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OBJECTIVE: Investigate the association between pelvic floor muscle function and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women in the third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study. Urinary symptoms were collected through a questionnaire. The physical examination of the pelvic floor muscle was performed by vaginal palpation and manometry. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the factors associated with SUI. RESULTS: Analysis of the data collected from nulliparous and multiparous women identified an association between decreased pelvic floor muscle function (i.e. Power, Repetition, and Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC)) and the presence of SUI. There were also associations noted between power and SUI [AOR (95% CI) = 1.41 (1.01-1.97)], repetition and SUI [AOR (95% CI) = 1.31 (1.06-1.63)], and MVC and SUI [AOR (95% CI) = 1.02 (1.00-1.03)]. In the analysis of nulliparous women, there was also an association between low resting vaginal pressure (manometry) and SUI [AOR (95% CI) = 1.03 (1.01-1.06)]. CONCLUSIONS: Low pelvic floor muscle strength, low MVC, and decreased ability to repeat sustained pelvic floor muscle contractions were associated with SUI in the third gestational trimester. In nulliparous women, there was an association between low resting vaginal pressure and SUI; however, none these associations were identified in multiparous women.

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INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: To verify the intra- and inter-rater reliability of urethral mobility measurement evaluated by ultrasound (US). METHODS: This is a reliability study realized according to Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) recommendations. Twenty-one nulliparous women (25.5 ± 3.3 SD years) were volunteers. Two examiners (E1 and E2) performed the measurement of urethral mobility at rest and Valsalva on the same day. Three measurements were recorded for each moment and the mean of them were used for analysis. To perform the analysis, bladder mobility was calculated using the following equation: [Formula: see text], where "x" is the vertical distance, "y" is the horizontal distance from the dorsocaudal margin of the pubic symphysis, "V" is the Valsalva maneuver, and "R" means rest. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated considering: ICC ≥ 0.75, excellent; 0.40 ≤ ICC <0.75, satisfactory; ICC < 0.40, poor, with a significance level of 5% and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The intra-rater reliabilities of E1 and E2 were considered excellent between the two evaluations, with ICC 0.98 (p < 0.0001) for the E1 and 0.84 (p < 0.0001) for E2. The inter-rater reliability was considered excellent (ICC = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Both intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of urethral mobility measurement were considered to have excellent agreement.

