outcome of HPV infection and associated malignancies. In order to study the immunogenetic background of Bolivian Andean women with regard to HPV infection status, we compared HLA class I and class II allele frequencies between 37 HPV positive and 68 HPV negative Bolivian women. Demographic variables, including distribution of Andean ethnicities, were similar in both groups. Comparison of HLA class I allele frequencies between both groups indicated no significant difference. In contrast, HLA class II DRB1*1602 allele, an Amerindian allele, was significantly higher in the HPV positive women compared with HPV negative controls (chi(2) = 5.2, p < 0.05, odds ratio = 3.17; 95% confidence interval = 1.4-8.8). HPV types present in the HPV positive group were HPV-18, -16, -31, -33, and -58. These results suggest that HLA class II DRB1*1602 may confer susceptibility to infection with genetically related HPV types. This is the first report of an HLA class II association with HPV infection in an Andean population.
Assuntos
Antígenos HLA-DR/genética , Papillomaviridae , Infecções por Papillomavirus/genética , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/genética , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Bolívia , Demografia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Antígenos HLA-DR/imunologia , Cadeias HLA-DRB1 , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe II/genética , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnósticoRESUMO
Cervical cancer constitutes a major health problem in developing countries like Bolivia. The roles of certain genotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer is well established. The prevalence of HPV infection among sexually active women varies greatly. Information regarding HPV infection in Bolivia is very much scarce, specially in regions like the Amazonian lowland. We studied 135 healthy women living in four rural localities of the Bolivian Amazon. Presence of HPV in DNA extracted from cervical swabs was analyzed using a reverse line hybridization assay. The estimated overall HPV infection prevalence among the studied rural localities was 5.9% (ranging from 0-16.6%). These values were unexpectedly low considering Bolivia has a high incidence of cervical cancer. The fact that Amazonian people seem to be less exposed to HPV, makes it likely that some other risk factors including host lifestyle behaviors and genetic background may be involved in the development of cervical cancer in this population.
Assuntos
Papillomaviridae , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Saúde da População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/diagnóstico , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
Cervical cancer constitutes a major health problem in developing countries like Bolivia. The roles of certain genotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer is well established. The prevalence of HPV infection among sexually active women varies greatly. Information regarding HPV infection in Bolivia is very much scarce, specially in regions like the Amazonian lowland. We studied 135 healthy women living in four rural localities of the Bolivian Amazon. Presence of HPV in DNA extracted from cervical swabs was analyzed using a reverse line hybridization assay. The estimated overall HPV infection prevalence among the studied rural localities was 5.9 percent (ranging from 0-16.6 percent). These values were unexpectedly low considering Bolivia has a high incidence of cervical cancer. The fact that Amazonian people seem to be less exposed to HPV, makes it likely that some other risk factors including host lifestyle behaviors and genetic background may be involved in the development of cervical cancer in this population
Assuntos
Adolescente , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papillomaviridae , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus , Bolívia , DNA Viral , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
Cervical cancer is the most common malignancy among women in Latin America. Human papilloma virus infection is known to be an important risk factor. However, HPV infection among Bolivian women has not yet been fully evaluated. The present study aimed to investigate HPV infection among women living in a rural region of the Bolivian Amazon. Cervical swab samples were collected from 151 healthy women in three Amazonian villages. From every woman, two samples were collected by cotton swab; one for cytological examination and the other for ethanol-preservation of cervical epithelial cells for HPV DNA testing. High molecular DNA was extracted from the ethanol-preserved cervical epithelial cells and tested for HPV DNA by a PCR-RFLP protocol. Ethanol-preserved cervical epithelial cells remained suitable for DNA isolation and PCR amplification of human b-globin and HPV E6/E7 genes, 25 days after sample collection in the field. HPV-31, HPV-58 and HPV-6 were detected in the studied population. The overall prevalence of HPV infection among Bolivian Amazonian women was 8.0%. Neither dual nor multiple HPV infections were found in any of the positive samples. This is the first report of HPV prevalence and type distribution among Bolivian Amazonian women. Our new method for preservation of cervical epithelial cells in ethanol may be useful for viro-epidemiological studies in rural areas.
RESUMO
Como problema de salud pública el suicidio ha adquirido especial relevancia estas últimas décadas. El los países occidentales ocupa las primeras cinco a diez causas de muerte. Desde un punto de vista epidemiológico el estudio de los patrones de muerte por suicidio podría arrojar luz sobre acciones que pudieran ser preventivas y por lo tanto salvadores de vidas. El presente es un estudio descriptivo destinado a conocer las características epidemiológicas del suicidio en la II Región, en el período comprendido entre los años 1989-1995. Se utilizó como metodología la revisión de la totalidad de los certificados de defunción que resume la mortalidad general de la Región en el período antes citado. Para recolectar la información se confeccionó un instrumento especialmente diseñado para este efecto. Se encontró un total de 194 casos: 161 hombres y 33 mujeres (relación H/M de 4,8-1). El promedio de edad de los hombres fue 39,05 y de las mujeres 43,12 años. A diferencia de otros estudios no se observó el efecto edad, ya que la población afectada es esencialmente joven en edad productiva. Las estaciones de mayor frecuencia de suicidio en los hombres son el invierno y el verano. No se encontró tendencia alguna respecto de los días de la semana. A partir de 1991 se observó un alza importante de suicidios en la Región (aumentó 14,6 por ciento) a expensas de los hombres, lo cual se reveló en lastasas que muestran valores altos comparados con el resto del país y Santiago. En las mujeres, a pesar de que no se observó alza en el suicidio, las tasas son igualmente elevadas hecha la comparación anterior. Se concluye la necesidad de efectuar otros estudios destinados a clarificar este problema
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Distribuição por Idade , Coleta de Dados/métodos , Distribuição por SexoRESUMO
Estudio descriptivo destinado a conocer los factores asociados al abandono del tratamiento de adicciones, llevado a cabo en la Unidad respectiva del Hospital de Antofagasta. Considera los casos de abandono comprodidos entre el 1 de septiembre de 1994 hasta el 31 de mayo de 1995. Para conocer estos factores, se efectuó un trabajo de campo para la aplicación de un cuestionario especialmente diseñado Se describen las caracteristicas epidemiológicas del grupo y los hallazgos estadísticos encontrados en relación a las variables estudiadas. Se analizan los resultados y se hacen sugerencias para disminuir las tasas de abandono encontradas