RESUMO
The investigation of the relationship between air pollution and obesity has captured the interest of researchers. However, the mechanism regarding the association between air pollution exposure and metabolic diseases and obesity still remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of subchronic ROFA exposure on consumption and preference for highly palatable food and its interference on biochemical, lipid and oxidative stress parameters in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided in groups: control, ROFA, chocolate and ROFA + chocolate. Rats were exposed to ROFA during 18 weeks and to palatable food in the last 30 days. Food consumption, caloric intake and caloric efficiency, body mass gain, abdominal fat deposition, glucose and lipid profile were measured. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were assessed in lungs, heart, pancreas and hypothalamus. Chocolate intake was higher in the first and second weeks in rats exposed to ROFA while the standard chow intake was smaller in second and third weeks. The amount of kilocalories derived from chocolate was higher in the animals exposed to ROFA in all weeks. The caloric intake and body mass gain were not different among groups. Triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL were higher in chocolate exposed rats. The TBARS was higher in lung and heart in ROFA group and in hypothalamus in ROFA + chocolate group. There were no significant differences in glucose, LDL and antioxidant enzymes. These findings indicate that subcronic air pollution exposure can modulate metabolic effects of subacute exposure to chocolate in adulthood.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ingestão de Energia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Animais , Peso Corporal , Catalase/metabolismo , Chocolate , Cinza de Carvão/efeitos adversos , Preferências Alimentares , Coração , Lipídeos/sangue , Pulmão , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo , Ratos Wistar , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Temporal variation of temperature-health associations depends on the combination of two pathways: pure adaptation to increasingly warmer temperatures due to climate change, and other attenuation mechanisms due to non-climate factors such as infrastructural changes and improved health care. Disentangling these pathways is critical for assessing climate change impacts and for planning public health and climate policies. We present evidence on this topic by assessing temporal trends in cold- and heat-attributable mortality risks in a multi-country investigation. METHODS: Trends in country-specific attributable mortality fractions (AFs) for cold and heat (defined as below/above minimum mortality temperature, respectively) in 305 locations within 10 countries (1985-2012) were estimated using a two-stage time-series design with time-varying distributed lag non-linear models. To separate the contribution of pure adaptation to increasing temperatures and active changes in susceptibility (non-climate driven mechanisms) to heat and cold, we compared observed yearly-AFs with those predicted in two counterfactual scenarios: trends driven by either (1) changes in exposure-response function (assuming a constant temperature distribution), (2) or changes in temperature distribution (assuming constant exposure-response relationships). This comparison provides insights about the potential mechanisms and pace of adaptation in each population. RESULTS: Heat-related AFs decreased in all countries (ranging from 0.45-1.66% to 0.15-0.93%, in the first and last 5-year periods, respectively) except in Australia, Ireland and UK. Different patterns were found for cold (where AFs ranged from 5.57-15.43% to 2.16-8.91%), showing either decreasing (Brazil, Japan, Spain, Australia and Ireland), increasing (USA), or stable trends (Canada, South Korea and UK). Heat-AF trends were mostly driven by changes in exposure-response associations due to modified susceptibility to temperature, whereas no clear patterns were observed for cold. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a decrease in heat-mortality impacts over the past decades, well beyond those expected from a pure adaptation to changes in temperature due to the observed warming. This indicates that there is scope for the development of public health strategies to mitigate heat-related climate change impacts. In contrast, no clear conclusions were found for cold. Further investigations should focus on identification of factors defining these changes in susceptibility.