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Both deterioration of the mechanical vascular properties of barosensitive vessels and autonomic derangement lead to modification of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in coronary artery disease (CAD) individuals. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) reduces BRS as well even in absence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. The aim of the study is to clarify whether, assigned the degree of mechanical vascular impairment and without cardiac autonomic neuropathy, the additional autonomic dysfunction imposed in CAD patients by T2D (CAD-T2D) decreases BRS further. We considered CAD (n = 18) and CAD-T2D (n = 19) males featuring similar increases of average carotid intima media thickness (ACIMT) and we compared them to age- and gender-matched healthy (H, n = 19) subjects. BRS was computed from spontaneous beat-to-beat variability of heart period (HP) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) at supine resting (REST) and during active standing (STAND). BRS was estimated via methods including time domain, spectral, cross-spectral, and model-based techniques. We found that (i) at REST BRS was lower in CAD and CAD-T2D groups than in H subjects but no difference was detected between CAD and CAD-T2D individuals; (ii) STAND induced an additional decrease of BRS visible in all the groups but again BRS estimates of CAD and CAD-T2D patients were alike; (iii) even though with different statistical power, BRS markers reached similar conclusions with the notable exception of the BRS computed via model-based approach that did not detect the BRS decrease during STAND. In presence of a mechanical vascular impairment, indexes estimating BRS from spontaneous HP and SAP fluctuations might be useless to detect the additional derangement of the autonomic control in CAD-T2D without cardiac autonomic neuropathy compared to CAD, thus limiting the applications of cardiovascular variability analysis to typify CAD-T2D individuals. Graphical abstract Graphical representation of the baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) estimated from spontaneous fluctuations of heart period and systolic arterial pressure via transfer function (TF) in low frequency (LF) band (from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz). BRS was reported as a function of the group (i.e., healthy (H), coronary artery disease (CAD) and CAD with type 2 diabetes (CAD-T2D) groups) at REST (black bars) and during STAND (white bars). Values are shown as mean plus standard deviation. The symbol "*" indicates a significant difference between conditions within the same group (i.e., H, CAD, or CAD-T2D) and the symbol "§" indicates a significant difference between groups within the same experimental condition (i.e., REST or STAND). BRS cannot distinguish CAD and CAD-T2D groups both at REST and during STAND, while it is useful to distinguish experimental conditions and separate pathological groups from H subjects.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of pregnant women complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and mild hyperglycemia and associate them to the diagnosis of fetal macrosomia. We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study, where the curves were analyzed for weight gain of pregnant women who were diagnosed with diabetes or gestational mild hyperglycemia and received prenatal care in the service of Obstetrics at the Botucatu Medical School in 2005 and 2006. Half (49,51%) of the women were obese before the beginning of pregnancy, and Body Mass Index (BMI) before pregnancy was the only index that was related to the weight of the newborn at birth. The highest rate of overweight and obese women (adding up the two ratings) and a lower rate of low weight were detected by the Atalah's curve, whereas the curve recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) revealed a higher percentage of women with weight gain below the recommended levels and a lower percentage of pregnant women in the range of appropriate-gain curve and the curve of the Latin American Centre for Perinatology (CLAP) detected a higher percentage of pregnant women with adequate weight and a lower percentage of women with obesityand overweight. The prevalence of macrosomia was 11.21% as compared with other populations of concern in the study. However, the pre-pregnancy weight and weight gain during pregnancy of the diabetic patients or patients suffering from mild hyperglycemia were above the recommended levels, and the pre-pregnancy weight affected the weight of the newborn at birth.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el estado nutricional de mujeres embarazadas complicado por diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) o hiperglucemia leve y asociar los con el diagnóstico de macrosomía fetal. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo, en el que se analizaron las curvas de ganancia de peso de las mujeres embarazadas que fueron diagnosticadas con diabetes o hiperglucemia gestacional leve y recibian atención prenatal en el servicio de Obstetricia de la Escuela de Medicina de Botucatu en 2005 y 2006. La mitad de las mujeres (49,51%) eran obesas antes del comienzo del embarazo, y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) pregestacional fue el único que estaba relacionado con el peso del recién nacido. La curva de Atallah fue la que demostró la tasa más alta de mujeres con sobrepeso y obesas (suma de las dos clasificaciones) y menor tasa de peso bajo, ya la curva recomendada por el Instituto de Medicina (IOM), reveló mayor porcentaje de mujeres con aumento de peso abajo de los niveles recomendados y un menor porcentaje de gestantes en el rango de ganancia apropiada y el Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología (CLAP) detectó un mayor porcentaje de mujeres embarazadas con peso adecuado y un menor porcentaje de mujeres con obesidad o sobrepeso. La prevalencia de macrosomía fue 11,21% en comparación con otras poblaciones de interés en el estudio. Sin embargo, el peso pregestacional y el aumento de peso durante el embarazo de gestantes diabéticas o portadoras de hiperglucemia leve están por sobre la recomendación siendo que el peso pregestacional influye en el peso del recién nacido.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o estado nutricional de gestantes que sofreram complicações pelo diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) e por hiperglicemia leve e associá-las ao diagnóstico de macrossomia fetal. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, onde foram analisadas as curvas de ganho de peso de gestantes que tinham o diagnóstico dediabetes gestacional ou hiperglicemia leve, que fizeram pré-natal no serviço de Obstetrícia da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, nos anos de 2005 e 2006. Metade (49,51%) das gestantes apresentaram obesidade antes do início da gestação, e o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC)pré-gestacional foi o único que se relacionou com o peso do recém-nascido. A curva de Atalah foi a que detectou maior índice de gestantes obesas e sobrepeso (somando-se as duas classificações) e menor índice de baixo peso, já a curva recomendada pelo Instituto de Medicina (IOM) detectou maior porcentagem de gestantes com ganho de peso abaixo do recomendado e menor porcentagem de gestantes na faixa de ganho adequado e a curva do Centro Latino Americano de Perinatologia (CLAP), detectou maior porcentagem de gestantes com peso adequado e menor porcentagem de gestantes com obesidade/sobrepeso. A prevalência de macrossomia foi de 11,21%, dado preocupante comparado com outras populações em estudo. Contudo, o peso pré-gestacional e o ganho de peso durante a gestação das portadoras de diabetes ou de hiperglicemia leve apresentaram-se acima do recomendado, sendo que o peso pré-gestacional interferiu no peso do recém-nascido.

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To analyze the direct (resistance and reactance) and indirect (intra and extracellular total body water) BIA parameters in preeclamptic women, 51 healthy pregnant women and 65 preeclamptic women were submmited to bioelectric impedance on the third trimester of gestation. The significance value adopted was 5%. Preeclamptic women showed lower values for R (448 Ω vs. 542 Ω), Rc (40 Ω vs. 53 Ω) and ICW (49.45% vs. 51%) when compared to control group. They also showed higher values for TBW (49% vs. 47%), TBWcor (41.6% vs. 34%) and ECW (50% vs. 47%). Bioelectric impedance allowed differentiating preeclamptic women from health pregnant women, indicating that preeclampsia changes body compartments during pregnancy. This method can help understand the mechanisms involved in preeclampsia and to be a prediction away of preeclampsia.

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