RESUMO
During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction.
Assuntos
Biotecnologia , COVID-19 , Colômbia , Humanos , América Latina , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Biotecnologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Abstract: During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction.
Resumen: Durante la pandemia, los países latinoamericanos vieron colapsar sus sistemas de salud. Esto se debió a la alta demanda de atención para las personas contagiadas con SARS-CoV-2 y a la atención de pacientes con otros tipos de enfermedades. El aumento significativo de la demanda de los servicios de salud llevó a la rápida disminución de los suministros médicos y de laboratorio. La pandemia de la COVID-19 intensificó la crisis sanitaria en los países en desarrollo, principalmente por una política sistemática e insuficiente de apropiación del conocimiento científico. Si el actual gobierno colombiano formulara una Ley de Soberanía Biotecnológica o de Bioseguridad por la cual se garantizaría la autonomía científica, esto conduciría a una autonomía de Colombia en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. El Gobierno de Colombia también debería centrarse en fomentar y desarrollar la producción de productos químicos farmacéuticos mediante el abastecimiento de ingredientes químicos activos de otros países. Esta estrategia favorece la reducción de costos de producción y del precio final de los medicamentos, además de generar empleos de alto nivel y riqueza para el país. De esta manera, no habría escasez de medicamentos esenciales, ni alzas excesivas de precios en la intermediación comercial. Pero, la realidad es que hay una débil soberanía biotecnológica en Colombia. En este texto se propone un modelo de ecosistema basado en Ciencia y Tecnología para que Latinoamérica logre la soberanía biotecnológica mediante el financiamiento estatal a la investigación en universidades, con la participación de entidades privadas y Ministerios de Ciencia, Educación, Comercio y Salud. La autonomía científica se basa en procesos de innovación que implican el fortalecimiento de la autonomía biotecnológica.
Resumo: Durante a pandemia, os países latino-americanos sofreram o colapso de seus sistemas de saúde. Isso foi causado pela alta demanda de atendimento aos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2, que somou-se, em paralelo, ao atendimento de pacientes com outros tipos de doenças. O aumento significativo na demanda por serviços de saúde levou à rápida diminuição dos suprimentos médicos e laboratoriais. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou, nos países em desenvolvimento, uma crise sanitária causada principalmente por uma política sistemática e insuficiente de apropriação do conhecimento científico. O atual governo colombiano deve formular uma Lei de Soberania Biotecnológica ou de Biossegurança que garanta a autonomia científica, o que leva à autonomia que garante que a Colômbia seja autossuficiente em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. O governo da Colômbia também deve se concentrar em estabelecer e desenvolver a produção de produtos químicos farmacêuticos, adquirindo ingredientes químicos ativos de outros países. Essa estratégia reduz os custos de produção e o preço final dos medicamentos, além de gerar empregos de alto nível e riqueza para o país. Desta forma, não haveria escassez de medicamentos essenciais, nem estaríamos sujeitos a aumentos excessivos de preços por intermediação comercial. Em conclusão, o manuscrito foca na fracassada soberania biotecnológica na Colômbia. Propomos um modelo de ecossistema latino-americano de Ciência e Tecnologia para alcançar a soberania biotecnológica por meio do financiamento estatal do fortalecimento da pesquisa das universidades, com a participação de empresas privadas e Ministérios da Ciência, Educação, Comércio e Saúde. A autonomia científica é baseada em processos de inovação que fortalecem a autonomia biotecnológica.
RESUMO
Las enfermedades invasoras ocasionadas por Streptococcus pneumoniae han sido por mucho tiempo una causa importante de mortalidad. Si bien se sabe que la resistencia de S. pneumoniae a la penicilina y otros antimicrobianos se ha incrementado con el tiempo, aún no se ha esclarecido el efecto de este cambio sobre la mortalidad. Se desconoce igualmente el impacto de la virulencia de los tipos capsulares del microorganismo en la mortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio de cohorte retrospectivo fue determinar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad por enfermedad neumocócica en niños menores de 5 años. Durante un estudio de srotipificación de S. penumoniae patrocinado por el Sistema Regional de Vacunas de la OPS se revisaron con este fin las fichas epidemiológicas de 245 pacientes de esa edad en quienes se diagnosticó enfermedad invasora por S. pneumoniae entre 1994 y 1996 en Colombia. De los 245 pacientes, 29 (11 por cien) fallecieron. En el análisis univariado no se establecieron diferencias significativas entre los pacientes que murieron y aquellos que sobrevivieron en cuanto a edad, sexo, procesos patológicos subyacentes al ingresar, o concordancia del tratamiento antimicrobiano recibido. Las variables que se asociaron con la mortalidad fueron un diagnóstico de meningitis; infección por S. pneumoniae resistente a la penicilina, trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (TMS) o eritromicina; multirresistencia y los tipos capsulares, 6,23F, 7F, 8 y 35 B. En el análisis por regresión logística siguieron mostrando asociación con la mortalidad los tipos capsulares 7F (razón de posibilidades u odds ratio [OR])=7,13; (P= 0,04) y 8(OR= 13,8; P= 0,07), la polipnea (OR= 2,74; P= 0,03), el diagnóstico de meningitis (OR= 5,02; P= 0,0001) y la resistencia a TMS (OR= 2,62; P= 0,02). En los casos de neumonía, el factor que más se asoció con la mortalidad fue el tipo capsular, mientras que en los casos de meningitis, dicho factor fue la resistencia a antimicrobianos. En el desarrollo de una vacuna deberían tenerse en cuenta las diferencias de mortalidad según los serotipos, a fin de lograr un mayor impacto en la morbilidad y mortalidad infantiles por enfermedad de origne neumocócico
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Mortalidade Infantil/tendências , Meningite Pneumocócica , América LatinaRESUMO
In January and February 1992, an assessment was conducted of the safety and immunogenicity of two doses of a new oral cholera vaccine prepared from the recombinant B subunit of the toxin and from killed whole cells (rBS/WC) in 1 165 individuals between the ages of 12 months and 64 years in Barranquilla, Colombia. This was a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled study. Participants received two doses of either the vaccine or a placebo (killed Escherichia coli K12) over a two-week interval. Few symptoms were detected during the three days following administration of the initial dose and even fewer following the second. Sera obtained upon administration of the first dose and two weeks after administration of the second were tested for Vibrio cholera 01 Inaba vibriocidal antibodies and antitoxins. Geometric mean titers (GMT) of vibriocidal antibodies were found to increase two-fold in subjects receiving the vaccine. In the paired samples taken from vaccinated subjects, two-fold or greater increases were observed in 44 percent and four-fold or greater increases were observed in 34 percent, as compared to similar increases in 9.2 percent and 2.2 percent of the sera taken from those receiving the placebo (P 0.05). The GMTs of IgG and IgA antitoxins, as determined by ELISA, increased by factors of 4 and 3.2, respectively, in those receiving the vaccine, as compared to factors of 1.1 and 1.1 in those given the placebo (P 0.001 for IgG, P 0.01 for IgA) (AU)
Published in Spanish in the BOSP. Vol. 119(2) August 1995