Assuntos
Aclimatação , Mudança Climática , Temperatura Baixa/efeitos adversos , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Mortalidade/tendências , Adaptação Fisiológica , Austrália , Brasil , Canadá , Humanos , Irlanda , Japão , Saúde Pública , República da Coreia , Fatores de Risco , Percepção Social , Espanha , TemperaturaRESUMO
Improvements in veterinary medicine have resulted in a significant benefit in the life of pets in the last 20 years, and increased pet life expectancy led to an increased prevalence of canine neoplasia. Cancer epidemiology and spatial analysis tools, although well developed for human oncology research, is just beginning to be explored in veterinary oncology. São Paulo city, capital of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is divided into five regions: North, South, East, West and downtown. The Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (HOVET-SVMAS-USP), is located in the West region of São Paulo, Brazil, and admits cases of small and large animals. Canine mammary tumors are so numerous that they are not routinely treated at the HOVET. The aim of this work was to perform a cartographic study to describe the spatial distribution of prevalent cases of neoplasms in dogs from the HOVET. Of the 3,620 cases seen in 2002 and 2003, 380 cases (10.5%) were of dogs affected with benign and malignant neoplasms. No statistical difference was found for the 380 addresses distributed among the five regions of the city. These results showed that the HOVET receives canine patients from all regions of São Paulo and there is a homogeneous spatial distribution of neoplasms. Authors encourage additional broader studies, involving several veterinary hospitals, clinics or laboratories in order to obtain more accurate data on distribution of canine neoplasms in São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Avanços na medicina veterinária resultaram em benefícios significativos na vida de animais de estimação nos últimos 20 anos, e o aumento da expectativa de vida para animais levou a uma maior prevalência de neoplasias em cães. A Epidemiologia do Câncer e as ferramentas de análise espacial, embora bem desenvolvidas na pesquisa oncológica humana, estão começando a serem exploradas na Oncologia Veterinária. A cidade de São Paulo, capital do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, é dividida em cinco regiões: Norte, Sul, Leste, Oeste e centro. O Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (HOVET-SVMAS-USP) está localizado na região Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil, e admite casos de pequenos e grandes animais. Tumores mamários caninos são tão numerosos que não são tratados na rotina do HOVET. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo cartográfico para descrever a distribuição espacial dos casos prevalentes de neoplasias em cães a partir do HOVET. Dos 3.620 casos atendidos em 2002 e 2003, 380 (10,5%) casos eram de cães acometidos por tumores benignos e malignos. Não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre a distribuição dos 380 endereços entre as cinco regiões da cidade. Os resultados mostraram que o HOVET atende pacientes caninos de todas as regiões de São Paulo e que há uma distribuição espacial homogênea das neoplasias. Os autores incentivam estudos mais amplos, envolvendo vários hospitais veterinários, clínicas e laboratórios, a fim de obter dados mais precisos sobre a distribuição das neoplasias caninas em São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Demografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias/veterinária , Topografia Médica , Brasil , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hospitais VeterináriosRESUMO
Improvements in veterinary medicine have resulted in a significant benefit in the life of pets in the last 20 years, and increased pet life expectancy led to an increased prevalence of canine neoplasia. Cancer epidemiology and spatial analysis tools, although well developed for human oncology research, is just beginning to be explored in veterinary oncology. São Paulo city, capital of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is divided into five regions: North, South, East, West and downtown. The Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (HOVET-SVMAS-USP), is located in the West region of São Paulo, Brazil, and admits cases of small and large animals. Canine mammary tumors are so numerous that they are not routinely treated at the HOVET. The aim of this work was to perform a cartographic study to describe the spatial distribution of prevalent cases of neoplasms in dogs from the HOVET. Of the 3,620 cases seen in 2002 and 2003, 380 cases (10.5%) were of dogs affected with benign and malignant neoplasms. No statistical difference was found for the 380 addresses distributed among the five regions of the city. These results showed that the HOVET receives canine patients from all regions of São Paulo and there is a homogeneous spatial distribution of neoplasms. Authors encourage additional broader studies, involving several veterinary hospitals, clinics or laboratories in order to obtain more accurate data on distribution of canine neoplasms in São Paulo, SP, Brazil.(AU)
Avanços na medicina veterinária resultaram em benefícios significativos na vida de animais de estimação nos últimos 20 anos, e o aumento da expectativa de vida para animais levou a uma maior prevalência de neoplasias em cães. A Epidemiologia do Câncer e as ferramentas de análise espacial, embora bem desenvolvidas na pesquisa oncológica humana, estão começando a serem exploradas na Oncologia Veterinária. A cidade de São Paulo, capital do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, é dividida em cinco regiões: Norte, Sul, Leste, Oeste e centro. O Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (HOVET-SVMAS-USP) está localizado na região Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil, e admite casos de pequenos e grandes animais. Tumores mamários caninos são tão numerosos que não são tratados na rotina do HOVET. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo cartográfico para descrever a distribuição espacial dos casos prevalentes de neoplasias em cães a partir do HOVET. Dos 3.620 casos atendidos em 2002 e 2003, 380 (10,5%) casos eram de cães acometidos por tumores benignos e malignos. Não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre a distribuição dos 380 endereços entre as cinco regiões da cidade. Os resultados mostraram que o HOVET atende pacientes caninos de todas as regiões de São Paulo e que há uma distribuição espacial homogênea das neoplasias. Os autores incentivam estudos mais amplos, envolvendo vários hospitais veterinários, clínicas e laboratórios, a fim de obter dados mais precisos sobre a distribuição das neoplasias caninas em São Paulo, SP, Brasil.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Neoplasias/veterinária , Topografia Médica , Demografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Veterinários , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The nose is the first region of the respiratory tract to come in contact with airborne pollutants. Previous studies have shown that the nasal mucosa can be altered in response to air pollution. In this study, we quantified neutral and acidic mucus in three different levels of the nasal cavity of mice exposed to ambient levels of air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Two groups of 6-day-old male Swiss mice were placed in two exposure chambers. Mice were maintained in the chambers 24 h/day, 7 days/week for 5 months. The first chamber contained an air filter device (clean chamber; n=20), whereas the second one received ambient air pollution (polluted chamber; n=20). We measured the concentration of PM(2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon inside both chambers. The nasal cavity was transversely sectioned at three specific anatomic locations (proximal, medial, and distal levels) and submitted to quantitative analysis of the amounts of neutral and acidic mucosubstances. We observed a 37.85% decrease in NO2, 54.77% decrease in PM(2.5), and 100% decrease in black carbon concentration in the clean chamber compared to the polluted chamber. Significant differences between polluted and clean chambers were observed in the epithelium lining the septum of proximal and medial levels of the nasal mucosa, with an increase in the percentage of acidic mucus in the polluted chamber (P=0.037, proximal level; P=0.023, medial level). We conclude that prolonged exposure to low levels of ambient air pollution from an early age shows evidence of causing secretory changes in the nasal cavity of mice, with increased production of acidic mucosubstances.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Carbono/análise , Exposição por Inalação/efeitos adversos , Mucosa , Mucosa Nasal/citologia , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Animais , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Exposição por Inalação/análise , Masculino , Camundongos , Mucosa/citologia , Mucosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa/patologia , Mucosa/ultraestrutura , Mucosa Nasal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Nasal/patologia , Mucosa Nasal/ultraestrutura , Tamanho da Partícula , Distribuição Aleatória , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
When inoculated into the footpad of mice, Ehrlich tumor grows in a solid form and disseminates to popliteal lymph nodes. This study was performed in order to characterize the tumor cells that migrated from footpad to popliteal lymph nodes. The nuclear volume of primitive and lymph node tumor cells was measured with a caryometric ocular. DNA quantitation was performed in Feulgen stained slides by scanning cytophotometry. Tumor cells harvested from popliteal lymph nodes one hour after inoculation into the footpad showed no statistical differences in DNA quantitation from original ascitic and footpad tumor cells. Tumor cells in popliteal lymph nodes 30 days after inoculation showed a smaller nuclear volume, but presented the same DNA content as the cells that grew in the footpad. Tumor cells in the footpad 30 days after inoculation showed a greater DNA content than those in the footpad one hour after inoculation.These results suggest a possible selective effect for Ehriich tumor cells when they grow in the footpad, but not when they metastasize to regional lymph node.
O tumor de Ehrlich cresce na forma sólida quando inoculado no coxim plantar de camundongos, disseminando-se para o linfonodo poplíteo. Este estudo foi realizado com o intuito de caracterizar as células tumorais que cresceram no coxim plantar e as que migraram para o linfonodo poplíteo. O volume nuclear dessas células foi medido com o auxílio de ocular cariométrica. A quantificação do DNA foi feita através de citofotometria em células coradas pelo método de Feulgen. As células tumorais encontradas nos linfonodos poplíteos uma hora após a inoculação no coxim plantar não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas do tumor ascítico original e das células tumorais do coxim plantar em relação à quantidade de DNA, no mesmo tempo experimental. As células tumorais dos linfonodos poplíteos aos 30 dias após a inoculação mostraram menor volume nuclear e a mesma quantidade de DNA do que as que cresceram no coxim plantar. As células tumorais presentes no coxim plantar 30 dias após a inoculação mostraram uma quantidade maior de DNA do que as colhidas uma hora após a inoculação. Estes resultados sugerem um possível efeito seletivo nas células do tumor de Ehrlich que crescem no coxim plantar, mas não quando de sua metastatização para o linfonodo regional.
RESUMO
Metastasis to regional lymph nodes is an important step in the dissemination of cancer. The mechanisms of this dissemination are poorly understood, probably due to the paucity of authentic experimental models. The aim of the present study was to characterize the Ehrlich tumor as a model of lymphatic metastasis in mice. Animals were inoculated into the footpad and the popliteal lywph nodes were collected at several times post-inoculation in order to evaluate their weight, histopathological aspects,and mast cells quantitation, since these cells are reported to be implicated in host"s response to tumor. The migration of tumor cells was detected by a biological assay as early as 1 hour post-inoculation. The solid tumor growth in the footpad was measured until day 30 post-inoculation and the histological alterations during this period were also studied. Ehrlich tumor was considered as a suitable model for the study of lymphatic metastasis.
As metástases para linfonodos regionais representam fase importante na disseminação neoplásica. Os mecanismos que concorrem para este processo são pouco conhecidos, devido provavelmente à escassez de modelos experimentais adequados. O objetivo do presente estudo é o de caracterizar o tumor de Ehrlich como modelo para o estudo da disseminação linfática em camundongos. Para tanto, animais foram inoculados com células tumorais no coxim plantar e seus linfonodos poplíteos foram colhidos vários tempos após a inoculação, com a finalidade de avaliar seu peso, aspectos histopatológicos e quantificar os mastócitos, já que estas células parecem estar implicadas na resposta do hospedeiro ao tumor. A migração das células tumorais para os linfonodos poplíteos foi detectada a partir de 1 hora após a inoculação. 0 crescimento do tunor sólido no coxim plantar foi acompanhado até 30 dias após a inoculação, e as alterações histopatológicas foram estudadas durante esse período. 0 tumor de Ehrlich foi considerado un modelo experimental adequado para o estudo da disseminação linfática.